A waste pond or chemical pond is a small impounded water body used for the disposal of water pollutants, and sometimes utilized as a method of recycling or decomposing toxic substances. Such waste ponds may be used for regular disposal of pollutant materials or may be used as upset receivers for special pollution events.[1][full citation needed] Often, chemical ponds themselves are addressed for cleanup action after their useful life is over or when a risk of groundwater contamination arises.[2][full citation needed] Contamination of waterways and groundwater can be damaging to human, animal and environmental health. These health effects bring into question the best engineering solutions to mitigate waste ponds' environmental impact.
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Environmental and health risks
editThe bacteria, pathogens, and excess nutrients stored in waste ponds can damage the environment and harm human health. In storms and heavy rainfall, waste ponds can overflow spilling sewage water and contaminating waterways.[3] The contamination of surrounding watersheds causes negative impacts to both the ecosystems and surrounding populations. A survey carried out in Eastern North Carolina found that there was a twenty-one percent increase in cases of acute gastrointestinal illness in rural areas surrounding hog farms which stored waste in waste ponds compared to areas without. The results also showed a stronger association following periods of heavy rain.[4] This suggests that the waste ponds, particularly during heavy rainfall, may play a significant role in the contamination of surrounding environments, warranting further investigation into their impact on public health in rural areas. Overall, these findings highlight the potential risks associated with waste ponds, creating a potential for innovation to improve management practices and continue research to mitigate their environmental and public health effects.
History
editPeak usage of waste ponds in the United States occurred in the period 1955 to 1985, after which the environmental risks of pond technology were sufficiently understood,[5] such that alternative technologies[clarification needed] for waste disposal gradually began to displace many of the waste ponds. Waste ponds often have pond liners, such as concrete or robust synthetic polymeric materials, to prevent infiltration of chemicals to soil or groundwater.
Engineering
editDesigning and managing waste ponds in an environmentally responsible way requires a comprehensive approach that integrates site selection, chemical balancing, and the establishment of long-term sustainability practices. By employing effective chemical treatments, and monitoring systems, it is possible to significantly reduce the environmental impact of waste ponds.[6] Additionally, using strategies such as waste minimization, pond closure, and the use of containment systems ensure that these ponds can serve as a safe and effective solution for waste management without putting the health of surrounding ecosystems at risk.[7]
Waste ponds in practice
editUnited States
editPiscataway chemical pond
editUnion Carbide used the pond at its Piscataway, New Jersey plant while in operation. The pond's primary use was chemical drainage. Hazardous chemicals would flow through drains inside the plant and into the pond. They were later pumped back to the factory via two large pumps, distilled to remove acetone and other hazards. Overall, this process was harmful to the environment and polluted the groundwater.[8][better source needed]
Oak Ridge waste pond
editThe United States Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee operated for more than 50 years, and was decommissioned in the mid 1960s. Plant waste, collected in a pond, was found to contain radioactive waste, including strontium-90, caesium-137; tritium, and transuranics.[citation needed]
In the mid 1990s, Department of Energy officials installed a cryogenic stabilization system at the waste pond, freezing the soil and groundwater, forming a barrier to groundwater leaching. In February 2004, the cryogenic system was dismantled, and the pond was excavated. The soil surrounding the frozen pond contained lower levels of contamination than the pond itself, but enough contamination that it had to be removed.[9] This demonstrates the lasting environmental impact of waste disposal in waste ponds.[citation needed]
Kenya
editWhile there are many wastewater treatment options available, some are more accessible or effective in different parts of the world. In Kenya, waste stabilization ponds are one of the most effective wastewater treatment methods, and one of the few that work in Kenya, specifically.[10]
Europe
editAcross Europe, waste ponds are a common method of wastewater treatment. In France there are an estimated 2,500 waste ponds.[11] There are approximately 1,500 in Bavaria and approximately 3,000 in Germany, overall.[12] The United Kingdom has only recorded the existence of 40 waste ponds, but this may be due to the limited research has been done on the UK's waste ponds.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission details of handling certain upset events".
- ^ "Idaho National Laboratory: U.S. Department of Energy, EPA ID# ID4890008952".
- ^ Nicole, Wendee (June 2013). "CAFOs and Environmental Justice: The Case of North Carolina". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (6). doi:10.1289/ehp.121-a182. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 23732659.
- ^ Quist, Arbor J.L.; Holcomb, David A.; Fliss, Mike Dolan; Delamater, Paul L.; Richardson, David B.; Engel, Lawrence S. (July 2022). "Exposure to industrial hog operations and gastrointestinal illness in North Carolina, USA". Science of the Total Environment. 830: 154823. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.83054823Q. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154823.
- ^ David Crimp, Leda Patmore et al., Environmental Assessment of Kaiser Refractories Waste Pond, Moss Landing, California, Earth Metrics Inc., Santa Cruz County, California and the State of California Environmental Clearinghouse (1976)
- ^ Yamashita, Takahiro; Yamamoto-Ikemoto, Ryoko (2014-09-22). "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent via Bacterial Sulfate Reduction in an Anoxic Bioreactor Packed with Wood and Iron". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (9): 9835–9853. doi:10.3390/ijerph110909835. ISSN 1660-4601.
- ^ "Lagoons for Livestock Waste Treatment - Oklahoma State University". extension.okstate.edu. 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
- ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
- ^ Gwenyth Laird Pernie, Crew Takes on Chemical Pond, Construction Equipment Guide (2005)
- ^ Mara, Duncan (2013-05-01). "Pits, pipes, ponds – And me". Water Research. 47 (7): 2105–2117. Bibcode:2013WatRe..47.2105M. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.051. ISSN 0043-1354.
- ^ Boutin, P.; Vachon, A.; Racault, Y. (1987-12-01). "Waste Stabilization Ponds in France: An Overall Review". Water Science and Technology. 19 (12): 25–31. Bibcode:1987WSTec..19...25B. doi:10.2166/wst.1987.0122. ISSN 0273-1223.
- ^ Bucksteeg, K. (1987-12-01). "German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds". Water Science and Technology. 19 (12): 17–23. Bibcode:1987WSTec..19...17B. doi:10.2166/wst.1987.0121. ISSN 0273-1223.