User:Sardanaphalus/Sandbox

Wikipedia:Sandbox

/ Specific template instances

Template:Hegelianism

(Version awaiting implementation of Sidebar contentNclass parameters)

{{Sidebar
| name = Hegelianism
| class = plainlist
| titleclass = navbox-title
| titlestyle = display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;
| title = [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Hegelianism]]
| topimage = [[File:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel00.jpg|185px|Portrait of Hegel by an unidentified artist]]
| headingclass = navbox-abovebelow

| heading1 = Forerunners
| content1class = hlist
| content1 =
* [[Aristotle]]
* [[Jakob Böhme|Böhme]]
* [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau|Rousseau]]
* [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]]
* [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]]
* [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte|Fichte]]
* [[Friedrich Hölderlin|Hölderlin]]
* [[Friedrich Schelling|Schelling]]

| heading2 = Successors
| content2class = hlist
| content2 =
* [[Ludwig Feuerbach|Feuerbach]]
* [[Karl Marx|Marx]]
* [[György Lukács|Lukács]]
* [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty|{{nowrap|Merleau-Ponty}}]]
* [[Theodor W. Adorno|Adorno]]
* [[Hans-Georg Gadamer|Gadamer]]
* [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]]

| heading3 = Principal [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography|works]]
| content3style = white-space:nowrap;font-style:italic;<!--(titles)-->
| content3 =
* [[The Phenomenology of Spirit]]
* [[Science of Logic]]
* [[Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences]]
* [[Lectures on Aesthetics]]
* [[Elements of the Philosophy of Right]]
* [[Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion]]
* [[Lectures on the Philosophy of History]]
* [[Lectures on the History of Philosophy]]

| heading4 = Schools
| content4class = hlist
| content4 =
* [[Absolute idealism]]
* [[Hegelianism]] ([[Dialectic#Hegelian dialectics|dialectics]])
* [[British idealism]]
* [[German idealism]]

| heading5 = Related topics
| content5class = hlist
| content5 =
* [[Right Hegelians]]
* [[Young Hegelians]]

| navbarstyle = border-top:1px solid #aaa;

}}<noinclude>

[[Category:Philosophy and thinking templates]]
[[Category:Literature templates|Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich]]
[[Category:"Part of a series on" templates]]
[[Category:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|τ]]
</noinclude>

("Let's at least have (1) a gap between title and first heading and (2) no dot after a single entry on a line (content3). Let's also associate/place class/style parameters accordingly in the code.")

(Template:) Spacing and hyphen [etc] characters and templates

User:Sardanaphalus/Template:Inline spacing templates

Table from {{Long dash/doc#See also}}:

Code	Name	Display	Explanation
−or the − character in the "Insert" edit box tool	Minus	−	A mathematical operation symbol (display varies depending on font)
{{ndash}}  or –  or the – character in the "Insert" edit box tool	En dash (N-dash)	–	A short dash (typically half the width of an em dash)
—  or the — character in the "Insert" edit box tool	Em dash (M-dash)	—	A long dash (one em wide, typically equivalent to the height of the font size)
-	Hyphen	-	The hyphen character on most keyboards, used to hyphenate compound words (display varies depending on font)

• ndash
• mdash
• spndash
• aside
• ...

{{Documentation
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{{Collapsible option |statename=optional}}

[[Category:Spacing (inline) templates| ]]
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Theodor W. Adorno lead

Theodor W. Adorno (/əˈdɔːrnoʊ/; German: [aˈdɔʀno]; born Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund; September 11, 1903 – August 6, 1969) was a German sociologist, philosopher and musicologist who is widely regarded as one of the twentieth century's foremost aestheticians and essayists. He was a leading member of the Frankfurt School – a collection of like-minded critical theorists and writers for whom the work of Freud, Marx and Hegel was essential to the analysis of modern society – and, as a critic of both fascism and what he dubbed the "culture industry", his writings, in particular the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947), Minima Moralia (1951) and Negative Dialectics (1966), strongly influenced the European New Left. Contrary to the vogue enjoyed by existentialism and positivism during the early to mid-twentieth century, Adorno advanced a dialectical conception of natural history that critiqued the twin temptations of ontology and empiricism through studies of Kierkegaard and Husserl.

