Ghukas Karnetsi (Armenian: Ղուկաս Կարնեցի, lit. 'Luke of Karin/Erzurum'; 1722 – 28 December 1799) was Catholicos of All Armenians (head of the Armenian Church) in Etchmiadzin from 1780 to 1799.
Ghukas was born in 1722 in Kiğı in the Erzurum Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.[1][2] At the monastic school in Etchmiadzin, he was a student of future catholicos Simeon.[1][3] He was ordained a priest in 1751 and sent to Rumelia as a representative of the catholicos (nvirak).[1] In 1763, he was consecrated as a bishop and appointed prelate of the Armenians of Izmir.[1] Catholicos Simeon designated Ghukas as his successor, and he was elected catholicos after Simeon's death in 1780.[3] As a result of wartime conditions, Ghukas's election was not preceded by the traditional consultation with the Armenians of Constantinople, who initially refused to accept him.[3] However, the new Armenian patriarch of Constantinople recognized Ghukas as the head of the Armenian Church a year later.[3]
Ghukas became catholicos during a difficult time in Eastern Armenia, characterized by economic hardship and conflict between local rulers in the absence of central authority.[4] In 1782, Ghukas appealed to the Russian military command to free the Armenian people from Iranian rule.[5] Ghukas undertook building projects, renovating Etchmiadzin Cathedral.[1] In 1786, he hired painter Hovnatan Hovnatanian to decorate the walls of the cathedral.[5] In 1797, Ghukas appealed to Tsar Paul I of Russia to take the Armenian people under his protection and recognize the spiritual authority of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin over the Armenians living in the Russian Empire.[5] Paul carried out Ghukas's request with a decree issued on 26 February 1798.[5] A cautious leader, Ghukas managed to maintain good relations with the Ottomans and Iranians despite his overtures to Russia.[6]
Ghukas divided some of his power by creating a permanent council of bishops to assist the catholicos, which, according to historian George Bournoutian, contributed to later factionalism within the church.[7] His death was followed by significant interest by Iran and Russia in Etchmiadzin's affairs.[8] Archbishop Hovsep Arghutian was elected as Ghukas's successor with Russian support, but died before being consecrated.[9] Ghukas was succeeded by Davit V Enegetsi as catholicos.[10]
Legacy
editCatholicos Ghukas left behind a rich documentary record, consisting of 2200 decrees and letters and 3500 summaries of letters, most of which are kept in the Matenadaran in Yerevan.[11] Ghukas's documents are important primary sources for the history of Armenia and other countries in the region in the last two decades of the eighteenth century.[11] Many of his letters were published in the fourth and ninth volumes () of the series Archive of Armenian History (Divan hayots patmutyan) by Archpriest Gyut Aghanyants.[11] Thousands of Ghukas's documents have been published in three volumes (1984–2023) by the Matenadaran Institute.
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e Karapetyan 2002, p. 659.
- ^ Grigoryan 1984, p. 19.
- ^ a b c d Bournoutian 2001, p. 456.
- ^ Grigoryan 1984, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c d Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran 1981.
- ^ Bournoutian 2001, pp. 420, 456.
- ^ Bournoutian 1997, p. 98.
- ^ Bournoutian 1997, pp. 98–99.
- ^ Bournoutian 1997, p. 99.
- ^ Karapetyan 2002, p. 660.
- ^ a b c Grigoryan 1962, p. 429.
Bibliography
edit- Ałaneanc῾, Giwt (1899). Diwan Hayoc῾ Patmowt῾ean (in Armenian). Vol. IV. T῾iflis: Tp. M. Šarajē.
- Bournoutian, George A. (2001). Armenians and Russia (1626-1796): A Documentary Record. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. ISBN 1-56859-132-2.
- Bournoutian, George A. (1997). "Eastern Armenia from the Seventeenth Century to the Russian Annexation". In Hovannisian, Richard (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. Macmillan. pp. 81–107. ISBN 0-333-61974-9.
- Grigoryan, Vardan (1984). Łukas Karnec῾i. Divan hayoc῾ patmut῾yan, nor šark῾ (in Armenian). Vol. I. Erewan: Haykakan SSH GA hratarakč῾ut῾yun. OCLC 741991730.
- Hambarjumyan, Viktor, ed. (1981). "Łukas A Karnec῾i". Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran (in Armenian). Vol. 7. Erewan. p. 51.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Karapetyan, Art῾ur (2002). "Łukas A Karnec῾i" (PDF). In Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (ed.). K῾ristonya Hayastan hanragitaran (in Armenian). Erewan: Haykakan hanragitaran hratarakč῾ut῾yun. pp. 659–660.
Further reading
edit- Ałaneanc῾, Giwt (1899). Diwan Hayoc῾ Patmowt῾ean (in Armenian). Vol. IV. T῾iflis: Tp. M. Šarajē.