The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Colognian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Colognian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Colognian.

Consonants
IPA Colognian examples English approximation
b Ball, dubbel ball
d dann, Saddel done
Dschungel, wadschele jungle
f Faß, Waffel fuss
ɡ waggele gust
h hatt, Buhai, Bah hut
ɧ Schimie, Weechter, biestig bush
j[1] Jack, wääje yuck
ʒ[1] Geniere, nuschele pleasure
k Kiß, frickele, Pek kiss
l Lack, welle luck
m Mai, summe, öm may
n Noht, Jewenner, Sun not
ŋ senge, lang long
p Peck, Appel, Kapp peck
ʁ Rään, ware guttural r
s faste, Baß bus
ʃ schäl, Mösche, Bösch bush
t Toon, kötte, Bütt tone
ts Zupp, Mätze, Fuz pizza
tschö, letsche, Matsch chat
v Vas, övver vast
w wat will
x Woche, Loch Scottish loch
z Sunn, lässe zone
ʔ |it, be|erdije, perdü| uh-oh
Pitch accent
IPA Colognian
examples
English
approximation
Explanation
ˈ Bahnhoffstrohße intonation primary stress
ˌ Bahnhoffstrohße secondary stress
◌̂ /ˈʃtîːf/ "stiffness",
/ˈhûːs/ "house (dat.)",
/ˈʃlɛ̂ːʃ/ "beats (n. pl.)",
/ˈzêi/ "sieve",
/ˈkân/ "(tea)pot, jug"[2]
falling tone
(Stoßton,
Accent 1)
◌́ /ˈzǿlts/ Sülz[3] high tone
(Schleifton,
Accent 2)
Vowels
IPA Colognian examples English approximation
Plaat, Bar, Ahle, Bahn bra
a Ax, spack, bra, but short
Elend, Feez, Beet somewhat like play
e enjonn, seze somewhat like play, but short
ɛː Ääpel, Pääd, nää, äänz, Nähl fairy
ɛ Eck, hätt, dä! bed
Ieß, Pief, di, ieser, Dier, auwieh! eat
i mi city
ɪ in, Friko sit
ɔː Ooß, Pooz, booh, Ohß, Pohl, jo off, but long
ɔ offe, doll, mer off
œː Ööschel, pöze, Blööh, Öl, Pöhl somewhat like urgent
œ Öschel, Pött
øː Ööz, kööze, bleu, Rösje, Bröh
ø Öllije, Kött, ?ömjonn
Ooschel, koot, Ohm, Dooch, Nivoh more (long)
o op, lovve, do story (short)
ʊː Pattevuel took (long)
ʊ us, Hunk, do, ?Bunn took (short)
uze, Pluute, Schmu, Uhr, Bud, esu pool (long)
u Ussel, Fuz pool (short)
üüßerlech, süht, Üül, Lüüß, perdü somewhat like cute
y üvver, müje
ʏ üch, tüntele
ei, Eiter, Weihnaach, zwei, Eier, Weiher, Pavei tie
aːʊ Auto, Strauß, mau out
Auflach, Zauß, Schabau, ?zaubere, ?Kakau
ei, eins, Zeidung, sei, eine, zeije, Schnei alien, mania, bay
iɐ̯ Liehr, ?Zottier similar to dear
Auge, Baum, hau, Aug, sauge, Hau similar to goal
ɔʏ Schnäuzer, Heu, Häuche, Häu similar to boy
øʏ Sträuf, Späu, Äujelche, Bäum, neu
Reduced vowels
ɐ verdonn, Vatter nut or sofa (but not balance)[4]
ə e, en, bedon, de balance (but not sofa)[4]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b The phone [ʒ] occurs also often as a positional allophone of [j] when a final [ʃ] or [ɧ] of a word stem is either followed by a vowel of a grammatical suffix or becomes voiced under the influence of a liaison or due to coarticulation. Under normal circumstances, [j] is used to transcribe these.
  2. ^ Only occurs on stressed vowels. Though a falling tone in Cologne, realizations vary by dialect and accent. Compare these "accent 1" words with their "accent 2" words /ˈʃtiːf/ "stiff", /ˈhuːs/ "house (nom./​acc.)", /ˈʃlɛːʃ/ "bad", /zei/ "she", /kan/ "(I/​he) can" without Stoßton
  3. ^ Only occurs on stressed vowels. Though a high tone in Cologne, realizations vary by dialect and accent.
  4. ^ a b As several other Germanic languages, Colognian has mid [ə] and open [ɐ] schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as balance, cannon and chairman and the latter variably in sofa, China (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in ago and again, but one needs to remember that Colognian [ɐ] has no such free variation and is always open, just as [ə] is always mid. In some English dialects, /ʌ/ in words such as nut and strut is a perfect replacement for Colognian [ɐ], but the latter is an unstressed-only vowel that can also appear in open syllables, which generally cannot be said about the English /ʌ/.

Bibliography

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  • Hoenig, Fritz (1905). Wörterbuch der Kölner Mundart (in German) (2nd ed.). Köln.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Heike, Georg (1964). "Zur Phonologie der Stadtkölner Mundart. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung der akustischen Unterscheidungsmerkmale". Deutsche Dialektgeographie. Vol. 57. Marburg: Elwert-Verlag.
  • Froitzheim, Claudia (1984). "Artikulationsnormen der Umgangssprache in Köln". Continuum. Schriftenreihe zur Linguistik. Vol. 2. Tübingen: Narr. ISBN 3-87808-332-7. (Also Dissertation at the University of Cologne, 1983).
  • Wrede, Adam (1999). Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz (12th ed.). Köln: Greven Verlag. ISBN 3-7743-0243-X.
  • Bhatt, Christa; Herrwegen, Alice (2005). Das Kölsche Wörterbuch (2nd ed.). Köln: J. P. Bachem-Verlag. ISBN 3-7616-1942-1.

For another simpler phonemic writing system of West Middle German and Meuse-Rhenish including Colognian, see:

See also

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