E is a letter of related and vertically oriented alphabets used to write Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[1]: 549–551
Mongolian language
edit
Look up ᠡ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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| The Mongolian script | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Mongolian consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Foreign consonants | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Letter[2]: 17, 18–19 [3]: 546 | ||
|---|---|---|
| ‑e | e | Transliteration[note 1] |
| — | ᠡ [note 2] |
Alone |
.svg){kind=small} [note 3] | ||
| ᠡ | Initial | |
| ᠡ | Medial | |
| ᠡ | Connected final | |
| ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩
|
— | Separated final |
| Ligatures[2]: 22–23, 24–25 [3]: 546 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| be | pe | ke, ge | Transliteration |
| ᠪᠡ [note 4] |
ᠫᠡ | ᠬᠡ [note 5] |
Alone |
| ᠪᠡ | ᠫᠡ | ᠬᠡ | Initial |
| ᠪᠡ | ᠫᠡ | ᠬᠡ | Medial |
| ᠪᠡ | ᠫᠡ | ᠬᠡ | Final |
| Separated suffixes[note 6] | |
|---|---|
| ‑e | Transliteration |
| ᠡ | Initial |
| ᠡ⟨?⟩ ⟨ ⟩
|
Whole |
- Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;[8][9] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.[10]: 40–42 Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter э.[11][4]
- Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a word's consonants (q/k and γ/g), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).[12]
- The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, k, and g), and to the right in all other cases.
- ᠡ᠋ = an Old Mongolian initial form, as in ᠡ᠋ᠨᠡ ene 'this' (otherwise written ᠡᠨᠡ).[6]: 316 [10]: 130
- Derived from Old Uyghur aleph (𐽰).[3]: 539–540, 545–546 [13]: 111, 113 [14]: 35
- Produced with E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[15]
- In the Mongolian Unicode block, e comes after a and before i.
Ee
edit Look up ᠧ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
| Letter[14]: 38–39 | |
|---|---|
| ē (é) | Transliteration[note 7] |
| ᠧ | Alone |
| ᠧ | Initial |
| ᠧ | Medial |
| ᠧ | Final |
| Example ligatures | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| fē | gē | kē | Transliteration |
| ᠹᠧ | ᠺᠧ | ᠻᠧ | Alone |
| ᠹᠧ | ᠺᠧ | ᠻᠧ | Initial |
| ᠹᠧ | ᠺᠧ | ᠻᠧ | Medial |
| ᠹᠧ | ᠺᠧ | ᠻᠧ | Final |
- Stands in for e in loanwords,[14]: 38 [9] such as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa (Европ Yevrop).[11]: 48 [16] Transliterated into Cyrillic with the letter е.[11][4]
- Indistinguishable from w, except when inferred by its placement: typically between consonants.[14]: 38
- Ultimately derived from Old Uyghur bet (𐽱).[14]: 38 [3]: 539–540, 545–546 [13]: 111, 113
- Produced with ⇧ Shift+E using the Windows Mongolian keyboard layout.[15]
- In the Mongolian Unicode block, ē comes after ü and before n.
Clear Script
edit Look up ᡄ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Xibe language
edit Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Manchu language
edit Look up ᡝ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Notes
edit- ^ Scholarly transliteration.[4]
- ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋;
⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö), or interjection ᠡ e (ээ ee) 'oh!'.[6]: 1, 284
- ^ As in the exclamation ⟨ᠠ᠋; ⟩ a/e (аа/ээ/оо/өө aa/ee/oo/öö).[6]: 1
- ^ As in ᠪᠠ ba (ба ba) 'and'.[6]: 64 [2]: 22
- ^ As in ᠬᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡ/ᠬᠡᠭᠡᠨ ke/kege/kegen (хээ khee) 'pattern, piping, design, stamp'.[6]: 438, 442
- ^ Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter e include: ᠡ⟨?⟩ ‑e (vocative or dative-locative), ᠡᠴᠡ ‑eče (ablative), and ᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡᠨ ‑ečegen (reflexive+ablative).[7]
- ^ Scholarly transliteration, with alternative in parentheses.[4]
.svg){kind=small}
References
edit- ^ "The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0 – Core Specification Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II, Other Modern Scripts" (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ a b c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
- ^ a b c d Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). The World's Writing Systems. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7.
- ^ a b c d "Mongolian transliterations" (PDF). Institute of the Estonian Language. 2006-05-06.
- ^ "Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription". collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ a b c d e Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). Mongolian-English Dictionary (PDF). University of California Press. Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.[5]
- ^ "PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)" (PDF). UTC Document Register for 2017. 2017-01-15.
- ^ "Mongolian Traditional Script". Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Mongolian Language Site. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ a b "Writing – Study Mongolian". Study Mongolian. August 2013. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ a b Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). The Phonology of Mongolian. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-151461-6.
- ^ a b c Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. ISBN 5-8463-0015-4.
- ^ Viklund, Andreas. "Lingua Mongolia - Mongolian Grammar Reference". Lingua Mongolia. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ a b Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43012-3.
- ^ a b c d e Janhunen, Juha (2006-01-27). The Mongolic Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79690-7.
- ^ a b jowilco. "Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization". Microsoft Docs. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
- ^ "Mongolian State Dictionary". Mongol toli (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2022-05-16.