Adorno was a pianist [who became committed to avant-garde music and] whose interest in modernism led to his studying Arnold Schoenberg's "twelve-tone" method of composition with Schoenberg's pupil Alban Berg

His interest in modernism [as in music] [suffused/affected/...] his writing

Adorno's commitment to avant-garde music formed the backdrop of his subsequent writings and led to his collaboration with Thomas Mann on the latter's novel Doctor Faustus, while the two men lived in California as exiles during the Second World War. Working for the newly relocated Institute for Social Research, Adorno collaborated on influential studies of authoritarianism, anti-semitism and propaganda that would later serve as models for sociological studies the Institute carried out in post-war Germany.

Upon his return to Frankfurt, Adorno was involved with the reconstitution of German intellectual life through debates with Karl Popper on the limitations of positivist science, critiques of Heidegger's language of authenticity, writings on German responsibility for the Holocaust, and continued interventions into matters of public policy. As a writer of polemics in the tradition of Nietzsche and Karl Kraus, Adorno delivered scathing critiques of contemporary Western culture. Adorno's posthumously published Aesthetic Theory, which he planned to dedicate to Samuel Beckett, is the culmination of a lifelong commitment to modern art which attempts to revoke the "fatal separation" of feeling and understanding long demanded by the history of philosophy and explode the privilege aesthetics accords to content over form and contemplation over immersion.

(some rephrasing, including avoiding possible interpretation that critical theory due to Adorno and repeated "critique"/"critiqued"; clarify span...)

Archaeology lead

{{two other uses||the magazine about archaeology|Archaeology (magazine)|the album by the pastiche/parody Beatles band|The Rutles Archaeology}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
[[File:Lousonna01.JPG|thumb|236px<!--(approx Sidebar/Infobox)-->|[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[ruins]], [[Lausanne]], Switzerland.]]
{{Anthropology |types}}

Archaeology (archeology) is the study of human history through the discovery, recovery and analysis of the traces it has left in the environment. Among these are material remains such as artifacts and [ architecture ]

activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts (also known as eco-facts) and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record). Because archaeology employs a wide range of different procedures, it can be considered to be both a social science and a humanity, and in the United States it is thought of as a branch of anthropology, although in Europe it is viewed as a separate discipline.

Archaeology studies human prehistory and history from the development of the first stone tools in eastern Africa 4 million years ago up until recent decades. (Archaeology does not include the discipline of paleontology). It is of most importance for learning about prehistoric societies, when there are no written records for historians to study, making up over 99% of total human history, from the Paleolithic until the advent of literacy in any given society. Archaeology has various goals, which range from studying human evolution to cultural evolution and understanding culture history.

The discipline involves surveying, excavation and eventually analysis of data collected to learn more about the past. In broad scope, archaeology relies on cross-disciplinary research. It draws upon anthropology, history, art history, classics, ethnology, geography, geology, linguistics, semiology, physics, information sciences, chemistry, statistics, paleoecology, paleontology, paleozoology, paleoethnobotany, and paleobotany.

Archaeology developed out of antiquarianism in Europe during the 19th century, and has since become a discipline practiced across the world. Since its early development, various specific sub-disciplines of archaeology have developed, including maritime archaeology, feminist archaeology and archaeoastronomy, and numerous different scientific techniques have been developed to aid archaeological investigation. Nonetheless, today, archaeologists face many problems, such as dealing with pseudoarchaeology, the looting of artifacts, a lack of public interest, and opposition to the excavation of human remains.

Himalayas lead

"Himalaya" redirects here. For other uses, see Himalaya (disambiguation).

Himalayas
The north face of Mount Everest, seen from the path to the mountain's base camp in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China.
Highest point
Peak	Mount Everest, Nepal / China
Elevation	8,848 m (29,029 ft)
Coordinates	27°59′17″N 86°55′31″E
Dimensions
Length	2,400 km (1,500 mi)
Geography
Location of the Himalayan mountain range
Countries	Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal and Pakistan
Range coordinates	28°N 82°E

NASA Landsat-7 imagery of the Himalayas.

