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User:Noble Attempt/sandbox/List of most-polluted rivers

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Africa

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Akaki River Central Addis Ababa, [[Ethiopia|  Ethiopia]] Significantly high contaminant concentrations in its catchment rivers.[1] Waste disposal site of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's largest city.[2] Rural population downstream of the main city put at risk of health issues.[3]
Awash River   Ethiopia 18.6 million[4] Internationally famous for its high density of hominin fossils. Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1980.[5] Industrial and urban wastes, agricultural runoff (pesticides, fertilizers), and sewage discharge.[6] Severe ecosystem damage.[6]
Agriculture, slums, and industry.
Olifants River   South Africa and   Mozambique Close to the historical area of the Pedi people, Sekhukhuneland.[7] Green algae and very high sulphate levels attributed to coal mining and industry in the upper catchment.[8][9]
Osun River Osun State,   Nigeria One of the river goddesses in Yorubaland.[10] In 2018, the river suddenly began to change color due to gold mining. The river recorded the highest level of microplastics ever reported in river water globally in early 2024.[11][12] Plastic pollution, heavy metals and cyanide contamination as a result of illegal gold mining, and human generated waste.[13] Threatening theOsun Osogbo Sacred Grove.[11][12]

Asia

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Bharalu River Assam,   India One of the most polluted rivers in the state of Assam.[14] The biochemical oxygen demand of the river is 52 mg/L in compared to the permissible limit set by the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) at 3 mg/L.[15] Guwahati city's municipal wastes.[16] The obnoxious smell generated by the river is also a health hazard for the residents of Guwahati.[17]
Buriganga River Dhaka,   Bangladesh Economically very important to Dhaka.[18][19] Ranks among the most polluted rivers in the country.[20][21] Chemical waste of mills and factories, household waste, medical waste, sewage, dead animals, plastics, and oil, primarily among nine industrial areas lacking industrial wastewater treatment plants.[22][23][24]
Citarum River West Java,   Indonesia ~5,000,000[25] Longest and largest river in West Java, Indonesia.[26] Described by the Asian Development Bank as the world's most polluted river.[27] 2,000 industries, primarily textile factories, contaminate 5,020 sq miles of the river with over 20,000 tons of waste and 340,000 tons of wastewater daily. Toxins include lead, mercury, arsenic, sulphites, nonylphenol, Phthalates, PCB 180, paranitrophenol, and tributylphosphate.[28][29][30] Elimination of a significant part of the river's fish population, estimated at 60% since 2008.[31][32]
Cooum River Tamil Nadu,   India 9,000 families Called "a stinking cesspool" in poetry and journalism.[33][34] World Bank-funded project and shows that it is 80 per cent more polluted than treated sewer.[35] An estimated 55 million litres (15,000,000 US gal) of untreated sewage from government agencies like Chennai Corporation and local businesses, leading to high faecal coliform bacteria, pesticide, lead, zinc and cadmium levels.[36][37] Fish were able to survive in the water for only 3 to 5 hours even after samples were diluted. Almost zero dissolved oxygen.[35][38]
Ghadir River Southern Beirut region,   Lebanon[39] About 120,000 inhabitants in the Hayy El-Sellom neighborhood.[40] The most polluted river in Lebanon, described in 2017 by Lebanese minister of public works Youssef Fenianos as no longer normal water, but sewage water.[41] Industrial zones by the river Floods of sewage water in settllements near the river, leading to periodic displacement.[42] Beleved to contribute to elevated rates of asthmatic and skin diseases, especially in children.[43]
Indus River [[China|  China]], Kashmir (disputed region),   Pakistan Birthplace of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the Bronze Age.[44]

Second among a group of ten rivers responsible for about 90% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans.[45][46]

