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1979 Spanish general election

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The 1979 Spanish general election was held on Thursday, 1 March 1979, to elect the 1st Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as all 208 seats in the Senate.

1979 Spanish general election
← 1977 1 March 1979 1982 →
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and all 208 seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered26,836,490 Green arrow up13.8%
Turnout18,259,192 (68.0%)
Red arrow down10.8 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Adolfo Suárez Felipe González Santiago Carrillo
Party UCD PSOE PCE
Leader since 3 May 1977 13 October 1974 3 July 1960
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 165 seats, 34.4% 124 seats, 33.8%[a] 20 seats, 9.3%
Seats won 168 121 23
Seat change Green arrow up3 Red arrow down3 Green arrow up3
Popular vote 6,268,593 5,469,813 1,938,487
Percentage 34.8% 30.4% 10.8%
Swing Green arrow up0.4 pp Red arrow down3.4 pp Green arrow up1.5 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Manuel Fraga Jordi Pujol Xabier Arzalluz
Party CD CiU EAJ/PNV
Leader since 9 October 1976 17 November 1974 1977
Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Guipúzcoa
Last election 16 seats, 8.4%[b] 13 seats, 3.8%[c] 8 seats, 1.6%
Seats won 9 8 7
Seat change Red arrow down7 Red arrow down5 Red arrow down1
Popular vote 1,094,438 483,353 296,597
Percentage 6.1% 2.7% 1.6%
Swing Red arrow down2.3 pp Red arrow down1.1 pp Blue arrow right0.0 pp
Map of Spain showcasing seat distribution by Congress of Deputies constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by constituency
Map of Spain showcasing winning party's strength by autonomous community
Prime Minister before election

Adolfo Suárez
UCD

Prime Minister after election

Adolfo Suárez
UCD

This was the first election held under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. The Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) remained the largest party, winning 168 of the 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 119 of the 208 seats in the Senate. As a result, Adolfo Suárez went on to form a minority government, depending on support from Manuel Fraga's Democratic Coalition, which experienced an electoral decline.

Overview

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Electoral system

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The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][2] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights.[3][4][5]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain. Each constituency was entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 fixed among the constituencies in proportion to their populations, at a rate of approximately one seat per each 144,500 inhabitants or fraction greater than 70,000. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[3][6] The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[7]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled to the following seats:[8][9]

Seats Constituencies
33 Barcelona
32 Madrid
15 Valencia
12 Seville
10 Biscay, Oviedo
9 Alicante, La Coruña
8 Cádiz, Málaga, Murcia, Pontevedra, Zaragoza
7 Badajoz, Córdoba, Granada, Guipúzcoa, Jaén, Santa Cruz de Tenerife
6 Balearics, Las Palmas, León
5 Almería, Cáceres, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Gerona, Huelva, Lugo, Navarre, Orense, Santander, Tarragona, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cuenca, Lérida, Logroño, Salamanca, Zamora
3 Ávila, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[10][11] The law also provided for by-elections to fill Senate seats vacated up to two years into the legislature.[12]

Election date

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The term of the Cortes elected in the 1977 election was not to be continued beyond 15 June 1981 in the event they were not dissolved earlier.[13] An election was required to be held within from 30 to 60 days after the date of expiry of the Cortes Generales,[3] setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Friday, 14 August 1981.

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved, and a new election called, if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[14] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Spanish Cortes were officially dissolved on 1 January 1979 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the Official State Gazette (BOE), setting the election date for 1 March and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 23 March (for the Congress) and 27 March (for the Senate).[9]

Parties and candidates

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The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within fifteen days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one permille—and, in any case, 500 signatures—of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[15]