The Himalayas, also known as Himalaya (/ˌhɪməˈleɪ.ə/ or /hɪˈmɑːləjə/; Sanskrit: हिमालय, hima ("snow") + ālaya ("dwelling"), meaning "abode of the snow") is a mountain range in South Asia that lies between the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Tibetan Plateau. It is home to every peak on Earth over 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) in altitude – including the world's highest peak, Mount Everest – and more than one hundred of its peaks exceed 7,200 metres (23,600 ft). Many of them are considered sacred in Buddhism and Hinduism and the range has exerted a profound influence on the cultures of South Asia.

The Tibetan Plateau marks the northern border of the Himalayas, while

The Himalayas are bordered on the north by the , on the south by the Indo-Gangetic Plain, on the northwest by the Karakoram and Hindu Kush ranges, and on the east by the Indian state of Assam. The western anchor of the Himalayas — Nanga Parbat — lies just south of the northernmost bend of the Indus River, while the eastern anchor — Namcha Barwa — is situated just west of the great bend of the Yarlung Tsangpo River. The Himalayas span five countries: India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Pakistan, with the first three countries having sovereignty over most of the range.

Lifted by the collision of the Indian tectonic plate with the Eurasian Plate, the Himalayan range runs northwest to southeast in a 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) long arc. The range varies in width from 400 kilometres (250 mi) in the west to 150 kilometres (93 mi) in the east. Besides the Greater Himalayas, there are several parallel lower ranges. The southernmost of these, located along the northern edge of the Indian plains and reaching about a thousand meters in altitude, are called the Sivalik Hills. Further north is a higher range, reaching two to three thousand meters, known as the Lower Himalayan Range.

Three of the world's major rivers — the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra — arise in the Himalayas. While the Indus and the Brahmaputra rise near Mount Kailash in Tibet, the Ganges rises in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Their combined drainage basin is home to some 600 million people.

Template:Tlg

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Template:Column-generating template families

Column-generating template families

Family	Type	Handles wiki  table code?a	Start template	Break between columns	End template
"Col"	Table		{{Col-begin}} or {{Col-begin-small}}	{{Col-break}} {{Col-2}} {{Col-3}} {{Col-4}} {{Col-5}} {{Col-6}} or use {{Col-break | width=16.6%}}, i.e. with width ≈ 100% / 6. {{Col-7}} or use {{Col-break | width=14.2%}}, i.e. with width ≈ 100% / 7. {{Col-8}} or use {{Col-break | width=12.5%}}, i.e. with width = 100% / 8. For nine or even more columns, use {{Col-break | width=[W]%}}, where [W] ≈ 100 divided by the number of columns desired.	{{Col-end}}
"Col-float"	CSS float	Y	{{Col-float}}	{{Col-float-break}}	{{Col-float-end}}
"Columns"	Table	Y	{{Columns}}	–	–
"Columns-start"	CSS float	Y	{{Columns-start}}	{{Column}}	{{Columns-end}}
"Div col"	CSS columns	Y	{{Div col}} or {{Start div col}} {{Columns-list}}b	–	{{Div col end}} or {{End div col}}
"Multicol"	Table		{{Multicol}}	{{Multicol-break}}	{{Multicol-end}}
a i.e. can the columns handle the wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}},  {{!)}} ) and/or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc) will need to be used instead. b Wrapper template.

{{Documentation
 | content =
Used by {{tl|Column templates}} to provide links to column-related templates.

== See also ==
* {{tl|Autocol}}

[[Category:Table and column templates| ]]
[[Category:Related-topic templates]]
}}<!--(end Documentation)-->

Template:Married for Infoboxes

Use {{Div col |content= }} (as here)...?

