Wikipedia

Foreign relations of Syria

(Redirected from International organization membership of Syria)

Ensuring national security, increasing influence among its Arab neighbours and securing the return of the Golan Heights, have been the primary goals of the Syrian Arab Republic's foreign policy. At many points in its history, Syria has seen tension with its neighbours, such as Turkey, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon. Syria enjoyed an improvement in relations with several of the states in its region in the 21st century, prior to the Arab Spring and the Syrian civil war. Until 2018, due to the Syrian civil war, the Syrian Arab Republic's government was partially isolated from the countries in the region and the wider international community. Diplomatic relations are severed with several countries, including Turkey, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Germany, the United States, the UK, Belgium, Spain, Mexico, Qatar, Georgia, and Ukraine.[1] In 2011 and 2012, Syria was suspended from the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and Union for the Mediterranean. Syria is also a full member of the Arab League. Syria is a candidate state of the new Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).[2][3]

Syria continues to foster good relations with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia. Other countries that presently maintain good relations with Syria include China, North Korea, Vietnam,[4][5] Fiji, Singapore, Sri Lanka,[6] Laos,[7] Myanmar,[8] Cambodia,[9] Thailand,[10] Philippines,[11] India,[12][13][14] Pakistan,[15] Bangladesh,[16] Malaysia,[17] Indonesia[18] Brunei,[19] Armenia,[20] Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,[21] Kyrgyzstan,[22] Uzbekistan,[10] Turkmenistan,[10] Mongolia,[23] Tajikistan,[24] Greece, Cyprus, North Macedonia,[25] Czech Republic, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary,[26] Serbia, Montenegro,[27] Vatican City and Belarus.[28]

Syria does not maintain diplomatic relations with Israel and South Korea, but has diplomatic relations with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[29] Syria also maintains relations with autonomous Iraqi Kurdistan.[30]

On 26 February 2023, Bashar al-Assad met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati lawmakers, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon after more than a decade of isolation in the region. Arab states contributed significantly to the relief effort after the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[31] Syrian–Turkish normalization is also underway since 2022.

Diplomatic relations

edit

List of countries which Syria maintains diplomatic relations with:

