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Cuneiform KI (Borger 2003 nr. 737; U+121A0 π ) is the sign for "earth". It is also read as GI5, GUNNI (=KI.NE) "hearth", KARAΕ (=KI.KAL.BAD) "encampment, army", KISLAαΈͺ (=KI.UD) "threshing floor", and SUR7 (=KI.GAG). In Akkadian orthography, it functions as a determiner for toponyms and has the syllabic values gi, ge, qi, and qe. Besides its phonetic value it also serves as determiner or "Sumerogram" marking placenames.
As a determiner, KI corresponds to Akkadian itti,[1]
Cuneiform ki is used for syllabic "ki", and also for alphabetic "k", and alphabetic i. It has additional consonant usage for "q", instead of "k", and also "e", "Γ©", and "Γ" for vowel "i". Its usage numbers from the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows:[2] ke-(9), ki-(291), qΓ©-(18), qΓ-(62), and KI-(288).
Cities of the ancient Near East
editThe KI π determinative was the Sumerian term for a city or city state.[3] In Akkadian and Hittite orthography, URUπ· became a determinative sign denoting a city, or combined with KURπ³ "land" the kingdom or territory controlled by a city, e.g. π‘π³π·π©ππ π LUGAL KUR URUHa-at-ti "the king of the country of (the city of) Hatti".
Architectural organization
editExamples
editSortable table of archaeological sites
editClickable map of archaeological sites
editPopulation estimates
editMeasurement units and conversion
editAcres | Hectares | |
---|---|---|
Square feet | 1 acre (44,000 square feet) | 1 hectare (110,000 square feet) |
Acres | 1 acre (1.0 acre) | 1 acre (0.40 hectares) |
Hectares | 1 hectare (2.5 acres) | 1 hectare (1.0 hectare) |
Square kilometers | 1 square kilometre (250 acres) | 1 square kilometre (100 hectares) |
Square miles | 1 square mile (640 acres) | 1 square mile (260 hectares) |
Population density
editAuthor | Discipline | Publication year | Period covered | Region covered | People Per Hectare (pph) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chandler | Historian | 1987 | Ancient Near East | 75β200 | |
Hassan | Geoarchaeologist | 1978 | Bronze Age Asia | 100 | |
Adams | Anthropologist | 1966 | Sumer | 100β200 | |
Modelski | Political scientist | 1997 | Ancient Southwest Asia | 100β200 | |
Renfrew | Paleolinguist | Early Holocene Eurasia | 200 | ||
McEvedy | Demographer | 1967 | Meghalayan | Old World | 250 |
Mallowan | Levantine archaeologist | 1967 | Bronze Age Iraq | 400β500 | |
Yadin | Judaic archaeologist | 1963 | Ancient Levant | 600 | |
Bairoch | Economic historian | 1988 | Ancient Mediterranean | 400β700 | |
Pettinato | Paleographer | 1981 | Ancient Syria | 714 | |
Frankfort | Orientalist | 1948 | Early Dynastic Mesopotamia | 75β494 | |
Wright | Near Eastern archaeologist | 1981 | Northgrippian | Sumer | |
Nissen | Archaeologist | 1972 | Bronze Age | Lower Mesopotamia | 100β200 |
Whitehouse | 1977 | Bronze Age Asia | 75β400 |
Estimated settlement sizes (in hectares)
editSettlement | Nissen | Pettinato | Mallowan | Adams | Roux |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 50β500 | ||||
Bad-tibira | 25 | 50β500 | |||
Larak | 50β500 | ||||
Sippar | 50β500 | ||||
Shuruppak | 100 | ||||
Kish | 84+ | 50β500 | |||
Uruk | 250 | 400 | 50β500 | ||
Ur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Nippur | 50 | 50β500 | |||
Girsu | 50β500 | ||||
Lagash | 50β500 | ||||
Umma | 400 | 50β500 | |||
Kesh | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Adab | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Isin | 50β500 | ||||
Larsa | 50β500 | ||||
Zabala | 40β200 | 50β500 | |||
Akshak | 50β500 | ||||
Shekhna | 100 | ||||
Nagar | 75β100 | ||||
Ebla | 56 | ||||
Anshan |
Estimated settlement populations
editSettlement | Pettinato | Chandler | Whitehouse | Frankfort | McEvedy | Thompson | Modelski |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eridu | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Bad-tibira | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Larak | 10,000β20,000 | ||||||
Sippar | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Shuruppak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β30,000 | 17,000 | ||||
Kish | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 25,000 | ||||
Uruk | 50,000 | 50,000 | 30,000β40,000 | 50,000 | |||
Ur | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 10,000 | ||||
Adab | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | 13,000 | ||||
Akshak | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000β20,000 | |||||
Isin | |||||||
Larsa | 10,000β20,000 | 10,000 | |||||
Girsu | 40,000β80,000 | ||||||
Lagash | 10,000β20,000 | 19,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 30,000β60,000 | 40,000 | ||
