The Old Uyghur alphabet was a Turkic script used for writing Old Uyghur, a variety of Old Turkic spoken in Turpan and Gansu that is the ancestor of the modern Western Yugur language.[2] The term "Old Uyghur" used for this alphabet is misleading because Qocho, the Uyghur (Yugur) kingdom created in 843, originally used the Old Turkic alphabet. The Uyghur adopted this "Old Uyghur" script from local inhabitants when they migrated into Turfan after 840.[3] It was an adaptation of the Aramaic alphabet used for texts with Buddhist, Manichaean and Christian content for 700–800 years in Turpan. The last known manuscripts are dated to the 18th century. This was the prototype for the Mongolian and Manchu alphabets. The Old Uyghur alphabet was brought to Mongolia by Tata-tonga.
| Old Uyghur alphabet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | or abjad |
Time period | ca.700s–1800s |
| Direction | Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, top-to-bottom  Vertical (left-to-right); Horizontal (right-to-left), used in modern printing, especially in multi-lingual publications |
| Languages | Old Uyghur, Western Yugur |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Traditional Mongolian alphabet |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Ougr (143), Old Uyghur |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Old Uyghur |
| U+10F70–U+10FAF | |
The Old Uyghur script was used between the 8th and 17th centuries primarily in the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, located in present-day Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The script flourished through the 15th century in Central Asia and parts of Iran, but it was eventually replaced by the Arabic script in the 16th century. Its usage was continued in Gansu through the 17th century.[1]
Characteristics
editThe Old Uyghur alphabet is a cursive-joining alphabet with features of an abjad. Letters join together at a baseline, and have both isolated and contextual forms, when they occur in initial, medial or final positions. The script is traditionally written vertically, from top to bottom and left to right. After the 14th century, some examples in a horizontal direction can be found. Words are separated by spaces.[1] Like the Sogdian alphabet (technically, an abjad), the Old Uyghur tended to use matres lectionis for the short vowels as well as for the long ones. The practice of leaving short vowels unrepresented was almost completely abandoned.[4] Thus, while ultimately deriving from a Semitic abjad, the Old Uyghur alphabet can be said to have been largely "alphabetized".[5]
Tables
editUnicode text might render incorrectly depending on the typeface version installed.[6]
Letters
edit| Letters[7]: 539–541 [1] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter name |
Image | Normalization | Sound (IPA)[citation needed] | Prototype in the Sogdian (sutra) script[7]: 519 | Derived grapheme in the Mongolian script[7]: 545–546 | ||||
| Isolate [1]: 10 |
Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||
| Aleph | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
(see vowels) | 𐼰 [ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help) |
(a / e / o / u / ö / ü) | ||
| Beth | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
[[[Beta|β]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 8) (help) |
w / v | 𐼱 b | (ē / w) | |
| Gimel[note 2] | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
[[[Gamma|γ]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 9) (help) | [γ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help) | 𐼲 g | ([[[Qa (Mongolic)#Mongolian language|q]] / γ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 77) (help)) | |
| Heth[note 3] | .svg)
|
[note 4] |
x, q | x, q | 𐼶 h | ||||
.svg)
| |||||||||
| Dotted heth [note 5] |
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
Dotted
|
|||||
.svg)
| |||||||||
| Waw | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
w |
(see vowels) | 𐼴 w | (o / u / ö / ü / w) | |
| Zayin | .svg)
|
.svg) [note 6] |
.svg) [note 7] |
.svg)
|
z | z | 𐼵 z |
(s) | |
| Dotted zayin [note 8] |
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
ž | 𐼵𐽇 ž | — | ||||
| Yodh | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
y | y, (see vowels) | (see vowels) | 𐼷 y | (i / ǰ / y) |
| Kaph | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
k | k ~ g[note 9] | 𐼸 k | (k / g) | |
| Lamedh | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
