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Hruso
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Hruso a language also regarded as Aka is native to the people of the Arunachal Pradesh decent. It was one known to be spoken by the Tibeto-Burmic speakers but was later defined as spoken by the Arunachal Paradesh decent. Hruso is spoken among the villages of the Thrizino Circle. Some of the villages are Kamsiri, Jamiri, Buragaon and Raghupam. According to Ethnologue, Hruso is native to the Arunachal Pardesh village and was classified as spoken by the Sino-Tibetan [1]. Hruso is also known as Aka and Living Tongues Institute has worked with people who speak Aka or Hruso on three separate occasion since 2008. Hruso is vital and passively spoken in certain communicates but is also under going a shift to the Hindi language. [2]
| Hruso | |
|---|---|
| Aka, Hrusso, Angka, Angkae, Tenae, Hruso B, Hrus(s)o, Angka(e), Gusso | |
| Aka | |
| Native to | India, Arunachal Pradesh, |
| Region | Kameng Bichom River Valley |
| Ethnicity | Hruso |
Native speakers | 4000-6000 (2008) (2000 – date of reference or census)[reference] |
| Dialects | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | South Asia, |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | hru (http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4278/guide/9284) |
| Glottolog | hrus1242 http://glottolog.org/glottolog?search=hruso#12/27.2700/92.6300 |
History
editHruso ISO 639-3 is also known as Aka or Hruso Aka among other names also. The language itself is unclassified and is said to be spoken by the Tibeto-Burman phylum. The region Hruso is spoken is in West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, and also India. The total number of speakers is between 4,000 and 6,000 most likely. [3]
Probable history of the language. What language(s) it is derived from and when it started diverging from the ancestral language(s). Dates of movement of major groups of speakers, etc. Brief descriptions of important changes in the language, such as reduction of sounds or grammatical cases.
When creating sub-articles, use the formula History of XXX where XXX is the standard English name of the language. Avoid the bulkier format History of XXX language since there is no need for disambiguation in this case.
Geographic distribution
editAccording to Ethnologue the locations that Hruso are spoken are listed below.[4]
Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, Thrizino circle, Jamiri, Husigaon, Gohainthan, Buragaon, Karangonia, Raindogonia, Yayom, Gijiri, Dijungonia, Tulu, Polatari, Raghupam, Tania, Khuppi, Bhalukpong, Balipho, and Palizi villages; East Kameng district, Seppa circle, Pisang village.
Official status
editThe most recent country that Hruso is known to be spoken is in India, but Hruso is at risk of endangerment as only a small population speaks the language. The language is under going a shift to the native language known as Hindi.
Dialects/Varieties
editThe book Hruso by Robert Shafer, notes the two dialects that Hurso is divided into. The first one is known to be recorded by Campbell and the second dialect is known to be recorded by Anderson, Hesslmeyer, and Payne. Also Dialect A has some differentiation in vocabulary when compared to Dialect B. Dialect A is also known to be briefly recorded and is more archaic than dialect B which has very little recording evidence behind it.
Dialects A 1 Anderson hhu, , k' k'ii "water ", Hess. xu. And. diaha (p. 9), diak'a (17) " to-morrow ". And. yo " to-day ", ya " now ". And. k'sesi " goat " (6), k's8 (18), H. kisie, P. k'esi, k'isi. Camp. gle " foot ", P. -ksi, si-, si, And. -si, H. si. 2 To chew; p. 17, to eat. 3 In na-yu "ear emerald ". 4 The consonant seems to be palatalized in this root in some languages and the vowel perhaps umlauted, both perhaps due to the following *-s. But these languages are too poorly recorded to form a basis for a conclusion.[5]
Sounds/Phonology
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Examples of Aka Language
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References
edit- ^ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hru
- ^ Shafer, Robert. "Hruso." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1947: 184. JSTOR Journals. Web. 11 Mar. 2016.
- ^ http://www.livingtongues.org/hotspots/hotspot.GSA.hruso.miji.koroaka.html
- ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hru
- ^ http://www.jstor.org.proxy.libraries.rutgers.edu/stable/pdf/608994.pdf?_=1462197859721
- ^ http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/Isolates/Hruso/Linguistics/Aka%20language%20guide%20Simon%201993.pdf
- ^ http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/South%20Asia/NEI/Isolates/Hruso/Linguistics/Aka%20language%20guide%20Simon%201993.pdf
External links
editWebsites like Ethnologue, Language Museum, the Rosetta Project Archive, and Omniglot often have useful information on languages; if so, they should be provided in the external links.
The Ethnologue report for the language is far from authoritative and should only be used as a useful tool to start new articles. Ideally it should not be the only source. SIL International has in several cases made classifications that are at odds with the rest of the linguistic community as well as the speakers themselves. In certain cases the reports actually contain factual errors and should be fact-checked against other linguistic literature.
To cite Ethnologue, use the {{Ethnologue18}} (or later) template as follows:
*{{e18|code=xxx}}
replacing xxx with the ISO 639-3 code. If Ethnologue's name for the language is different from Wikipedia's, write:
*{{e18|code=xxx|label=XYZ}}
where XYZ is Ethnologue's name. Otherwise Wikipedia's name gets inserted by default.
Omniglot provides information about writing systems, not languages per se, and so is not appropriate for languages without a written tradition.
[Shafer, Robert. “Hruso”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 12.1 (1947): 184–196. Web]
[1] Classification of the Sino-Tibetan Languages
- Endangered Languages.com
- Simon, I.M. (1993) Aka language guide