Village pump (technical) thread

(Producing a list of parameters)

Is there a function or something I may use to produce a list of the parameters appearing in some (lengthy) template code..? Apologies if I've overlooked or forgotten something nearby. Sardanaphalus (talk) 11:17, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

What problem are you trying to solve? We will be better able to help you if you give us more details about what you are trying to achieve. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 13:38, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

@Sardanaphalus: ping. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 13:40, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

I have sometimes wanted the same. I don't know about Sardanaphalus but my purpose is usually to look for undocumented parameters so I can use them in template calls or add them to documentation. PrimeHunter (talk) 13:50, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

• Thanks for the prompt responses. Prime Hunter's scenario is the context: undocumented parameters within lengthy templates. Sardanaphalus (talk) 14:07, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

For wikitext templates, perhaps this could be done with Parsoid? I'm not at all sure of the details on that, though. For Lua modules, there's no way that I know of to do this automatically, and writing the code to do it would be very difficult as you need to be able to parse arbitrary Lua code. To do it manually, though, a simple text search for "args" will usually do the trick, as that is the standard name for a module's arguments table. A parameter named "foo" can look like args.foo or args["foo"]. — Mr. Stradivarius ^{♪ talk ♪} 14:59, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

There's a clever trick invented (IIRC) by David Gothberg and/or Amalthea that does something like that, in template code. Trouble is it's so clever I can never remember it. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 19:36, 9 November 2014 (UTC).

For regular (i.e. non-Lua) templates I look for triple opening braces. If there are a lot, I copy the template's wikisource to a text editor, and use regexps to insert a newline before each set of triple opening braces, before each pipe, and before each set of triple closing braces. Then I save the file, grep for the triple opening braces and send it through sort and uniq which gives me my param list. For Lua templates, it's worse than as described by Mr. Stradivarius because the args list might not be in the main module; you've got to search all the submodules too - if you can work out which they are. --Redrose64 (talk) 19:45, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

You might want to invoke TemplateDataGenerator once within template or template documentation page, looking at preview and compare displayed output with already known and documented parameters. Module:TemplateDataGenerator is locally available. You could also use a recent TemplateData Utility which produces the same list of detected parameters, but the module offers sorting and works also on doc page. Greetings --PerfektesChaos (talk) 19:58, 9 November 2014 (UTC)

Template:born;died

(no less work than manual entry anyway?)

Documentation

Markup	Renders as
{{born;died |1 January 1900 |Someplace, Somewhere |31 December 1999 |Thatplace, Elsewhere}}	(born 1 January 1900 in Someplace, Somewhere; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)
{{born;died |January 1, 1900 |Someplace, Somewhere |December 31, 1999}}	(born January 1, 1900 in Someplace, Somewhere; died December 31, 1999)
{{born;died |1 January 1900 |diedon=31 December 1999 |diedin=Thatplace, Elsewhere}}	(born 1 January 1900; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)
{{born;died |January 1, 1900 |diedon=December 31, 1999}}	(born January 1, 1900; died December 31, 1999)
{{born;died |bornin=Someplace, Somewhere |diedon=31 December 1999 |diedin=Thatplace, Elsewhere}}	(born in Someplace, Somewhere; died 31 December 1999 in Thatplace, Elsewhere)

See also

• {{born–died}}

[[Category:Time, date and calendar templates]]

Editors can experiment in this template's sandbox (create | mirror) and testcases (create) pages.
Subpages of this page.

List of English words without rhymes#Words with obscure perfect rhymes

This list includes rhymes of words that have been listed as rhymeless.

