The following tables list the International phonetic Alphabet used for Gan Chinese (贛語).

Initial consonants
IPA[i] Pinyin[i] Examples[ii]
ɕ x [ɕjɛn˨˩˧ it꜊ ɕjɛn˨˩˧]
f f [fɨt˨ tʰɛw꜊ tjɛn˦˨ law˨˩˧] 頭顛腦
h h [h tɕiw˧˥]
k g [kaj˨˩˧ waj˦˨ kaw꜊ tsɿ꜊]
k [ho˨˦ u˨˩˧ laj˧˥]
l l [la˧˥ tɕʰjɛw˨˩˧]
m m [tsʰa˦˨ maw˧˥ tsʰaw˨˩˧]
ŋ ng [ŋjɛw˧˥ lɛt˥]
ɲ[iii] n [ɲit˥ tʰjɛn˦˨]
p b [pjɛn˧˥ ɕjɔŋ˧˥]
p [ta˨˩˧ u˨˦ tɕʰiw꜊]
s s [ɲit˥ sɔŋ˩]
t d [it˥ ŋaj˦˨ taw꜊] 一挨
j [tɕʰjaʔ˥ iw˧˥ fan˩]
tɕʰ q [tɕʰjaʔ˥ ka˧˥]
t [tjaʔ˥ ka꜊ aj˩ tsɿ꜊] 滴家
ts z [tsɔʔ˥ tʰjɛn˨˦ ko꜊] 田個
tsʰ c [tsʰɔʔ˨ tɕʰi˨˩˧]
Vowels
IPA[i] Pinyin[i] Examples[ii]
a a [ta˨˩˧ ma˨˩˧ ma tɕjɛn˦˨] 打馬馬
aj ai [ɲit˥ saj˧˥ ja˩ lu˩] 夜露
aw au [kaj˨˩˧ kaw˦˨]
e e [he˨˩˧ ɲit˥]
ɛw eu [tsʰɔʔ˨ taw꜊ ljɛw꜊] 着到
i i [tʰi˨˩˧ tʰɛw˨˦]
ja ia [tʰon˩ ja˩]
je ie [tɕʰje˨˩˧ kwj˦˨]
jɛu ieu [lɔʔ˥ jɛw˨˩˧ ɕjɛw˦˨ jɔŋ˧˥] 口消
ɨj i [fɨj˦˨ kwn˨˩˧]
ɨw eru [jaŋ˧˥ sɨw꜊] (得)贏
iw iu [tiw˦˨ kɔŋ˦˨ kʰjɛw˨˩˧] 江口
o o [ko˨˩˧ sɿ꜊ kʰjɛt˥] 時刻
ɵ er [ɵ˧˥ tɕin꜊]
ɹ̩[iii] ii [sɨw˨˩˧ ɲɨɛt˥ tsɿ꜊] 手捏
u u [tʰo˨˦ u˩]
uj ui [suj˧˥ mi꜊ tsɿ꜊ tsuj˨˩˧] 米子
wa ua [wa˩ pɨt꜊ tsɔŋ˦˨] (渠)不張
waj uai [kwaj˦˨ tsaj˨˩˧]
wo uo [ɕjaŋ˦˨ tsɿ꜊ kwo˧˥ uj˩] 星子
y yu [tɔʔ˥ y˨˩˧] 涿
ɥe yue [tɕɥe˦˨ tsɿ꜊]
Final consonants
IPA[i] Pinyin
[i]
Examples[ii]
FC Rhyme
m / m [m ma]
-n / n [n˨˩˧ wa˩ pɨt꜊ tsɔʔ˥] 話不着
an an [tsa˦˨ san˨˩˧]
ɛn en [sɔŋ˩ lɛn˩]
jɛn ien [tʰjɛn˦˨ fan˩]
ɨn ern [kʰaj˦˨ jɔŋ˧˥ fɨn˦˨] 開洋
in in [pin˦˨ laŋ˨˩˧ suʔ in˩] 冷肅
on on [pʰon˨˦ tɕin꜊ pʰon˨˦ tsʰɨt˥] 進盤出
un un [pʰuʔ˨ taw꜊ un˨˩˧] 匐到
wan uan [wan˧˥ fa˦˨ tʰɛw꜊] 花頭
won uon [ɕjɔʔ˥ suj˨˩˧ won tsɿ꜊] 削水
yn yun [ko˦˨ yn˩ tuj˧˥]
ɥon yuon [ɲit˥ ɥon˨˩˧ ja˩ pʰu˦˨] 夜鋪
-ŋ / ng [ŋ˧˥ tsʰaj꜊]
aŋ ang [wa˩ pɨt꜊ ts˧˥] 話不
jaŋ jang [tɕʰjaʔ˥ ljaŋ˧˥ suj꜊]
jɔŋ iong [fɔʔ˥ sɛn꜊ ɲjɔŋ˧˥ ɲjɔŋ꜊] 霍閃娘娘
juŋ iung [tʰo˨˦ ɕjuŋ˧˥]
ɔŋ ong [tɔŋ˦˨ tɕiw˧˥]
uŋ ung [mjɛn˨˦ m˩]
waŋ uang [waŋ˧˥ tsʰɨt꜊]
wɔŋ uong [tʰjɛn˦˨ kwɔŋ˦˨]
-t at at [kat˥ pan˨˩˧ tɕʰi˨˩˧] (受)板氣
ɛt et [laj˩ tɛt ho˨˦] (渠)何
jɛt iet [ŋaw˧˥ ljɛt꜊]
it it it˥ tʰɛw꜊]
ɨt ert [pɨt˥ kan˦˨ pɨt˥ kaj˧˥]
ot ot [mot˨ tɕɥ˦˨ li˨˦] 拘禮
ut ut [ŋa˦˨ pʰo꜊ ut˥ li꜊] 阿婆
wat uat [kwat˥ jɔŋ˧˥ fo˨˩˧] 洋火
wɛt uet [kwɛt˥ ɲy˨˩˧] 語(課)
wot uot [wot˨ fan꜊]
ɥot yuot ɥot˥ jɔŋ˧˥ ljɛw꜊] 烊了
ɥt yt [tɕɥt˥ tsɿ꜊]
-ʔ aʔ ah [sat˥ ˨]
jaʔ iah [tsʰa˦˨ tjaʔ˥ tsɿ꜊]
jɔʔ ioh [tɕjɔʔ˥ ku꜊ tsɿ꜊] 股子
juʔ iuh juʔ˥ tʰɛw˨˦ fat꜊] 頭髮
ɔʔ oh [tsʰɔʔ˨ sɛt˥]
uʔ uh [tɕʰi˨˩˧ ˥]
Tones
IPA
[i]
Numeric
contours
Tonal
categories

