User:Serendipity305/sandbox

My Contributions

• "San Francisco Bay Area" article
  • Only edited the History section because I've decided to focus on immigration history. The original article is so extensive that I cannot possibly touch all upon. Also, there were only few academic sources that talked about immigration history into the Bay Area.
  • Had 5 sources total for this article
  • In this section, I've added a new section named "Immigration history into San Francisco Bay Area" and differentiated by ethnic groups because each group has different reasons as to why they decided to immigrate.
    • Most of the information for this section was from one source - the book that compiled all different ethnic groups' immigration history. I've added Chinese, Korean, and Latino since these are the major groups that I will be working with.
• "Immigrant Healthcare in the United States" article
  • Did a lot more editing and writing new paragraphs, partly because there were more studies done on immigrant healthcare.
  • Added several studies that showed immigrants' barriers to healthcare under the Findings and statistics section. I tried to sort them by ethnic groups.
  • Had 5 sources total for this article
  • Edited 'Findings and Statistics' section and 'Challenges: Social Barriers' section

Summarizing and Synthesizing

Sector: Immigrant Healthcare in the United States

Findings and statistics: Hispanics and Latino Section

(After the 2nd sentence in the section)  In order to receive effective healthcare, it is important for individuals to understand the US healthcare system.

A study was conducted by Pew Hispanic Center in 2007 in order to further bring attention to this issue of health literacy among Latino immigrant communities. 2996 participants were randomly selected by looking at phone lists within areas that were predominantly Latino. During phone surveys, participants were asked about their general background information such as age, gender, and ethnicities and about their experiences in healthcare settings. The results showed that factors determining quality of care were the years they've been in the States, income level, education status, health insurance status, and health literacy. Among many immigrant groups, Latino communities tend to undergo challenges in healthcare settings and receive lower quality of care than other ethnicities. Thus, it is crucial to raise awareness of the importance of health literacy, in order to bring up the quality of care in healthcare settings among Latinos. It will result in overall better health system among immigrants in the United States, since Latinos make up a large percentage, about 70%, of immigrants.

Findings and statistics: Children Section

(Make a new paragraph) Another study done in Los Angeles County in 2000 shows how children's immigration status is associated with access to insurance as well as their health status. The study found out to be that children under undocumented parents had many obstacles when trying to access and utilize healthcare.

In US, there are two ways to get insurance, either from the government aid or from private insurance. Since they are undocumented, they cannot get the aid from the state government nor can they access private insurance companies due to its high price or because it is not offered by their employer. Therefore, their offspring also do not have access to private insurance.

Findings and statistics: Asian Section

(Make a new paragraph) Culture assimilation can also be a factor in how often immigrants use healthcare services. A study was conducted by Huabin Luo and Bei Wu to see if there is a relationship between the usage of dental service and culture assimilation. The results showed that length of stay and English proficiency were the two factors that determined Asian immigrants' visit to dental clinics. Specifics and significance of this study will be further discussed in the Challenges: Social Barriers section below.

(Make a new paragraph at the end) Another cross-sectional study among Chinese immigrants has shown that English proficiency as well as print health literacy is crucial in determining immigrants' health status. Researchers have collected survey from 705 Chinese-American immigrants. Some questions that were included in the survey were, "How do you rate your own English proficiency?," "Have you ever had to get help for medical interpretation?," and "Can you understand medical information or instructions by yourself?" 96.2% had poor English proficiency and 65.7% had rated themselves having poor health. Further discussions regarding the association between barriers and healthcare will be discussed in the Challenges section below.

Challenges: Social Barriers Section

(Under barrier section, I'm going to add these sentences after the 2nd sentence of the social barrier subsection) For instance, a data of 507 Korean immigrants showed that more than 50% of participants have at least experienced one obstacle in terms of utilizing healthcare in the United States. Among many obstacles, language was one of the biggest barrier and uninsurance the second largest factor.

(Make a new paragraph (2nd paragraph) - and hyperlink it to Findings and statistics: Asian Section so that I don't have to explain what the study was about) As mentioned, language can be a huge barrier to immigrants when it comes to accessing healthcare, especially because of complex medical terminology. A study (already mentioned in the last paragraph of the Findings and statistics: Asian Section) done among Chinese immigrants have shown significant positive association between language barriers and poor self-rated health. In other words, poorly rated their health status was common among immigrants that had limited English proficiency as well as health literacy. This study emphasizes how language barrier is taking a large bulk of healthcare access among immigrants. Also, it suggests ways in which we, as a community, can collectively improve and get rid of these language barriers so that more immigrants can get proper access to healthcare.

