"Black snake" is a term that can refer to at least three similar types of fireworks: the Pharaoh's snake, the sugar snake, or a popular retail composition marketed under various product names but usually known as "black snake". The "Pharaoh's snake" or "Pharaoh's serpent" is the original version of the black snake experiment. It produces a more impressive snake, but its execution depends upon mercury (II) thiocyanate, which is no longer in common use due to its toxicity.[1] For a "sugar snake", sodium bicarbonate and sugar are the commonly used chemicals.[2]
Once lit, the fireworks emit smoke and spew out ash resembling a snake via an intumescent reaction. They remain on the ground and emit no sparks, flares, projectiles, or sound.
Pharaoh's snake
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The Pharaoh's snake is a more dramatic experiment and it requires more safety precautions than the sugar snake due to the presence of toxic mercury vapor and other mercury compounds.[1]
This reaction was discovered by Friedrich Wöhler in 1821, soon after the first synthesis of mercury thiocyanate. It was described as "winding out from itself at the same time worm-like processes, to many times its former bulk, of a very light material of the color of graphite."[citation needed] For some time, a firework product called "Pharaoschlangen" was available to the public in Germany but was eventually banned when the toxic properties of the product were discovered through the deaths of several children who had mistakenly consumed the resulting solid.[3]
The Pharaoh's snake experiment is conducted in the same manner as the sugar snake experiment, however, the former uses mercury(II) thiocyanate (Hg(SCN)2) instead of powdered sugar with baking soda. This must be done in a fume hood because all mercury compounds are hazardous.
After igniting the reagents, mercury(II) thiocyanate breaks down to form mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), carbon disulfide (CS2), and carbon nitride (C3N4). Graphitic carbon nitride, a pale yellow solid, is the main component of the ash.[1]
- 2 Hg(SCN)2(s) → 2 HgS(s) + CS2(l) + C3N4(s)[1]
Carbon disulfide ignites into carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur(IV) oxide (SO2).
- CS2(l) + 3 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 SO2(g)[1]
While carbon nitride (C3N4) will break down into nitrogen gas and dicyan
- 2 C3N4(s) → 3 (CN)2(g) + N2(g)[1]
When mercury(II) sulfide (HgS) reacts with oxygen (O2), it will form gray mercury vapor and sulfur dioxide. If the reaction is performed inside a container, a gray film of mercury coating on its inner surface can be observed.
- HgS(s) + O2(g) → Hg(l) + SO2(g)[1]
Sugar snake
editUnlike the carbon snake, which involves the reaction of sulfuric acid instead of sodium bicarbonate, the sugar snake grows relatively faster and to a significantly larger volume.
Solid fuel is used in this experiment. The solid fuel can be sand that is sufficiently covered in ethanol or hexamethylenetetramine. A white mixture of sucrose and sodium bicarbonate will eventually turn black and the snake will grow about 15–50 centimetres (5.9–19.7 in) long after it is lit.[4]
Three chemical reactions occur when the snake is lit. Sodium bicarbonate breaks down into sodium carbonate, water vapor, and carbon dioxide:[2]
- 2 NaHCO3(s) → Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)
Burning sucrose or ethanol (reaction with oxygen in the air) produces carbon dioxide gas and water vapor:[2]
- C12H22O11(s) + 12 O2(g) → 12 CO2(g) + 11 H2O(g)
- C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(g)
Some of the sucrose does not burn, but merely decomposes at the high temperature, giving off elemental carbon and water vapor:[4]
- C12H22O11(s) → 12 C(s) + 11 H2O(g)
The carbon in the reaction makes the snake black. The overall process is exothermic enough that the water produced in the reactions is vaporized. This steam, in addition to the carbon dioxide product, makes the snake lightweight and airy and allows it to grow to a large size from a comparably small amount of starting material.[4]
Retail black snake
editThe actual formula seems to be somewhat of a secret. However, they are likely based on a nitrated pitch composition. Additionally, they are often marketed in the form of small black pellets and are nondeliquescent and shelf-stable. There are very few retailers of this product in Europe, and there is possibly only one large-scale manufacturer in the world.
Use
editBlack snakes are a popular firework in India, which children play with during the festival of Diwali. Though deemed toxic by the Chest Research foundation and Pune University, black snake fireworks are still in use. The objective of the study was to determine which firework produced the most air pollution in India. The conducted study showed that the snake fireworks emitted the highest particulate matter, capable of penetrating the lungs via inhalation of smoke particles and consequently, causing significant damage. Other fireworks that emit large amounts of smoke particles include fuljhadi (Sparkler), pulpul (Firecracker), chakris (Spinning Rocket) and annar (Flowerpot Firework).[5]
See also
editReferences
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- ^ a b c d e f g Helmenstine, Anne Marie (June 3, 2020). "How to Make a Pharaoh's Snake Firework". Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ a b c Helmenstine, Anne Marie (June 3, 2020). "How to Make Black Snake or Glow Worms". Archived from the original on 14 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ^ Davis, T. L. (1940). "Pyrotechnic Snakes". Journal of Chemical Education. 17 (6): 268–270. doi:10.1021/ed017p268.
- ^ a b c "Sugar snake". MEL Science. MEL Science 2015–2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ "Diwali 2016: Snake tablets cause the worst pollution followed by ladis". The Financial Express. 2016-10-25. Archived from the original on 2021-11-08. Retrieved 2020-11-14.