Endangerment of the Indus river dolphin.[47]
Jordan River Jordan, Israel, Syria, Israeli-occupied Palestinian territory of West Bank The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.[48] Dumping of sewage and brackish water, coupled with lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.[49] Destruction of the 100-kilometre downstream stretch's ecosystem, which environmentalists stated could take decades to undo.[50][51]
Kishon River Haifa District,   Israel Considered the most polluted river in Israel by several government authorities.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Mentioned six times in the Hebrew Bible.[52] Daily contamination for over 40 years with mercury, other heavy metals, and organic chemicals by nearby chemical plants, including Haifa Chemicals.[53] Has caught on fire several times due to chemical contaminants.[52] Found that three hours to the river's water led to DNA damage in rainbow-trout liver-cells to be on average threefold that of unpolluted water.[54] Shayetet 13 veterans were provided compensation after developing sickness and higher occurrences of cancer after training near the river.[55]
Musi River Telangana,   India Ranked as the 22nd most polluted river in the world.[56] Active pharmaceutical ingredients, concentration of 12,000 nanograms per litre. Includes caffeine, nicotine, acetaminophen, metformin, gabapentin, ketoconazole, and antibiotics.[56] Antibiotic resistance, feminization of fish, and making fish more susceptible to predation.[56]
Pasig River National Capital Region,   Philippines Metro Manila Ranked as the largest contributor of plastic waste to the world's oceans in 2021.[57][58] Household waste and industries Considered biologically dead by 1990,[59][60] although aquatic life has since returned due to rehabilitation efforts.[61]
Ravi River   India,   Pakistan Regarded in 2022 studies as the most contaminated river globally, with pharmaceutical residues such as paracetamol, nicotine, caffeine, and medications for epilepsy and diabetes detected in its waters.[62] Careless disposal of large amount of industrial and agricultural wastewater and faulty drainage systems in both nations, especially in the Lahore metropolitan area.[63]
Sabarmati River Gujarat and Rajasthan,   India Its Kheroj-Vautha stretch was named by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) as among the most polluted river stretches in India.[64] Further polluted by the Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in Motera.[65]
Tungabhadra River Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh,   India 1 million people Regarded as among the most polluted rivers in India due to it turning dark brown and developed a pungent odor downriver of industries.[66] Industry and mining on its banks in the Chikkamagaluru, Shimoga, Davangere, Haveri, Vijayanagara, Bellary, Koppal and Raichur districts of Karnataka and in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 30 million liters of effluents released into the Tunga from the lone non-mining Shimoga each year."[67] Regularly impacts village fishermen due to fish kills, and causes health impacts to residents in its sub-basin relying on its water for drinking, bathing, irrigating crops, fishing and livestock water.[66]
Vaitarna Nashik and Palghar district of Maharashtra,   India Supplies much of Mumbai's drinking water.[68] One of the most polluted rivers in India, primarily in its lower stretches.[68] Untreated industrial and civic waste[68]
Yamuna Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi,   India 57 million people[69] Second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge, and the longest tributary in India. Accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. Highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna.

Receives 800 million litres of largely untreated sewage and additional 44 million litres of industrial effluents each day.[70][71]

Discharge of wastewater in Delhi, with New Delhi dumping about 58% of its waste into the river.[72]
Yellow River   China 120 million people, over 420 million people live in the immediate provinces which rely on it as a water source.[73] Second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest river system on Earth. Birthplace of ancient Chinese civilization.[74] 4.29 billion tons of waste and sewage discharged in 2007 alone, mainly from urban factories and manufacturing facilities.[75] One-third of the river's course rendered unusable even for agricultural or industrial use.[76]

Europe

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Great Bačka Canal   Serbia Included in Serbia's "three black points". Considered one of the most polluted reservoirs in Europe.[77] Decades of dumping from Industrial town of Vrbas, resulting in 400,000 tons of silt which contains heavy metals and oil waste.[78] Dangerous to bathe in and hazardous to the health of nearby populations.[79]
Ibar Population of Kraljevo Regarded as the most polluted river in Serbia.[80] Frequent spills of phenol[80] Significant health impacts to the population of Kraljevo.[80]
Sarno Metropolitan City of Naples,   Italy Partially used for irrigation, as well as the transportation of goods and fishing.[81] Agricultural waste and insufficiently treated industrial waste water from 500 small industrial units.[82][83] Has made bathing near the mouth of the river in the Tyrrhenian Sea impossible.[82][83]