Below is a list of the main parties and coalitions which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances 		Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
UCD
List
   Adolfo Suárez Centrism 34.44% 165 106  Y
PSOE
List
   Felipe González Social democracy
Democratic socialism
Marxism 		33.78%[a] 124 53[d]  N
PCE
List
   Santiago Carrillo Eurocommunism 9.33% 20 1[e]  N
CD
List
   Manuel Fraga Conservatism 8.41%[b] 16 2  N
CiU
List
   Jordi Pujol Catalan nationalism
Centrism 		3.75%[c] 13 2  N
EAJ/PNV
List
   Xabier Arzalluz Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Conservative liberalism 		1.62% 8 6  N
ERC–FNC
List
   Heribert Barrera Catalan nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy 		0.79%[f] 1 —[d]  N
EE
List
   Juan María Bandrés Basque nationalism
Socialism 		0.34% 1 0  N
PAR
List
   Hipólito Gómez de las Roces Regionalism
Conservatism 		0.20%[g] 1 0  N
UN
List
   Blas Piñar Ultranationalism
National catholicism
Francoism 		0.57%[h] 0 0  N
HB
List
   Francisco Letamendia Basque independence
Abertzale left
Revolutionary socialism 		0.24%[i] 0 0  N
PSC–ERC
List
   Josep Andreu Catalanism
Social democracy 		Senate 8[d]  N
PSUC–PTC
List
   Josep Benet Communism
Marxism-Leninism
Republicanism 		Senate 4[e]  N
PSA–PA
List
   Alejandro Rojas-Marcos Andalusian nationalism
Social democracy 		New  N
UPC
List
   Fernando Sagaseta Canarian nationalism
Socialism 		New  N
UPN
List
   Jesús Aizpún Navarrese regionalism
Conservatism
Christian democracy 		New  N

Opinion polls

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Main article: Opinion polling for the 1979 Spanish general election

Results

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Congress of Deputies

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For results by autonomous community/constituency, see Results breakdown of the 1979 Spanish general election (Congress).
← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results →
 
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 6,268,593 34.84 +0.40 168 +3
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 5,469,813 30.40 –3.44 121 –3
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 1,938,487 10.77 +1.44 23 +3
Democratic Coalition (CD) 1,094,438 6.08 –2.33 9 –7
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 1,060,330 5.89 –2.05 9 –6
Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)3 34,108 0.19 –0.29 0 –1
Convergence and Union (CiU)4 483,353 2.69 –1.06 8 –5
National Union (UN)5 378,964 2.11 +1.54 1 +1
Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) 325,842 1.81 New 5 +5
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 296,597 1.65 +0.03 7 –1
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)6 192,798 1.07 +0.40 0 ±0
Popular Unity (HB)7 172,110 0.96 +0.72 3 +3
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 138,487 0.77 +0.22 0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)8 127,517 0.71 +0.29 0 ±0
Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) 10,970 0.06 –0.07 0 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)9 133,869 0.74 +0.05 0 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–National Front of Catalonia (ERC–FNC)10 123,452 0.69 –0.10 1 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 85,677 0.48 +0.14 1 ±0
Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 84,856 0.47 +0.28 0 ±0
Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG) 60,889 0.34 +0.22 0 ±0
Canarian People's Union (UPC) 58,953 0.33 New 1 +1
Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN) 56,582 0.31 New 0 ±0
Galician Unity (PG–POG–PSG)11 55,555 0.31 +0.16 0 ±0
Republican Left (IR) 55,384 0.31 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 50,552 0.28 +0.23 0 ±0
Communist Organization–Communist Unification (OCEBR–UCE) 47,937 0.27 New 0 ±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 47,896 0.27 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)12 38,042 0.21 +0.01 1 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)13 36,662 0.20 –0.02 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 30,252 0.17 –0.08 0 ±0
Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 28,248 0.16 New 1 +1
Coalition for Aragon (PSAr–PSDA) 19,220 0.11 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 16,016 0.09 New 0 ±0
Liberal Party (PL) 15,774 0.09 New 0 ±0
Valencian Regional Union (URV) 15,694 0.09 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of the Valencian Country (PNPV) 13,828 0.08 New 0 ±0
Spanish Ruralist Party (PRE) 10,324 0.06 New 0 ±0
Party of the Canarian Country (PPC) 10,099 0.06 New 0 ±0
Socialists of Majorca and Menorca (SMiM) 10,022 0.06 New 0 ±0
Syndicalist Party (PSIN) 9,777 0.05 New 0 ±0
Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) 7,126 0.04 New 0 ±0
Catalan State (EC) 6,328 0.04 New 0 ±0
Cantonal Party (PCAN) 6,290 0.03 New 0 ±0
Independent Candidacy of the Countryside (CIC) 6,115 0.03 New 0 ±0
Social Christian Democracy of Catalonia (DSCC) 4,976 0.03 –0.02 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 4,939 0.03 ±0.00 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 4,826 0.03 New 0 ±0
Communist League (LC) 3,614 0.02 New 0 ±0
Asturian Nationalist Council (CNA) 3,049 0.02 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 2,736 0.02 New 0 ±0
Pro-Austerity Policy Political Party (PIPPA) 2,409 0.01 New 0 ±0
Workers and Peasants Party (POC) 2,314 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent Candidates of Melilla (CIME) 1,820 0.01 New 0 ±0
Falangist Unity–Independent Spanish Phalanx (UF–FI–AT) 1,188 0.01 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx–Falangist Unity (FE–UF) 876 0.00 New 0 ±0
Centre Independent Candidacy (CIC) n/a n/a –0.16 0 –1
Blank ballots 57,267 0.32 +0.07
Total 17,990,915 350 ±0
Valid votes 17,990,915 98.53 –0.04
Invalid votes 268,277 1.47 +0.04
Votes cast / turnout 18,259,192 68.04 –10.79
Abstentions 8,577,298 31.96 +10.79
Registered voters 26,836,490
Sources[16][17]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
UCD
 