Word	IPA	Rhymes with	Rhyme's meaning / Notes
aitch	/ˈ-eɪtʃ/	nache  rache	the bony point on the rump of an ox or cow a streak down a horse's face
angst	/ˈ-æŋkst/	manxed	lopped-off in a manner reminiscent of a Manx cat's tail. phalanxed is not a perfect rhyme because a different syllable is stressed. The alternative American pronunciation /ˈɑːŋkst/ has no rhymes. Exceptions for perfect rhymes with angst and angsts are some dialectical or theatrical pronunciations of verbs, such as used in performances of Shakespeare plays.
arugula	/ˈ-uːɡjələ/	Bugula	a genus of bryozoan
beige	/ˈbeɪʒ/	greige	as of unfinished textiles yet to be dyed or bleached (adjective)
chaos	/ˈ-eɪ.ɒs/	naos	the inner chamber of a temple
circle	/ˈ-ɜːrkəl/	hurkle	to pull in all one's limbs
coif	/ˈ-ɔɪf/	boyf	"boyfriend" (slang truncation)
cusp	/ˈ-ʌsp/	DUSP	acronym for the enzyme "dual-specificity phosphatase"
else	/ˈ-ɛls/	wels	the fish Silurus glanis
fiends	/ˈiːndz/	teinds	the portion of an estate assessed for the stipend of the clergy (Scottish)
film films	/ˈɪlm/ /ˈɪlmz/	pilm Wilms	dust (Scottish) a type of kidney tumor
fugue, -s	/ˈjuːɡ/, /z/	jougs	(rarely found in the singular)
gulf, -s	/ˈʌlf/, /s/	SULF, sulfs	any of a number of sulfate-regulating enzymes
kiln	as /ˈɪln/	Milne	(surname)
eth	/ˈɛð/	merced	Castilian Spanish word meaning "gift" occasionally used in English
midst	/ˈɪdst/	didst	archaic form of "did" used with thou
month	/ˈ-ʌnθ/	en-plus-oneth	(n + 1)th, a mathematical term; also hundred-and-oneth (= hundred-and-first). It also appears in the plural in fractions (e.g. twenty thirty-oneths)

 | [[wikt:music|music]] | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|juː|z|ɨ|k}}
 | [[wikt:anchusic|anchusic]]<br/>[[wikt:dysgeusic|dysgeusic]]
 | {{nowrap|as in "anchusic acid"<br/>  [ see [[wikt:anchusin]], [[Alkanet]] ]

,'' as in ''anchusic acid'', '','' having a disorder that causes alterations in one's sense of taste, and ''[[wikt:ageusic|ageusic]],'' lacking a sense of taste
 | ''[[wikt:opus|opus]]'' (with a short ''0''), {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɒ|p|ə|s}} | ''[[Hoppus]],'' a method of measuring timber<ref>With the American pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|p|ə|s}} with a long ''o,'' ''opus'' rhymes with other words, such as ''Canopus, lagopous, monopus'' (one-eyed), and slang ''mopus.''</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:orange|orange]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɒr|ɨ|n|dʒ}}, rhymes with<!--No, "door hinge" is not a perfect rhyme, only an approximate rhyme: the ''i'' vowel in ''hinge'' is not reduced like the ''a'' in ''orange''--> ''[[The Blorenge|Blorenge]],'' a hill in Wales,<ref>[[Webster's Third]] gives two pronunciations for ''[[sporange]],'' one of which rhymes. However, one is a spelling pronunciation based on ''orange'', and the [[OED]] only has the non-rhyming pronunciation, with the stress on the ''ange'' : {{IPAc-en|s|p|ɒ|ˈ|r|æ|n|dʒ}}. The American pronunciation with one syllable has no rhyme, even in non-rhotic accents.</ref><ref>Held, Carl. ''Breaking the Orange Rhyme Barrier''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 167 (Vol. 25, No. 1). pp. 10–13. February 2001.</ref> ''[[Gorringe (disambiguation)|Gorringe]]'', an English surname, and ''[[Sporange]]'', an alternate, rarely used spelling of ''sporangium'', a part of a fern.
 | ''[[wikt:pint|pint]]''       | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪ|n|t}}    | ''[[wikt:rynt|rynt]],'' a word milkmaids use to get a cow to move<ref>The plural has a common rhyme in ''Heintz''.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:plankton|plankton]]'' | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|æ|ŋ|k|t|ən}} | ''Yankton'' ([[Sioux]])
 | ''[[wikt:plinth|plinth]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|n|θ}}     | ''[[wikt:synth|synth]],'' colloquial for ''[[synthesizer]]''
 | ''[[wikt:purple|purple]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɜr|p|əl}}   | ''[[wikt:curple|curple]],'' the hindquarters of a horse or donkey, ''[[wikt:hirple|hirple]],'' to walk with a limp,<ref>Held, Carl. ''Orange, Silver, now Purple (More Lexical Lunacy)''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 207 (Vol. 29, No. 1). pp. 4–9, 16. February 2005.</ref>''[[wikt:purple nurple|nurple]],'' the act of roughly twisting a nipple (slang)
 | ''[[wikt:rhythm|rhythm]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|ð|əm}}    | ''[[smitham]],'' fine malt or ore dust<ref>''Rhythmic'' has no rhymes apart from ''logarithmic'' and ''algorithmic,'' which are often excluded for having identical syllables.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:silver|silver]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|l|v|ər}}  | ''[[wikt:chilver|chilver]],'' a female lamb<ref>Held, Carl. ''From Orange to Silver (More Lexical Lunacy)''. [[Games (magazine)|Games]]. Issue 200 (Vol. 28, No. 4). pp. 4–9, 16. May 2004.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:siren|siren]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪər|ən}}   | ''[[wikt:gyron|gyron]],'' a type of triangle in heraldry, and a few technical terms<ref>For some people, also ''[[wikt:environ|environ]],'' but this is not RP, in which ''environ'' rhymes with {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|aɪr|ən}} has no rhyme.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:toilet|toilet]]''   | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɔɪ|l|ɨ|t}}  | ''[[wikt:oillet|oillet]],'' an eyelet