(Make a new paragraph (very last paragraph) - and hyperlink it to Findings and statistics: Asian Section again, this time for a different study) Immigrant groups' cultural beliefs are different, thus sometimes they have hard time assimilating themselves into a new culture. A study (already mentioned in the second to last paragraph of the Findings and statistics: Asian Section) has shown that the length of stay had the strongest association with Asian immigrants getting their dental check-ups. In other words, the longer immigrants were to stay in the us, the more likely they were to get medical check-ups because they were already familiarized themselves with how healthcare system runs in the United States. Although this study was only confined to dental visits, the results are still significant because not only it showed that acculturation plays a crucial role in immigrants' healthcare access, but also showed potential ways in which how communities and health professionals can approach and eradicate these social barriers. For instance, creating a program among immigrants to learn about US healthcare system in their native languages can make immigrants familiar with complex US healthcare system. Also, immigrants can build social support network through these programs, which can be a great help when it comes to facing health issues.

Area: San Francisco Bay Area

History Section (Make another sub-section about immigration history into SF Bay Area)

In Immigrants in American History by Elliott Robert Barkan, histories of different groups of immigrants into the United States are depicted by different eras.

Korean Immigrants (new section made by me under the history section)

Majority of Korean immigrants came to the States around mid 1900s, soon after the World War II ended. Many of them came as spouse of American soldiers or as adopted children of American families as a result of Korean War. A bulk of them immigrated to the States starting in 1969 by the Immigration Act of 1965 which provided equal opportunities for all immigrants regardless of their native countries. Now, Korean population has grown to be 1.7 million in 2010, consisting a large bulk of the immigrant society in the States.

Chinese Immigrants (new section made by me under the history section)

Chinese Immigration to North America dates back to the 1700s but there was a huge influx of Chinese immigration during the mid 1800s due to California Gold Rush. According to the San Francisco Custom House record, about 25,000 Chinese immigrated to the Bay Area to work in the gold mines.Californians reacted to Chinese immigration with hostility due to remnants of racism and slavery. This eventually led to anti-Chinese movement, hindering many Chinese immigrants from economic activities as well as social life. Many Chinese immigrants, especially women, were bounded; however, second generation of Chinese-American women were not bound by their feet. In fact, they had all the rights as lawful citizens and long for American Dream.

Latino Immigrants (new section made by me under the history section)

Spanish has settled in the America continent in the 1500s, long before any other immigrant groups have. Because there were other groups, such as the British, French, and Dutch, all fighting to hold power, geopolitics was very important. And, as a result, there were narratives coming down from mouth to mouth that eventually settled as a stigmatizing narrative for Latinos. Latinos make up a large number of immigrants in the States, yet there are still negative images placed upon them, making them minorities among immigrant societies.

Scholarly Sources and Summaries

Sector: Immigrant healthcare in the United States

Health Literacy and Quality of Care among Latino Immigrants in the United States

• I intend to use this source to add statistical data to the 'Hispanics and Latino' section. This section, currently, only has information about high percentage of uninsurance among latino immigrants in the United States. This specific scholarly source discusses about how health literacy rate among Latinos is high and how it affects the overall quality of care in health care system. Using this source will add a depth to what factors into immigrant health care system in the States, specifically among Latinos. Latinos make up majority of immigrants in the Bay area as well so this source will be useful to understand Latino immigrants' experience with US healthcare system.

Immigration Status and the Healthcare Access and Health of Children of Immigrants

• This source will be used under the section of 'Children' as well as under 'structural barriers'. This source talks about how children's immigration status is associated with access to insurance as well as their health status. Not only will it add statistical data to the 'Children' section, but also add any structural barriers that are hindering these immigrants from getting health insurance or benefits. The statistical data in the 'structural barrier' section is outdated; it is from studies that were conducted in 2002 and 2005, which has been more than 10 years. I plan to update the section with recent data as well as elaboration of the information.

Healthcare Communication Barriers and Self-rated Health in Older Chinese American immigrants

• This source will be used to add more depth to two sections within the article, 'Asians' and 'Social Barriers' section. This source discusses about cross-sectional survey data from Chinese immigrants in San Francisco. Part of this source will be used to add more details into 'Asians' section about how these immigrants have been experiencing poor health outcomes due to difficulty in communication. The other part will be used to explain potential challenges in society posed by these problems introduced in the 'Asians' section. This source fits both my area and my sector. Chinese is also a major ethnic group in the Bay Area, having the largest Chinese community in the US, thus this article will help me figure out the relationship between communication and self-rated health.

First-generation Korean immigrants' barriers to healthcare and their coping strategies in the US

• This article discusses about Korean immigrants' healthcare barrier in the US and the way in which they manage to solve those problems. Among many obstacles, language was one of the biggest barrier and uninsurance the second largest factor. Using this source will allow me to further synthesize how to overcome these obstacles. I will be working with many Koreans at my practice experience site, thus, this will make me aware of current healthcare problems that this specific ethnic group are experiencing.

Acculturation and Dental Service Use Among Asian Immigrants in the U.S

• This article is about a study that evaluated how Asian immigrants in the United States use dental services. Then, the researchers looked at data of 2948 Asian immigrants and tried to see if there is a relationship between the usage of dental service and culture assimilation. Although this is only confined to dental service utilization, I believe it is a good source to see, in general, if there is a link between the two, and use it to extrapolate other healthcare service uses.