 34.84%
PSOE
 
 30.40%
PCE
 
 10.77%
CD
 
 6.08%
CiU
 
 2.69%
UN
 
 2.11%
PSA–PA
 
 1.81%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.65%
PTE
 
 1.07%
HB
 
 0.96%
ERC–FNC
 
 0.69%
EE
 
 0.48%
UPC
 
 0.33%
PAR
 
 0.21%
UPN
 
 0.16%
Others
 
 5.43%
Blank ballots
 
 0.32%
Seats
UCD
 
 48.00%
PSOE
 
 34.57%
PCE
 
 6.57%
CD
 
 2.57%
CiU
 
 2.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 2.00%
PSA–PA
 
 1.43%
HB
 
 0.86%
UN
 
 0.29%
ERC–FNC
 
 0.29%
EE
 
 0.29%
UPC
 
 0.29%
PAR
 
 0.29%
UPN
 
 0.29%

Senate

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← Summary of the 1 March 1979 Senate of Spain election results →
 
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 16,374,726 32.60 +3.22 119 +13
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 12,762,128 25.41 –4.28 60 –1
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 4,407,905 8.78 +6.82 0 ±0
Democratic Coalition (CD) 3,213,680 6.40 –2.82 3 +1
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 3,167,973 6.31 –2.39 3 +1
Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)3 45,707 0.09 –0.43 0 ±0
New Agreement (PSC–ERC)4 2,708,504 5.39 n/a 10 +2
For the Agreement (PSUC–PTC)4 1,832,941 3.65 n/a 1 –3
Convergence and Union (CiU)5 1,387,176 2.76 +0.21 1 –1
National Union (UN)6 1,089,883 2.17 +0.60 0 ±0
Socialist Party of Andalusia–Andalusian Party (PSA–PA) 1,026,345 2.04 New 0 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV)7 843,452 1.68 –1.63 8 –2
Popular Unity (HB)8 465,852 0.93 +0.74 1 +1
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)9 412,782 0.82 +0.57 0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 290,967 0.58 –0.04 0 ±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)10 276,457 0.55 +0.13 0 ±0
Navarrese Left Union (UNAI) 14,510 0.03 –0.17 0 ±0
Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 257,830 0.51 New 0 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 209,107 0.42 +0.18 0 –1
Republican Left (IR) 205,512 0.41 New 0 ±0
Galician National-Popular Bloc (BNPG) 196,920 0.39 +0.07 0 ±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)11 179,519 0.36 –0.82 0 ±0
Galician Unity (PG–POG–PSG) 177,549 0.35 New 0 ±0
Navarrese Unity (UNA) 137,275 0.27 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx–Falangist Unity (FE–UF) 130,616 0.26 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR)12 117,150 0.23 –0.37 0 –1
Valencian Regional Union (URV) 116,386 0.23 New 0 ±0
Canarian People's Union (UPC) 115,878 0.23 New 0 ±0
Liberal Party (PL) 110,347 0.22 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 109,118 0.22 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 90,065 0.18 New 0 ±0
Navarrese People's Union (UPN) 84,289 0.17 New 0 ±0
Carlist Party (PC) 84,028 0.17 +0.10 0 ±0
Spanish Democratic Republican Action (ARDE) 73,308 0.15 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 70,659 0.14 +0.14 0 ±0
Group of Independent Electors (ADEI)13 63,257 0.13 –0.02 3 –1
Left Bloc for National Liberation (BEAN) 54,055 0.11 New 0 ±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 49,190 0.10 New 0 ±0
Coalition for Aragon (PSAr–PSDA) 48,031 0.10 New 0 ±0
