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| Western Punjabi | |
|---|---|
| پن٘جابی | |
 'Punjabi' written in Shahmukhi used in Punjab, Pakistan (top) and Gurmukhi used in Punjab, India (bottom) scripts | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Native to | Pakistan and diaspora communities worldwide |
| Region | Western Punjab region |
| Ethnicity | Punjabis |
Native speakers | 62.6 million (2000)[1] |
Indo-European
| |
Standard forms | |
| Dialects | |
| Perso-Arabic (Shāhmukhī) | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | pnb |
| ISO 639-3 | pnb – inclusive codeIndividual codes: hnd – Southern Hindkohno – Northern Hindkojat – Inkuphr – Pahari-Pothwariskr – Saraikixhe – Khetrani |
| Glottolog | west2386 Western Panjabi |
 Western Punjabi (light brown) | |
 Punjabi dialects | |
Western Punjabi (Shahmukhi: پن٘جابی /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/;[3] Punjabi pronunciation: [pənˈdʒaːbːi]; sometimes spelled Western Panjabi) is a standard variant of Punjabi as spoken in and around Punjab, Pakistan. Linguistically, this language corresponds to Punjabi as spoken in Punjab, India. An important difference is that Shahmukhi is the official script for the language in Punjab, Pakistan while Gurmukhi is used in Punjab, India.
Demarcation
editSouthern Pakistan and northern India form a dialect continuum where numerous varieties of Sindhi, Punjabi and Hindustani gradually merge into one another.[4] Linguists have suggested multiple classifications in macrolanguages, language groups and dialects for this area.[5] In addition to linguistic insights, political and religious views can also play a role in making such distinctions.[6][7] This article takes a broad view of Punjabi. These includes the so-called Lahnda languages in Pakistan and therefore also fall under Western Punjabi, which then includes "Pakistani Punjabi".[1] In a limited sense, "Western Punjabi" is used to refer to a group of dialects within the Lahnda languages, but which fall outside the Punjabi language group itself, which then includes speakers in India and Pakistan.[8][9] The accompanying picture shows a possible division of Punjabi dialects as a whole.
The division of Punjab along religious lines in the creation of Pakistan and India has also been significant for the Punjabi language. The Sikhs on the Indian side traditionally wrote in Gurmukhi, while the Muslims preferred Shahmukhi, which ultimately derives from the Perso-Arabic script. The greater influences of Persian and Arabic on Western Punjabi leads to differences in phonology and vocabulary from Punjabi in India, which derives more from Sanskrit and English.[4][10]
Status
editAt the last census in Pakistan in 1998, 44% mentioned Punjabi and 11% Saraiki as their first language.[6] Thus, while Punjabi is the most widely spoken native language, the only official languages are Urdu and English. Everyone learns Urdu at school and that is also considered the language for social progress. Punjabi is only used informally. This has resulted in a form of diglossia in Pakistani Punjab: Speaking Punjabi is widespread only in the informal atmosphere where status is considered irrelevant, but is otherwise considered inappropriate in formal situations.[4][11]
While the number of Punjabi speakers in India is relatively, but also much smaller, the language does have official status there, both nationally and in some states. Relatively, many publications in and about Punjabi therefore relate to Punjabi in India. There are modest initiatives to strengthen the position of Western Punjabi. Since 2009, there has been a Wikipedia in Western Punjabi. This has been used by researchers to develop a glossary.[5][12]
References
edit- ^ a b "Punjabi, Western". Ethnologue. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
- ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh
- ^ a b c UCLA Language Materials Project, Punjabi. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ a b John, A. (2009). Two dialects one region : a sociolinguistic approach to dialects as identity markers doctoral thesis Ball State University, Muncie IN USA p. 23 following. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ a b Zaidi, A. (2010). "A postcolonial sociolinguistics of Punjabi in Pakistan" in: Journal of Postcolonial Cultures and Societies vol. 1 no. 3/4; ISSN (USA): 1948-1845 (print), 1948-1853 (electronic); p. 28 following. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Ouden, L. van den and E. van Knijff. Punjabi. Vormen en Dialecten Meertaligheidsstoornissenvu.wikispaces.com. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). "Western Panjabi". Glottolog 4.3.
- ^ Shackle, C. (18 February 2014). "Lahnda language" Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Karamat, N. Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi p. 179. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Rukh, S. (6 June 2014). "Diglossic Situation in Central Punjab: A Case of Urdu and Punjabi Language" in: Language in India vol. 14; ISSN 1930-2940. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
- ^ Humayoun, M. and Ranta A. (2010). "Developing Punjabi Morphology, Corpus and Lexicon" in: PACLIC; pp. 163-172. Retrieved 7 May 2015.