User:Kosigrim/P-clades

Phylogenetic relationships in a form of cladogram (clade concept) of primates (data from^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11])

Fossil discoveries have increased our knowledge of the morphology and diversity of early Haplorrhini, the suborder to which humans belong. Two great clades of living primates exist, the Strepsirrhini (Lemuriformes, Chiromyiformes, and Lorisiformes) and the Haplorrhini(Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes). Phylogenetic analysis of fossil taxa supports the hypotheses that a haplorrhine-strepsirrhine dichotomy existed at earliest Eocene. The oldest well-known anthropoids (Parapithecidae and Oligopithecidae) come from the late Eocene of Egypt about 37 million years ago. Functional analysis suggests that stem haplorrhines were small, nocturnal, arboreal, visually oriented insectivore-frugivores with a scurrying-leaping locomotion. A change from nocturnality to diurnality was the fundamental adaptive shift that occurred at the base of the tarsier-eosimiid-anthropoid clade.

References

^ C. Ross, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 469–548
^ D. L. Gebo, E. L. Simons, D. T. Rasmussen, M. Dagosto, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 203–234
^ K. C. Beard, Y. Tong, M. R. Dawson, J. Wang, X. Huang, Science 272, 82 (1996)
^ R. F. Kay and B. A. Williams, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 361–446
^ K. C. Beard, M. Dagosto, D. L. Gebo, M. Godinot, Nature 331, 712 (1988); H. H. Covert and B. A. Williams, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 29–54; M. Dagosto and D. L. Gebo, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 567–594
^ K. C. Beard and R. D. E. MacPhee, in Anthropoid Origins, J. G. Fleagle and R. F. Kay, Eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994), pp. 55–98
^ M. Dagosto, D. L. Gebo, K. C. Beard, T. Qi, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 99, 92 (1996)
^ E. L. Simons, D. T. Rasmussen, P. D. Gingerich, J. Hum. Evol. 29, 577 (1995)
^ M. Dagosto, D. L. Gebo, K. C. Beard, J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 15, 25A (1995)
^ M. Dagosto and P. Schmid, J. Hum. Evol. 30, 29 (1996)
^ K. D. Rose, R. D. E. MacPhee, J. P. Alexander, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 22 (suppl.), 202 (1996)

v t e Phylogenetics
Relevant fields	Computational phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics Cladistics Taxonomy Evolutionary taxonomy Systematics	Evolutionary biology portal
Basic concepts	Phylogenesis Cladogenesis Phylogenetic tree Cladogram Phylogenetic network Long branch attraction Clade vs Grade Lineage Ghost lineage Ghost population
Inference methods	Maximum parsimony Phylogenetic reconciliation Probabilistic methods Maximum likelihood Bayesian inference Distance-matrix methods Neighbor-joining UPGMA Least squares Three-taxon analysis
Current topics	PhyloCode DNA barcoding Molecular phylogenetics Phylogenetic comparative methods Phylogenetic niche conservatism Phylogenetic signal Phylogenetics software Phylogenomics Phylogeography
Group traits	Primitive Plesiomorphy Symplesiomorphy Derived Apomorphy Synapomorphy Autapomorphy
Group types	Monophyly Paraphyly Polyphyly
Nomenclature	Phylogenetic nomenclature Crown group Sister group Basal Supertree
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