 | ''[[wikt:width|width]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|d|θ}}     | obsolete ''[[wikt:sidth|sidth]],'' meaning length
 | ''[[wikt:woman|woman]]''     | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ʊ|m|ən}}    | ''[[wikt:toman|toman]],'' a Persian coin and military division<ref>The plural ''women'' also has but a single rhyme, though a more common one: ''persimmon''.</ref>
 | ''[[wikt:yttrium|yttrium]]'' | {{IPAc-en|ˈ|-|ɪ|t|r|i|əm}} | ''[[liberum arbitrium]],'' a legal term

Telos (lead)

({{lang}}, some rephrasings/links, cn)

A telos (Ancient Greek: τέλος telos meaning "end", "purpose", "goal"), in the sense used by philosophers such as Aristotle, is an end or purpose, especially when regarded as being innate. It is the root of the word "teleology"

It takes a central role in Aristotle's biology and his theory of causes.

and is the  from which the word "teleology"{{aside|the study of purposiveness or intentionality.  Teleology figures centrally in Aristotle's biology and in .  It is central to nearly all philosophical theories of history, such as those of Hegel and Marx.  One running debate in contemporary philosophy of biology is to what extent teleological language (as in the "purpose" or "purposes" of organs, living processes, etc) is unavoidable or simply a shorthand for ideas that, ultimately, are nonteleological. The philosophy of action also makes essential use of teleological vocabulary; according to Donald Davidson, an action is something an agent does with intention – that is, with the sense of an outcome or end to be achieved by the action.

Although not mutually exclusive, telos is contrasted with techne, the rational method involved in producing an object or accomplishing a goal or objective.

David Hume (partial lead)

David Hume (/ˈhjuːm/; 7 May NS [26 April 1711 OS] 1711 – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist who is generally considered to be of the most significant figures in the history of Western philosophy, a key figure of the Scottish Enlightenment and "widely regarded as the greatest [philosopher] who has ever written in the English language." Today, he is most remebered for his philosophical empiricism and scepticism.

Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley and others as a British Empiricist.

Beginning with his A Treatise of Human Nature (1739), Hume strove to create a total naturalistic "science of man" that examined the psychological basis of human nature. In opposition to the rationalists who preceded him, most notably Descartes, he concluded that desire rather than reason governed human behaviour. He also argued against the existence of innate ideas, concluding that humans have knowledge only of things they directly experience. He argued that inductive reasoning and therefore causality cannot be justified rationally. Our assumptions in favour of these result from custom and constant conjunction rather than logic. He concluded that humans have no actual conception of the self, only of a bundle of sensations associated with the self.

