Music Therapy for Cognitive Impairment
Music therapy is a type of intervention that involves music in some capacity and includes both a participant and a therapist who has completed an accredited music therapy program.[1][2][3] Patients who receive music therapy improve their health in cognitive, motor, emotional, communicative, social, sensory, and educational domains by using both active and receptive music experiences.[4] Cognitive impairment is defined as when a person has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life.[5] It may also be defined as deficits in overall intelligence, specific and restricted deficits in cognitive abilities, neuropsychological deficits (such as in attention, working memory or executive function), or drug-induced impairment in cognition and memory.[6] Compared to pharmacological treatments, music therapy is a low-cost solution to help manage the symptoms of various forms of cognitive impairment.[6]
Applications in Various Types of Cognitive Impairment
editSubstance Abuse
editMusic therapy may allow substance abuse patients to engage and communicate emotions they find difficult to express using more traditional forms of communication.[7] Lack of communication is commonly associated with substance abuse, with the individuals turning to drugs to help cope with their own misunderstood intentions and disturbed hormone levels.[7] Music therapy can target conditions at the root of the substance abuse, including depression, stress, anxiety, and anger.[8] The introduction of music therapy can expose the patients to non-drug-induced emotions, effectively acting as a non-chemical replacement to gradually wean them off substance use.[9] When used in conjunction with more traditional methods of treatment such as counseling and withdrawal medications, music therapy can add to the efficiency and reduce treatment times, while remaining as an option after treatment to help patients manage emotions rather than returning to substance abuse.[9]
Mild Cognitive Impairment
editMild Cognitive Impairment is a prodromal stage of Alzheimer's Disease, manifesting as a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia.[10] Patients with mild cognitive impairment who received therapy using a repetitive rhythmic task involving Naruko clappers along with a movement musical therapy showed significant improvement in performance in the Frontal Assessment Battery.[11] Additionally, these patients showed increase in Cerebral Blood Flow after movement musical therapy.[11] Other studies have shown that music therapy has a comparatively lower efficacy than other methods like computerized cognitive training in treating the symptoms of mild cognitive impairment, but the safety and low cost make it easily accessible to all patients as a supplement to any existing treatments.[12]
PTSD
editMusic therapy has shown to be a feasible and effective option for PTSD patients who have not sufficiently responded to cognitive behavioral therapy.[13] Soldiers with PTSD who went through drumming therapy showed a reduction in trauma symptoms, especially an increased sense of openness, connectedness, and intimacy.[14] Such drumming therapy also served as an outlet for rage and regaining a sense of self-control.[14] In a study of pre-school children who experienced early trauma such as forced evacuation of their homes, group music therapy with other children of similar age showed an increase in openness and trust, and children who had difficulty participating individually became more responsive when introduced to a group setting.[15]
Recent Research
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References
edit- ^ "Music therapy for Alzheimer's disease", Wikipedia, 2020-02-17, retrieved 2020-02-28
- ^ Raglio, Alfredo; Bellelli, Giuseppe; Trabucchi, Marco (2012-04). "Commentary on the Editorial "Music therapy for dementia"". Maturitas. 71 (4): 413. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.004. ISSN 0378-5122.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Koger, S. M.; Chapin, K.; Brotons, M. (1999-03-01). "Is Music Therapy an Effective Intervention for Dementia? A Meta-Analytic Review of Literature". Journal of Music Therapy. 36 (1): 2–15. doi:10.1093/jmt/36.1.2. ISSN 0022-2917.
- ^ "Music therapy", Wikipedia, 2020-02-23, retrieved 2020-02-28
- ^ "Cognitive Impairment: A Call for Action, Now!" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ a b "Cognitive deficit", Wikipedia, 2019-12-04, retrieved 2020-02-28
- ^ a b Aletraris, Lydia; Paino, Maria; Edmond, Mary Bond; Roman, Paul M.; Bride, Brian E. (2014-10). "The Use of Art and Music Therapy in Substance Abuse Treatment Programs". Journal of addictions nursing. 25 (4): 190–196. doi:10.1097/JAN.0000000000000048. ISSN 1088-4602. PMC 4268880. PMID 25514689.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Cevasco, Andrea M.; Kennedy, Roy; Generally, Natalie Ruth (2005-03-01). "Comparison of Movement-to-Music, Rhythm Activities, and Competitive Games on Depression, Stress, Anxiety, and Anger of Females in Substance Abuse Rehabilitation". Journal of Music Therapy. 42 (1): 64–80. doi:10.1093/jmt/42.1.64. ISSN 0022-2917.
- ^ a b Baker, Felicity A.; Gleadhill, Libby M.; Dingle, Genevieve A. (2007-01-01). "Music therapy and emotional exploration: Exposing substance abuse clients to the experiences of non-drug-induced emotions". The Arts in Psychotherapy. 34 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2007.04.005. ISSN 0197-4556.
- ^ "Mild cognitive impairment", Wikipedia, 2020-01-13, retrieved 2020-02-28
- ^ a b Shimizu, Nobuko; Umemura, Tomohiro; Matsunaga, Masahiro; Hirai, Takayoshi (2018-12-02). "Effects of movement music therapy with a percussion instrument on physical and frontal lobe function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial". Aging & Mental Health. 22 (12): 1614–1626. doi:10.1080/13607863.2017.1379048. ISSN 1360-7863. PMID 28937272.
- ^ Liang, Jing-hong; Xu, Yong; Lin, Lu; Jia, Rui-xia; Zhang, Hong-bo; Hang, Lei (2018-05-18). "Comparison of multiple interventions for older adults with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment". Medicine. 97 (20). doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000010744. ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 5976284. PMID 29768349.
- ^ Carr, Catherine; d’Ardenne, Patricia; Sloboda, Ann; Scott, Carleen; Wang, Duolao; Priebe, Stefan (2012). "Group music therapy for patients with persistent post-traumatic stress disorder – an exploratory randomized controlled trial with mixed methods evaluation". Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 85 (2): 179–202. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02026.x. ISSN 2044-8341.
- ^ a b Bensimon, Moshe; Amir, Dorit; Wolf, Yuval (2008-01-01). "Drumming through trauma: Music therapy with post-traumatic soldiers". The Arts in Psychotherapy. 35 (1): 34–48. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2007.09.002. ISSN 0197-4556.
- ^ Felsenstein, Rivka (2013-02-01). "From uprooting to replanting: on post-trauma group music therapy for pre-school children". Nordic Journal of Music Therapy. 22 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1080/08098131.2012.667824. ISSN 0809-8131.