(sequence)
Examples[ii]
˦˨ 42 陰平 (◌1) [it˥ tsʰɨn˦˨ ka꜊ tsɿ꜊] 家子
˨˦ 24 陽平 (◌2) [he˨˩˧ tsʰɔŋ˨˦ tsuŋ˦˨]
˨˩˧ 213 上 (◌3) [tjet˥ ljɛn˨˩˧]
˧˥ 35 陰去 (◌4) [tɛw˧˥ fuŋ˨˩˧]
˩ 11 陽去 (◌5) [tɔŋ˩ kaj˦˨]
˥ 55 陰入 (◌6) [tsʰɨt˥ kuj˨˩˧]
˨ 22 陽入 (◌7) [jɛt˨ paŋ꜊]
0 輕 (◌0) [ta˨˩˧ saw˧˥ kʰa꜊] 打臊

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g The vowels, consonants and tones are based on 南昌方言词典 (1995).[1] The romanization is based on 南昌話拼音方案 (2011).[2]
  2. ^ a b c d Glosses are displayed over the dotted line. (Instructions: for desktop computers, hover your mouse cursor over it; for iOS mobile browsers, request desktop website on your toolbar and then click on the dotted line; for Android mobile browsers, it is unavailable). Vocabulary are drawn from 南昌方言词典 (1995)[1] and 南昌方言研究 (2007).[3]
  3. ^ a b In sinological phonetic notation, the IPA [ɹ̩] is represented as ⟨ɿ⟩, [ɻ̩] is represented as ⟨ʅ⟩, [ɲ] is represented as ⟨ɲ⟩.

References

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  1. ^ a b 熊正辉 (1995). 南昌方言词典. 江苏教育出版社.
  2. ^ 高莽夏木 (2011-11-22). "南昌話拼音方案". Archived from the original on 2023-10-21.
  3. ^ 张燕娣 (2007). 南昌方言研究. 文化艺术出版社.

See also

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