Atheistic existentialism (partial)

Atheistic existentialism (adj. "atheist-existential"), sometimes referred to as "atheist existentialism", is a kind of existentialism which strongly diverged from the Christian existential works of Søren Kierkegaard and has developed within the context of an atheistic worldview.

The philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard provided existentialism's theoretical foundation in the 19th century. Atheistic existentialism began to be recognized after the 1943 publication of Being and Nothingness by Jean-Paul Sartre, and Sartre later explicitly alluded to it in Existentialism is a Humanism in 1946. Sartre had previously written in the spirit of atheistic existentialism in works such as the novel Nausea (1938) and short-story collection The Wall (1939). Simone de Beauvoir likewise wrote from an atheist-existential perspective.

== Thought ==

"Atheistic existentialism" refers to the exclusion of any transcendental, metaphysical or religious beliefs from philosophical existentialist thought. As Heidegger indicated, however, atheistic, religious or metaphysical existentialism can nevertheless share phenomenological elements such as anguish or rebellion.

[......]

Demographics of atheism lead

A basic demographics of atheism suggests that atheists comprise around 2% of the world's population and the irreligious (non-religious) a further 16%. With the exception of Eastern Asia – particularly China – and some European countries, where they form a majority, atheists and the irrelgious typically form less than 10% of a population.

According to a 2012 study by WIN-Gallup International, religiosity is in decline worldwide amidst growing numbers of people identifying themselves as atheists or non-religious. A report by the Center for the Study of Global Christianity, however, concludes that it is atheism that is in global decline, primarily due to increasing religiosity in China and post-communist Eastern Europe. The principal trend identified by the report is a return to religion in areas previously dominated by state atheism.

Social scientific assessments of the extent of atheism and irreligion face a number of problems. As large majorities of the world's populations claim some kind of belief in a monotheistic or polytheistic system – figures, for instance, for the United States (predominantly monotheistic) and India (predominantly polytheistic) usually exceed 80% – questions meant to assess non-belief, for example, tend to require the negation of prevailing beliefs rather than an expression of positive atheism. If "atheism" is then taken to mean no more than the Ancient Greek ἄθεος (atheos, meaning ""without theism") from which it was derived, a rise in "atheism" will then be recorded.

Atheistic schools of thought are known to have existed in India since the Vedic period (c. 1750–500 BCE). Western atheism has its roots in pre-Socratic philosophy, but did not emerge as a distinct world-view until the late Enlightenment.

Atheism lead (refs disabled) beside alternative (for talkpage)

(Hello. Would there be any objection to the following rephrased version of the opening paragraph..? It's meant to have more flow (e.g. moving from the general/inclusive to the narrow sense of "atheism") but without change to its contents and no detrimental change to its neutrality:)

(Current) Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities.[1][2] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[3][4][5] Most inclusively, atheism is the absence of belief that any deities exist.[4][5][6][7] Atheism is contrasted with theism,[8][9] which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists.[9][10]

(Alternative) At its most inclusive, atheism is the absence of a belief that any deities exist, although it is more generally Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities. Most inclusively, atheism is the absence of belief that any deities exist. Atheism is contrasted with theism, which, in its most general form, is the belief that at least one deity exists.

G. E. Moore lead

George Edward "G. E." Moore OM, FBA (/mʊər/; 4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher, who, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and their predecessor Gottlob Frege, was one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy

George Edward "G. E." Moore OM, FBA (/mʊər/; 4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher and one of the founders of the analytic tradition in philosophy

With Russell, he led the turn away from idealism in British philosophy and became well-known for his advocacy of "common sense" concepts, his contributions to ethics, epistemology and metaphysics and "his exceptional personality and moral character".

At the University of Cambridge, where he later (1925–39) served as Professor of Philosophy, Moore was a member of the Moral Sciences Club and, from 1894, the secret "Cambridge Apostles" debating society. He also, although not a member himself, became highly influential among members of the Bloomsbury Group

He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1918, [served] as Editor of the prestigious philosophical journal Mind between 1921 and 1947 and was awarded the Order of Merit in 1951

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