Ga (Mongolic)

Ga
Ga
	<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28isolated_form%29.svg/140px-Mongolian_letter_Ga_%28isolated_form%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420">
The Mongolian script
Mongolian vowels
Mongolian consonants
Foreign consonants
	Mongolian script multigraphs;
	v; t; e;

Ga is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.^[1]^{: 549–551}

Mongolian language

Letter^[2]^{: 14–15, 17, 21–22, 24–25}^[3]^: 546^[4]^{: 212–213}
γ (ɣ)	g	Transliteration^{[note 1]}
ᠭ		Initial
‍ᠭ᠋‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩	‍ᠭ᠍‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩	Medial (syllable-initial)
‍ᠭ‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩	‍ᠭ᠍‍^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩	Medial (syllable-final)
‍ᠭ ^{[note 2]}	‍ᠭ᠋^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩ ^{[note 2]}	Final

C-V syllables^[2]^: 15^[10]^: 21
γ‑a	γa	ge	gi	γo, γu	gö, gü	Transliteration
—	ᠭᠠ	ᠭᠡ ^{[note 3]}	ᠭᠢ ^{[note 4]}	ᠭᠣ᠋	ᠭᠥ^⟨?⟩ ⟨w/o tail⟩ ^{[note 5]}	Alone
—	ᠭᠠ	ᠭᠡ ^{[note 3]}	ᠭᠢ ^{[note 4]}	ᠭᠣ᠋	ᠭᠥ᠋^⟨?⟩ ⟨w/ tail⟩	Alone
—	ᠭᠠ‍	ᠭᠡ‍	ᠭᠢ‍	ᠭᠣ‍	ᠭᠥ‍	Initial
—	‍ᠭᠠ‍	‍ᠭᠡ‍	‍ᠭᠢ‍	‍ᠭᠣ‍	‍ᠭᠥ‍	Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩	—	‍ᠭᠡ	‍ᠭᠢ^⟨?⟩ ⟨‍ᠬᠢ⟩	‍ᠭᠣ	‍ᠭᠥ	Final

γ/g

Produced with G using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.^[12]
In the Mongolian Unicode block, γ/g comes after q/k and before m.
May turn silent between vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.^[2]^: 36–37 For more details on this, see Mongolian script multigraphs.

γ

Transcribes Chakhar /ɣ/;^[13] Khalkha /ɢ/, and /∅/.^[14]^: 40–42 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter г.^[10]^[5]
Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.^[2]^: 21^[3]^: 546^[15]^: 5^[13]
Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth (𐽲).^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[16]^{: 111, 113–115}^[8]^: 35

g

Transcribes Chakhar /g/;^[13]^[17] Khalkha /g/.^{[citation needed]} Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter г.^[10]^[5]
Syllable-initially indistinguishable from k.^[2]^: 15, 24^[11]^: 9 When it must be distinguished from k medially, it can be written twice (as in ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ öggügsen 'given', compared with ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ükügsen 'dead').^[11]^: 59^[18]
The final form is also found written like the bow-shaped Manchu final ‍ᡴ᠋ k.^[8]^: 39

Emblem of the Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party using bow-shaped final g in bičig
Derived from Old Uyghur kaph 𐽷).^[3]^{: 539–540, 545–546}^[16]^{: 111, 113, 115}^[8]^: 35

Clear Script

Xibe language

Manchu language

Notes

^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.^[5]
^ ^a ^b For the two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋^⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ^⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc., the choice between final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.^[7]^: 699^[8]^: 44^[9]^: 201
^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.^[7]^{: 438, 442}
^ See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.^[7]
^ As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ^⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,^[7]^: 494^[11]^: 46 or ᠬᠥ^⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.^[7]^{: 475, 478}

References

^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
^ Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[6]
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
^ Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.
^ jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
^ "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ ^a ^b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
^ "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[6] Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.^[5]

[siγ/sig-11] For the two harmonic variants of the particle ᠰᠢᠭ᠋^⟨?⟩/ᠰᠢᠭ^⟨?⟩ siγ/sig (шиг shig) 'similar to, similarly, like' etc., the choice between final γ or g is dependent on whether it occurs after a masculine or a feminine word, respectively.^[7]^: 699^[8]^: 44^[9]^: 201

[13] As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.^[7]^{: 438, 442}

[14] See the separated  ᠬᠢ ‑ki suffix.^[7]

[16] As in the strengthening (emphatic) ᠭᠦ^⟨?⟩ kü (хүү khüü) particle,^[7]^: 494^[11]^: 46 or ᠬᠥ^⟨?⟩/ᠬᠥᠭᠡ kö/köge (хөө khöö) 'soot; obstacle, hindrance; trouble', or 'ring of mail'.^[7]^{: 475, 478}

[1] "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Poppe1974-2] Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.

[Daniels1996-3] Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.

[Sanders2015-4] Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-30598-9.

[EKIMn2006-5] "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.

[7] "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

[Lessing1960-8] Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;^: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.^[6]

[Janhunen2006-9] Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.

[Janhunen2012-10] Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). Mongolian. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 978-90-272-3820-7.

[Skorodumova2000-12] Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.

[Grønbech1993-15] Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03298-8.

[17] wilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[CJVLang2013-18] "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Svantesson2005-19] Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.

[Biligsaikhan2011-20] "A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts" (PDF). COLIPS – Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[Clauson2005-21] Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.

[StudyMn2013-22] "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

[MnToli-23] "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.

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