Area: San Francisco Bay Area

Unbound feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco

• This is a book about a woman who is a second-generation Chinese-American. It discusses Chinese immigration patterns and experiences. I think this would be a good source to add into the 'History' section not only because Chinese-American is the biggest immigrant population in San Francisco area but also because it would give us insights into why so many people decided to immigrate. This book could be used as a way to give brief account of how second-generation immigrants' life is, and some challenges they had to go through as immigrants. It also discusses different periods of time, from the 19th century up to 1945, so changes throughout the time can also be recognized.

Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Integration

• This book extensively discusses about different ethnic group's immigration into the States. Among many ethnic groups, I plan to specifically look at latino, Chinese, Korean (so far, but might add few other ethnic groups along the way) immigration because those are the major groups I will be working with at my practice experience. The content varies a little depending on ethnic groups yet they generally discusses about why a group of people decided to immigrate during different periods of time as well as their lives in the new land. This book will definitely provide insights into why these people decided to immigrate, what was it like to get into a totally new culture and how they managed to integrate within the culture.

Oakland

• This is a short encyclopedic article about Oakland. The 'History' section and the 'People' section provides background information that could be used to learn more about Oakland. Although it is a short article, it provides a brief history information to start with, leading further into which specific sub-categories I should look for when searching for additional sources. This source tells us that major ethnic group of Oakland is African American, Hispanic, and Asians. This simple data could be used to look into why these specific ethnic groups are prominent in the area with the history of Oakland. This source will be helpful in not only learning the basic information but also helpful in connecting the dots to synthesize the argument that I'm trying to make.

Past and Current Realities about Mexican/Latino Immigration

• This article shows that Latino immigrants has always been a minority group in the United States and throughout the paper, historical facts are gathered together to figure out why there has been strong dislike towards these specific group of immigrants.

The Immigration of Koreans to the United States: A Review of 45 Year Trends

• This article discusses patterns of Korean immigrants to the United States. Information from this article will be added onto the History section, under the subsection of korean immigrants. It will give us insights about specific patterns that we recognize regarding immigration among Koreans.

Article Evaluation

1. Sector: Immigrant healthcare in the United States
   1. Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
      1. Yes, there were no particular section that distracted me. However, it seems like the page would need more supporting details.
   2. Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
      1. As of right now, it seems like the article has fairly equal amount of views from both sides. There's a section where it discusses both support and opposition for immigrant health care benefits, thus readers won't get a biased view on the topic.
   3. Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
      1. As mentioned above, the article seems neutral. They might need some more information to support each views, but other than that, the article tried to encompass various viewpoints.
   4. Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
      1. Yes, the links work. The sources support the claims as well.
   5. Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
      1. Most sources are appropriate and reliable because they are from either academic journals or news article from trusted website such as Kaiser Permanente. We should be aware of bias in the newspaper articles. Also, make sure to read the discussion section of an academic journal to see if researchers have mentioned potential biases throughout their study.
   6. Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
      1. The most recent information was in 2010, so information since then is not included. Information about health care reform and how Trump's administration trying to repeal the reform could be added onto the page.
   7. Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
      1. There are some conversations about how the writer, Joyce, wants to extend the background information. One suggested edits was to add a section on the ACA and the effect of the reform to immigrants. Joyce and the supervisor keeps the conversation going with suggestions and revisions.
   8. How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
      1. The article is of interest to WikiProjects - WikiProject Medicine, WikiProject Discrimination, WikiProject Human Rights
   9. How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
      1. We haven't really talked about immigrant health care during class even though we talked about biomedicine and traditional medicine in many countries. Maybe I could add that section to Wikipedia because a lot of immigrants come from those countries that has both biomedicine and traditional medicine.
2. Area: San Francisco Bay Area
   1. Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you?
      1. Yes, everything was related to San Francisco. There are a lot of sub-topics (very broad).
   2. Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
      1. It seems pretty neutral, except, most of the information written on here are just informative, but in a positive way. I haven't seen any bad things about the topic (ex. rich-poor gap is huge).
   3. Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
      1. There aren't any specific viewpoints because most of the information are just simply informative about San Francisco area.
   4. Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article?
      1. Yes, the links work.
   5. Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted?
      1. Yes. Most of the information are not from an academic journal; instead, they are from each organization's websites (i.e. California Yacht Club) since the article is passing on simple, basic information. There could be a bias here because which website would write bad things about their own organizations?
   6. Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added?
      1. The information is very up to date because there's another person who is editing this page through WikiEdu (he messaged me and said he has been editing the article for his class as well).
      2. I could definitely add more about in which areas immigrants are concentrated.
   7. Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
      1. There are some suggested revisions that other people left (ex. "no one calls it San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area"). However, unlike my first sector article, there weren't any prolonged conversations between people.
   8. How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
      1. It is not part of WikiProjects.
   9. How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?
      1. The information is very extensive whereas in class, we try to dig in deeper and try to find specific topics that are relevant to each of us.