 
# Country Date
1   United Kingdom 9 February 1942[32]
2   Saudi Arabia 26 June 1944[33]
3   Russia 21 July 1944[34]
—   United States (severed) 17 November 1944[35]
4   Egypt 1944[36]
5   Poland 18 September 1945[37]
6   Chile 22 October 1945[38]
7   Iraq 8 November 1945[39]
8   Brazil 13 November 1945[40][41]
9   Argentina 23 November 1945[42]
10    Switzerland 1945[43]
—   Turkey (suspended) 8 March 1946[44]
11   Belgium 20 March 1946[45]
12   Venezuela 14 June 1946[46]
13   France 18 June 1946[47]
14   Philippines 4 September 1946[48]
15   Czech Republic 20 September 1946[49]
16   Uruguay 11 October 1946[50]
17   Iran 12 November 1946[39]
18   Serbia 1946[51]
19   Greece 24 June 1947[39]
20   Sweden 24 June 1947[39]
21   Italy 27 September 1947[52]
22   Spain 3 April 1948[53][54]
23   Norway 11 August 1948[55]
24   Jordan 1948[56]
25   Indonesia 27 February 1950[57]
26   India May 1950[58]
27   Mexico 20 August 1950[59]
28   Denmark 1950[60]
29   Afghanistan 18 November 1951[61]
30   Netherlands 24 January 1952[62]
31   Austria 7 February 1952[62]
32   Germany 14 October 1952[63]
—   Holy See 21 February 1953[64]
33   Finland 22 May 1953[65]
34   Luxembourg 24 July 1953[66]
35   Japan December 1953[67]
36   Bulgaria 24 August 1954[68]
37   Hungary 13 October 1954[69]
38   Romania 9 August 1955[70]
39   Thailand 10 January 1956[71]
40   Morocco 2 June 1956[72]
41   Tunisia 2 June 1956[72]
42   China 1 August 1956[73]
43   Sudan 28 January 1957[74]
44   Malaysia 1958[75]
45   Cyprus 25 October 1960[76]
46   Algeria 27 August 1962[77]
47   Kuwait 24 October 1963[78]
48   Libya 1963[79]
49   Benin 29 November 1964[80]
50   Cameroon 29 November 1964[80]
51   Guinea 29 November 1964[80]
52   Mali 29 November 1964[80]
53   Sierra Leone 29 November 1964[80]
54   Somalia 13 December 1964[81]
55   Costa Rica 15 December 1964[82]
56   Senegal 21 January 1965[83]
—   Canada (suspended) 20 May 1965[84]
57   Yemen 23 May 1965[85]
58   Cuba 11 August 1965[86]
59   Nigeria 30 September 1965[87]
60   Mauritania 11 June 1966[88]
61   Vietnam 21 July 1966[89]
62   North Korea 25 July 1966[90]
63   Niger 13 September 1966[91]
64   Tanzania 13 September 1966[91]
65   Mongolia 31 July 1967[92]
66   Sri Lanka 10 May 1969[93]
67   Zambia 15 May 1969[94]
68   Chad 16 August 1969[95]
69     Nepal 26 February 1970[96]
70   Mauritius 22 May 1970[97]
71   Malta 1970[98]
72   Rwanda 10 February 1971[99]
73   Trinidad and Tobago 11 January 1972[100]
—   Qatar (suspended) 19 January 1972[101]
74   United Arab Emirates 19 January 1972[101]
75   Burundi April 1972[102]
76   Myanmar 15 June 1972[103]
77   Uganda 28 June 1972[104]
78   Guyana 19 June 1973[105]
79   Bangladesh 14 September 1973[106]
80   Bahrain 23 January 1975[107]
81   Portugal 19 February 1975[108]
82   Australia 12 May 1975[109]
83   Gabon 18 July 1975[110]
84   Ireland 18 July 1975[110]
85   Mozambique 5 August 1975[111]
86   Peru 16 August 1975[112]
87   Comoros 25 November 1975[113]
88   Panama 17 February 1976[114]
89   Suriname 19 May 1976[115]
90   Republic of the Congo 10 February 1977[116]
91   Djibouti June 1977[117]
92   Albania May 1978[118]
93   Grenada 23 January 1980[119]
94   Ethiopia 26 August 1980[120]
95   Maldives 1981[121]
96   Antigua and Barbuda 18 April 1983[122]
97   Oman 19 December 1987[123]
98   Colombia 24 May 1988[124]
—   State of Palestine 22 January 1992[125]
99   Armenia 6 March 1992[126]
100   Uzbekistan 24 March 1992[127]
101   Turkmenistan 26 March 1992[128]
102   Kazakhstan 27 March 1992[129]
103   Azerbaijan 28 March 1992[130]
104   Tajikistan 29 March 1992[131]
—   Ukraine (terminated) 31 March 1992[132]
105   Slovakia 1 January 1993[133]
—   Georgia (terminated) 18 May 1993[134]
106   Estonia 19 May 1993[135]
107   Moldova 20 May 1993[136]
108   Latvia 25 May 1993[137]
109   Lithuania 25 May 1993[138]
110   Kyrgyzstan 28 May 1993[139]
111   Belarus 26 August 1993[140]
112   Eritrea 22 April 1994[141]
113   South Africa 1 June 1994[142]
114   Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 December 1994[143]
115   Slovenia 25 August 1997[144]
116   Croatia 29 August 1997[145]
117   Angola 10 February 1999[146]
118   Nicaragua 14 February 1999[147]
119   Belize 28 August 2001[146]
120   Iceland 6 May 2004[146]
121   Paraguay 13 December 2004[146]
122   Laos 22 December 2004[146]
123   New Zealand 5 December 2006[148]
124   Kenya 23 April 2007[149]
125   Dominican Republic 28 September 2007[150]
126   Singapore 28 May 2008[146]
127   Lebanon 15 October 2008[151]
128   Montenegro 30 October 2008[146]
129   North Macedonia 23 September 2010[152]
130   Cambodia 15 October 2010[146]
131   Fiji 23 December 2010[146]
—   Abkhazia 29 May 2018[153]
—   South Ossetia 22 July 2018[154][155][156]
  Dominica (suspended)[157] 7 March 2022[146]
132   Bolivia 4 September 2023[158]
133   Brunei Unknown
134   Ecuador Unknown
135   Ghana Unknown
136   Pakistan Unknown