Communist Organization–Communist Unification (OCEBR–UCE) 41,656 0.08 New 0 ±0
Spanish Ruralist Party (PRE) 40,086 0.08 New 0 ±0
Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) 38,968 0.08 New 0 ±0
Pro-Austerity Policy Political Party (PIPPA) 36,280 0.07 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 32,055 0.06 New 0 ±0
Social Christian Democracy of Catalonia (DSCC) 29,367 0.06 New 0 ±0
Galician Democratic Candidacy (CDG) 26,426 0.05 –1.11 0 –3
Party of the Canarian Country (PPC) 25,960 0.05 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 21,891 0.04 New 1 +1
Socialist Party of Majorca (PSM) 19,753 0.04 New 0 ±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 17,888 0.04 New 0 ±0
Salamancan Regionalist Candidacy (CRS) 17,019 0.03 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 14,758 0.03 New 0 ±0
Menorcan Progressive Candidacy (PSM–PSOE–PCIB–PTI) 11,745 0.02 New 1 +1
Independent Candidacy of the Countryside (CIC) 10,333 0.02 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 8,795 0.02 New 0 ±0
Asturian Nationalist Council (CNA) 8,309 0.02 New 0 ±0
Entirely Anti-Partisan (EA) 7,931 0.02 New 0 ±0
Independent Progressive Candidacy (CPI) 7,763 0.02 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 7,266 0.01 New 0 ±0
New National Left (NIN) 7,053 0.01 New 0 ±0
Catalan State (EC) 6,998 0.01 New 0 ±0
Riojan Autonomy (AR) 6,835 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 5,263 0.01 New 0 ±0
Zamorans for Zamora–Independent Candidacy (ZZ) 5,125 0.01 New 0 ±0
National Front of Catalonia (FNC) 4,566 0.01 New 0 ±0
Majorera Assembly (AM) 4,458 0.01 ±0.00 0 –1
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 3,431 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 3,416 0.01 New 0 ±0
Canarian Nationalist Party (PNC) 3,141 0.01 New 0 ±0
Independent (INDEP) 1,698 0.00 New 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 242 0.00 New 0 ±0
Xirinacs Electoral Group (AE Xirinacs) n/a n/a –1.06 0 –1
Aragonese Candidacy of Democratic Unity (CAUD) n/a n/a –1.04 0 –3
Blank ballots[j] 259,613 1.48
Total 50,232,518 208 +1
Valid votes 17,588,988 97.20
Invalid votes 507,434 2.80
Votes cast / turnout 18,096,422 67.43
Abstentions 8,740,068 32.57
Registered voters 23,583,762
Sources[16][17][18][19]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
UCD
 
 32.60%
PSOE
 
 25.41%
PCE
 
 8.78%
CD
 
 6.40%
PSC–ERC
 
 5.39%
PSUC–PTC
 
 3.65%
CiU
 
 2.76%
UN
 
 2.17%
PSA–PA
 
 2.04%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.68%
HB
 
 0.93%
ADEI
 
 0.13%
INDEP
 
 0.04%
CPMen
 
 0.02%
Others
 
 8.07%
Blank ballots
 
 1.48%
Seats
UCD
 
 57.21%
PSOE
 
 28.85%
PSC–ERC
 
 4.81%
EAJ/PNV
 
 3.85%
CD
 
 1.44%
ADEI
 
 1.44%
PSUC–PTC
 
 0.48%
CiU
 
 0.48%
HB
 
 0.48%
CPMen
 
 0.48%
INDEP
 
 0.48%

Aftermath

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Government formation

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Further information: Third government of Adolfo Suárez
Investiture
Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot → 30 March 1979
Required majority → 176 out of 350  Y
Yes
183 / 350
No
149 / 350
Abstentions
8 / 350
Absentees
10 / 350
Sources[20]