Umma | 10,000β20,000 | 16,000 | 10,000β15,000 | 40,000 | 34,000 | ||
Eshnunna | 9,000 | ||||||
Tutub | 12,000 | ||||||
Nippur | 10,000β20,000 | 20,000 | 20,000 | ||||
Kesh | 10,000 | 11,000 | |||||
Zabala | 10,000 | ||||||
Assur | |||||||
Nineveh | |||||||
Akkad | |||||||
Mari | 40,000 | ||||||
Ebla | β€40,000 | 30,000 | |||||
Shekhna | 20,000 | ||||||
Nagar | 10,000β15,000 | 15,000 | |||||
Tell Chuera | |||||||
Anshan | 10,000 | ||||||
Susa | 10,000β15,000 |
Lands of the ancient Near East
editLower Mesopotamia
editSumer
editHammar Marshes
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Euphrates | Uruk | Muthanna |
Zabala | Dhi Qar | |
Umma | ||
Girsu | ||
Lagash | ||
Larsa | ||
Bad-tibira | ||
Kesh | ||
Ur | ||
Kuara | ||
Eridu |
Gu-Edin
editQurna Marshes
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Dilbat | Al-QΔdisiyyah |
Mashkan-shapir | ||
Nippur | ||
Marad | ||
Isin | ||
Kisurra | ||
Shuruppak |
Hawizeh Marshes
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Lower Tigris | Pashime | Maysan |
Akshak? | Wasit | |
Der | ||
Larak? | ||
Adab |
Central Mesopotamia
editAkkad
editGreater Syria
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Euphrates | Mari | Deir ez-Zor |
Baghdad Belts
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Middle Tigris | Assur | Saladin |
Middle Euphrates | Kutha | Babil |
Borsippa | ||
Sippar | ||
Sippar-Amnanum | ||
Kish | Baghdad | |
ΚΏAdhaim | Gasur | Kirkuk |
Diyala | Akkad? | Diyala |
Eshnunna | ||
Tutub |
Central lands
editTigris-Euphrates drainage basin
editZagros Mountains forest steppe
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karun | Shimashki | Isfahan |
Awan? | Lorestan | |
Elam? | Ilam |
Mesopotamian Marshes
editSouthern Iran
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Karkheh | Susiana | Khuzestan |
Marun | ||
Karun | Anshan | Fars |
Upper Mesopotamia
editEastern Turkey
editEastern Anatolia
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Euphrates | Aratta? | IΔdΔ±r |
AΔrΔ± |
Northwestern Iran
editAzerbaijan
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Great Zab | Aratta? | West Azerbaijan |
Eastern Syria
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Khabur | Urkesh | Al-Hasakah |
Shekhna | ||
Asnakkum | ||
Kahat | ||
Tell Arbid | ||
Nagar | ||
Tell Hamoukar | ||
Sikkan | ||
Nabada |
Northern Iraq
editAssyria
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Upper Tigris | Nineveh | Nineveh |
Kurdistan
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Little Zab | Simurrum? | Sulaymaniyah |
Western Iran
editSub-basin | Archaeological site | Administrative division |
---|---|---|
Diyala | Lulubum? | Kermanshah |
Hamazi? | ||
Awan? |
Northernmost regions described in the earliest writings
editLands and their (proposed) locations | Earliest recorded claimants to make direct contact |
---|---|
Mediterranean Region, Turkey |
|
Iginimmashe AΚΎabak (Sumerian): π ππ πΊ πππ igi.nim.ma.Ε‘ea.ab.ba lit.β'Upper Sea' Mediterranean Sea | |
Amanus Mountains (Sumerian): πΌππ π―π ama.a.numβαΈ«ur.saΕ Hatay Province | |
Mashu and the Cedar Forest (Sumerian): π³πππ» kur.ΕeΕ‘erin.kud lit.β'Mountains of Cedar-felling' | |
Eastern Anatolia Region |
|
Hurum Mountain (Sumerian): π―ππ π³πͺπ αΈ«ur.ru.umkur.ku.ra lit.β'Mountain Cave' Mount Ararat, IΔdΔ±r Province | |
Aratta πΆπ arattaki AΔrΔ± Province |
Westernmost regions described in the earliest writings
editLand | (Proposed) Locations | People | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Mari π π·π ma.riβki |
Deir ez-Zor Governorate |
Mariotes | Mariotic |
Sutium π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Raqqa Governorate |
Suteans π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Sutean π’πΎπ su.ti.um |
Suhum | Homs Governorate | ||
Apum | Al-Hasakah Governorate |
Akkadian dialect | |
Armani | Aleppo Governorate |
Amorites π₯π mar.tu |
Amorite |
Amurru | Tartus Governorate | ||
Ebla π π·π eb.laki |
Idlib Governorate |
Eblaites | Eblaite |
Easternmost regions described in the earliest writings
editSouthernmost regions described in the earliest writings
editLand | (Proposed) Locations | People(s) | Language(s) and/or dialect(s) spoken |
---|---|---|---|
Sigtata AΚΎabak (Sumerian): ππ«π« πππ sig.ta.taa.ab.ba lit.β'Lower Sea' Persian Gulf | |||
Dilmun ππ dilmunki |
Eastern Province |
||
Magan π£πΆπ maβ.ganki |
Ad Dhahirah Governorate |
See also
editNotes
editReferences
editCitations
edit- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp.Β 119β145), 165 pages, Glossary, itti, p. 128
- ^ Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign no. 461, p. 163, ki.
- ^ Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (EPSD)