[[[Delta (letter)|δ]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 18) (help) |
d | 𐼹 l ([δ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)) |
(t / d) | |
| Mem | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
m | m | 𐼺 m | (m) | |
| Nun | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
n | n | 𐼻 n |
(n) | |
| Samekh | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
s | s | 𐼼 s | (s / š) | |
| Pe | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
p | b, p | 𐼾 p | (b) | |
| Sadhe | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
c | č | /cç/ | 𐼿 ṣ (c) |
(č / ǰ) |
| Resh | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
r | r | 𐽀 r | (r) | |
| Shin | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
s | s | 𐽁 š | (s / š) | |
| Double-dotted shin | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
š | š | (s / š) | ||
| Taw | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
t | t | 𐽂 t | (t / d) | |
| Lesh (hooked resh) | .svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
.svg)
|
l | l | (l) | ||
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Vowels
edit| Vowels[7]: 539–541 [1] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Letter(s) | Initial | Medial | Final | Transliteration | Normalization | Sound (IPA)[citation needed] |
| Aleph ([ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help)) | .svg)
|
|
|
([ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help))[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help) | a | |
|
|
[ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help) | e | ||||
| Yodh (y) | Aleph+
|
|
|
([ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help))y | ï / i | |
| Waw (w) | Aleph+
|
|
|
([ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help))w | o / u | |
| Waw (+yodh) | Aleph+.svg)
|
[note 10] |
([ʾ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) (help))w(y) | ö / ü | ||
| Waw | — | [note 11] |
w | |||
Gallery
edit-
Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur on the west wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass -
Yuan dynasty Buddhist inscription written in Old Uyghur on the east wall of the Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass -
Slave contract -
Contract on taxation -
Ming era text from volume with accompanying Chinese translation -
Yuan era epitaph -
Mehmed the Conqueror's Fetihname (Declaration of conquest) after the Battle of Otlukbeli -
An Old Uyghur excerpt from Qutadgu Bilig, written left-to-right, showing Arabic influence. -
Unicode
editThe Old Uyghur alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 2021 with the release of version 14.0.
The Unicode block for Old Uyghur is U+10F70–U+10FAF:
| Old Uyghur[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10F7x | 𐽰 | 𐽱 | 𐽲 | 𐽳 | 𐽴 | 𐽵 | 𐽶 | 𐽷 | 𐽸 | 𐽹 | 𐽺 | 𐽻 | 𐽼 | 𐽽 | 𐽾 | 𐽿 |
| U+10F8x | 𐾀 | 𐾁 | 𐾂 | 𐾃 | 𐾄 | 𐾅 | 𐾆 | 𐾇 | 𐾈 | 𐾉 | ||||||
| U+10F9x | ||||||||||||||||
| U+10FAx | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Ancestral Aramaic name.
- ^ Allophonic with heth.
- ^ Allophonic with gimel.
- ^ In some cases.
- ^ Single- or double-dotted in order to distinguish it from gimel. Also allophonic with gimel.
- ^ Final shaped, and not joining its succeeding letter.
- ^ Final shaped, and only joining its preceding letter.
- ^ Single- or double-dotted.
- ^ Allophones.
- ^ Initial syllable.[citation needed]
- ^ Subsequent syllables.[citation needed]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ a b c d e f Pandey, Anshuman (2020-12-18). Final proposal to encode Old Uyghur in Unicode (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2022 (Technical report). Unicode. L2/20-191.
- ^ Osman, Omarjan. (2013). L2/13-071 Proposal to Encode the Uyghur Script.
- ^ Sinor, D. (1998), "Chapter 13 – Language situation and scripts", in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.), History of Civilisations of Central Asia, vol. 4 part II, UNESCO Publishing, p. 333, ISBN 81-208-1596-3
- ^ Clauson, Gerard. 2002. Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. P.110-111.
- ^ Houston, Stephen D. (2004-12-09). The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process. Cambridge University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-521-83861-0.
- ^ "Releases · notofonts/old-uyghur". GitHub. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b c d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
Sources
edit- Gorelova, Liliya M. (2002). Manchu Grammar. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12307-6.
External links
edit