1980 motion of no confidence

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Further information: 1980 vote of no confidence in the government of Adolfo Suárez
Motion of no confidence
Felipe González (PSOE)
Ballot → 30 May 1980
Required majority → 176 out of 350  N
Yes
152 / 350
No
  • • UCD (166)
166 / 350
Abstentions
21 / 350
Absentees
11 / 350
Sources[20]

1980 motion of confidence

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Motion of confidence
Adolfo Suárez (UCD)
Ballot → 18 September 1980
Required majority → Simple  Y
Yes
180 / 350
No
164 / 350
Abstentions
2 / 350
Absentees
4 / 350
Sources[20]

1981 investiture

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Investiture
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo (UCD)
Ballot → 21 February 1981 23 February 1981 25 February 1981
Required majority → 176 out of 350  N Simple Simple  Y
Yes
  • • UCD (165)
  • • CD (9) (3 on 21 Feb)
  • • CiU (9) (on 25 Feb)
  • • PAR (1) (on 25 Feb)
  • • UPN (1)
  • • UA (1) (on 25 Feb)
169 / 350
   Cancelled
(as a result of the
23-F coup d'etat
attempt)
186 / 350
No
158 / 350
158 / 350
Abstentions
  • • CiU (9) (on 21 Feb)
  • • CD (6) (on 21 Feb)
  • • PAR (1) (on 21 Feb)
  • • UA (1) (on 21 Feb)
17 / 350
0 / 350
Absentees
6 / 350
6 / 350
Sources[20]

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Results for PSOE (29.32%, 118 deputies and 49 senators) and PSP–US (4.46%, 6 deputies and 4 senators) in the 1977 election.
  2. ^ a b Results for AP (8.33%, 16 deputies and 2 senators) and DIV (0.08%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  3. ^ a b Results for PDC (2.81%, 11 deputies) and UCiDCC (0.94%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) in the 1977 election.
  4. ^ a b c PSC–PSOE (7 senators) and ERC (1 senator) joined the Nova Entesa alliance ahead of the 1979 Senate election.
  5. ^ a b PSUC (4 senators) joined the Per l'Entesa alliance ahead of the 1979 Senate election.
  6. ^ Results for EC–FED in the 1977 election.
  7. ^ Results for CAIC in the 1977 election.
  8. ^ Results for AN18 (0.53%, 0 seats) and CJA (0.04%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  9. ^ Results for ESB/PSV (0.20%, 0 seats) and EAE/ANV (0.04%, 0 seats) in the 1977 election.
  10. ^ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

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  1. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  2. ^ "Sinopsis artículo 66". Constitución española (in Spanish). Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 12 September 2020, summarizing Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 66.
  3. ^ a b c Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 68.
  4. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. I, art. 2.
  5. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  6. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. II, ch. II, art. 19–20.
  7. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. II, ch. II, art. 19.
  9. ^ a b "Real Decreto 3073/1978, de 29 de diciembre, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones generales" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (1): 3. 1 January 1979. ISSN 0212-033X.
  10. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. III, ch. I, art. 69.
  11. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. II, ch. II, art. 19 & 21.
  12. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. III, art. 29.
  13. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), trans. prov. 8.
  14. ^ Const. Esp. (1978), tit. IV, art. 99.
  15. ^ RDL 20/1977 (1977), tit. IV, art. 30–31 & 34.
  16. ^ a b "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  17. ^ a b "Elecciones Generales 1 de marzo de 1979". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  18. ^ "Elecciones al Senado 1979". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  19. ^ "Composición del Senado 1977-2024". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  20. ^ a b c d "Congreso de los Diputados: Votaciones más importantes". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2017.

Bibliography

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