North America

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Acelhuate River   El Salvador 1.7 million people One the most contaminated and polluted rivers in El Salvador.[84] Domestic and industrial waste, containing iron, arsenic, lead, mercury, and zinc.[85]
Blackstone River Massachusetts and Rhode Island,   United States Referred to by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as “the most polluted river in the country because of high concentrations of toxic sediments.”[86] Primarily wastewater from the Upper Blackstone Water Pollution Abatement District.[87] Rated as the worst category ("impaired") for all assessed uses ("aquatic life", "fish consumption", "primary contact" (e.g. swimming), "secondary contact" (e.g. boating) and "aesthetics").[88]
Delaware River New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland,   United States Provides drinking water for 17 million people, including half of New York City via the Delaware Aqueduct.[89] The longest free-flowing (undammed) river in the Eastern United States.[90] Named the 5th most polluted river in the United States by eco-activism groups, primarily in the Philadelphia/Chester region.[91][92] 7–10 million pounds of toxic chemicals in the waterways mainly due to dumping by DuPont Chambers Works.[91][92] Pollutants leading to increased risk of birth defects, infertility, and cancer.[93]
Motagua River   Guatemala and   Honduras One of the most plastic-emitting rivers in the world, contributing around two percent of global plastic pollution emissions into oceans annually.[94] Highly polluted with untreated sewage, industrial waste, tons of sediment (garbage) and blackwater from Guatemala City carried by the Río Las Vacas tributary.[95] Dangerous to marine protected areas of Honduras and Guatemala and conservation efforts to maintain species diversity.[96][97] Impacts several Indigenous and coastal communities.[98]
New River The Mexico–U.S. border from Mexicali Municipality to Imperial County, California Composed of agricultural and chemical runoff waste. Called the most severely polluted river of its size in the United States.[99] Runoff and waste from farm industry irrigation in the U.S. (18.4%) and Mexico (51.2%), sewage from Mexicali (29%). Consists of contains a stew of about a hundred contaminants: volatile organic compounds, heavy metals including selenium, uranium, arsenic and mercury, pesticides (including DDT), and PCBs.[100] Contains pathogens that cause tuberculosis, encephalitis, polio, cholera, hepatitis and typhoid. Runoff into the Salton Sea has led to several fish die-offs and massive avian epizootics 1992–2019.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
Ohio River Boundary of the Midwestern and Southern United States. Source of drinking water for five million people.[101] Third largest river by discharge volume in the United States and the largest tributary by volume of the north-south flowing Mississippi River, which divides the eastern from western United States.[102] Listed among America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2023.[103] Farm runoff and waste water from industrial processes such as steel production. 92% of toxic discharges were nitrates, with mercury also causing impacts.[102][104] Also impacted by

East Palestine, Ohio, train derailment.[103]

Passaic River Northern New Jersey,   United States The lower eight miles (13 km) of the river contains 4.3 million cubic yards (3.3×10^6 m3) of toxic mud at its bottom. It is considered one of the most polluted stretches of water in the nation.[105] Industrial waste beginning in the 19th century, including dioxin generated by the Diamond Shamrock Chemical Plant as a waste product resulting from the production of Agent Orange.[106]
Tijuana River Baja California,   Mexico California,   United States Called "one of the most polluted waterways in the country".[107] From 2018 to 2024, more than 100,000,000,000 US gallons (380,000,000 kL) of wastewater have flowed from Mexico into the United States via the Tijuana River according to the International Boundary and Water Commission,[108] including toxins, metals, solvents, pathogens, and sewage.[109] Raw sewage from the city of Tijuana, Mexico.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Regular overflowing raw-sewage on the Mexican side, causing damage to vegetation and contributing to flooding.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Citizens from both San Diego and Tijuana have fallen sick due to the sewage flowing into local beaches, with 34,000 people on Imperial Beach in 2017 alone.[110]

Oceania

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Darling River New South Wales,   Australia Third-longest river in Australia, and the outback's most famous waterway.[111] Pesticide runoff[112][113] Suffered from a severe cyanobacterial bloom that stretched the length of the river in 1992.[114] Also suffered from fish kills in 2019 and 2023.[115][116]

South America

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Name Location Dependent population Description Sources of pollution Impact
Matanza River Buenos Aires Province,   Argentina 3.5 million people The most polluted river in Latin America and it is considered one of the ten most polluted places globally, with very high levels of lead.[117] Large amounts of industrial waste from the numerous factories along the river, especially tanneries.[118] 25% of children living in urban slums along the water’s edge have lead in their bloodstreams, and even more suffer from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness.[119]
Tietê River   Brazil Deemed the most polluted river in Brazil, according to National Geographic in 2010.[120] Pollution from São Paulo Multiple species threatened, or possibly extinct in the case of he catfish Heptapterus multiradiatus.[121]

Historically polluted rivers

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Name Location Description
River Churnet Staffordshire,   England Became possibly the most polluted river in Europe in the 19th century. Improved after the decline of industry in Leek and the Churnet Valley.[122]
Segura   Spain One of the most polluted rivers in Europe in the 1990's,[123] due to the canning industry and urban and agricultural residues from urban areas. Demonstrations and the construction of hundreds of wastewater treatment and collection systems led to the river becoming the Spanish river with the lowest average pollution in the span of just one decade.[124][125]
Vermilion River Louisiana,   United States Gained a reputation as the most polluted river in the United States in the 1970's.[126][127] Improved sewage treatment, low flow streamflow augmentation, and regular in-stream trash collection have changed its public perception to that of a celebrated recreational resource.[128]
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