Water pinch analysis (WPA) originates from the concept of heat pinch analysis. WPA is a systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generation through integration of water-using activities or processes. WPA was first introduced by Wang and Smith.[1] Since then, it has been widely used as a tool for water conservation in industrial process plants. Water pinch analysis has recently been applied for urban/domestic buildings.[2] It was extended in 1998 by Nick Hallale at the University of Cape Town, who developed it as a special case of mass exchange networks for capital cost targeting.
Techniques for setting targets for maximum water recovery capable of handling any type of water-using operation including mass-transfer-based and non-mass-transfer based systems include the source and sink composite curves[3] and water cascade analysis (WCA).[4] The source and sink composite curves is a graphical tool for setting water recovery targets as well as for design of water recovery networks.[5]
A 2018 study found by water pinch and water footprint analysis that for bricks with typical materials of clay and shale, the water consumption footprint was 2.02 L of water per brick.[6]
See also
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References
edit- ^ Wang, Y.P.; Smith, R. (April 1994). "Wastewater minimisation". Chemical Engineering Science. 49 (7): 981–1006. doi:10.1016/0009-2509(94)80006-5. ISSN 0009-2509.
- ^ Manan, Z.A.; Wan Alwi, S.R.; Ujang, Z. (June 2006). "Water pinch analysis for an urban system: a case study on the Sultan Ismail Mosque at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)". Desalination. 194 (1–3): 52–68. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2005.11.003. ISSN 0011-9164.
- ^ Hallale, N (September 2002). "A new graphical targeting method for water minimisation". Advances in Environmental Research. 6 (3): 377–390. doi:10.1016/s1093-0191(01)00116-2. ISSN 1093-0191.
- ^ Manan, Zainuddin Abdul; Tan, Yin Ling; Foo, Dominic Chwan Yee (2004-11-09). "Targeting the minimum water flow rate using water cascade analysis technique". AIChE Journal. 50 (12): 3169–3183. doi:10.1002/aic.10235. ISSN 0001-1541.
- ^ Wan Alwi, Sharifah R.; Manan, Zainuddin A. (2008-04-01). "Generic Graphical Technique for Simultaneous Targeting and Design of Water Networks". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 47 (8): 2762–2777. doi:10.1021/ie071487o. ISSN 0888-5885.
- ^ Skouteris, George; Ouki, Sabèha; Foo, Dominic; Saroj, Devendra; Altini, Maria; Melidis, Paraschos; Cowley, Brian; Ells, Geoff; Palmer, Stephanie; O'Dell, Sean (2018-01-20). "Water footprint and water pinch analysis techniques for sustainable water management in the brick-manufacturing industry". Journal of Cleaner Production. 172: 786–794. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.213. ISSN 0959-6526.
5. Hallale, Nick. (2002). A New Graphical Targeting Method for Water Minimisation. Advances in Environmental Research. 6(3): 377–390