Bilateral relations

edit

Africa

edit
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Algeria 27 August 1962 See Algeria–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1962.[77]
  • Syria has an embassy in Algiers.
  • Algeria has an embassy in Damascus.[159]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Angola 10 February 1999
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1999.[160]
  • In 2021, Faisal Mekdad, Foreign and Expatriates Minister, met with Minister of Foreign Affairs of Angola, Tete António, within the framework of the High-Level Meeting to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the First Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.[161]
  Benin 29 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[162]
  Burundi April 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations in April 1972.[102]
  Cameroon 29 November 1964
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[162]
  • In 2017, President Bashar al-Assad received on Thursday a cable of congratulation from President of Cameroon Paul Biya on occasion of Syria's Independence Day.[163]
  Chad 16 August 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1969.[95]
  Comoros 25 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1975.[113]
  Republic of Congo 10 February 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1977.[116]
  Djibouti June 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations in June 1977.[117]
  Egypt 1944 See Egypt–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1944 when Rafik Asha was accredited as Chargé d'Affaires of Syrian Legation (Embassy) in Cairo.[36]
  • Syria has an embassy in Cairo.
  • Egypt has an embassy in Damascus.[164]
  • In June 2013 Egypt's president Mohammed Morsi announced he would cut all relations with the Syrian government.[165] Under Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, however, Egypt has taken a more supportive stance towards Syria's government. In 2017, for example, Egypt called for Syria's re-admittance to the Arab League.[166]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Eritrea 22 April 1994

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1994.[141]

  Ethiopia 26 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1980.[120]
  Gabon 18 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975.[110]
  Guinea 29 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[162]
  Kenya 23 April 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 April 2007.[149]
  Libya 1963 See Libya–Syria relations
  Mali 29 November 1964
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[162][174]
  Mauritania 11 June 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1966.[88]
  • Syria has an embassy in Nouakchott.[175]
  • Mauritania has an embassy in Damascus.[176]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Mauritius 22 May 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1970.[97]
  Morocco 2 June 1956 See Morocco–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 June 1956.[72]
  • Syria is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Algiers.[167]
  • Morocco has an embassy in Damascus.[177]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Mozambique 5 August 1975
  Niger 13 September 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1966.[91]
  Nigeria 30 September 1965
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1965.[87]
  • Syria has an embassy in Abuja and honorary consulate in Lagos.[179]
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Damascus.[180]
  • In 2022, Nigeria called for lifting all sanctions imposed on Syria.[181]
  SADR 15 April 1980 (recognition) See See Western Sahara–Syria relations
  • Syria officially recognized SADR on 15 April 1980, but does not maintain diplomatic relations with it.[182]
  • SADR has General Delegation in Damascus.
  Senegal 21 January 1965
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1965.[83]
  • Syria has an embassy in Dakar.[183][184]
  • Senegal is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.[185]
  Sierra Leone 29 November 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 November 1964.[162]
  Somalia 13 December 1964

See Somalia–Syria relations

  South Africa 1 June 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1994.[188]
  • Syria has an embassy in Pretoria.[189]
  • South Africa has an embassy in Damascus.[190]
  • Both countries share close political and economic relations.[191][192]
  Sudan 28 January 1957 See Sudan–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 January 1957, when Ambassador of Syria to Sudan (resident in Cairo) Mr. Abdel Rahman El Azm was accredited.[74]
  • Syria has an embassy in Khartoum.[193]
  • Sudan has an embassy in Damascus.[194]
  • On 16 December 2018, Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir, became the first Arab League member to visit Syria since the eruption of Syrian civil war in 2011.[195]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Tanzania 13 September 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 September 1966.[91]
  • Syria has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam.[196]
  • Tanzania is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.
  • In 2013, Tanzania supported Syrian government in the civil war.[197]
  Tunisia 2 June 1956 See Syria–Tunisia relations
  • Both countries establishged diplomatic relations on 2 June 1956.[72]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tunis.[167]
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Damascus.[198]
  • Tunisia ceased to recognise the government of Syria on 4 February 2012. During his tenure, Hamadi Jebali, the Prime Minister, called on fellow Arab states to follow its lead: "We have to expel the Syrian ambassadors from Arab countries."[199]
  • In 2019, France24 speculated that new president Kais Saied could renew his country's diplomatic relations with Syria.[200]
  • Following the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, President Saied decided to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria to the ambassador level.[201]
  • In April 2023, Syria officially re-established diplomatic relations with Tunisia.[202]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Uganda 28 June 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1972.[104]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Kampala.[203]
  Zambia 15 May 1969
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 May 1969.[94]
  Zimbabwe
  • Syria is accredited to Zimbabwe from its embassy in Pretoria.
  • On 1 June 2014, chairperson of the Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Foreign Affairs Cde Enock Porusingazi said that Zimbabwe stood in solidarity with Syria and its people, supporting their government.[204]

Americas

edit

Syria has diplomatic relations with most Central and South American countries such as Antigua and Barbuda,[205] Argentina,[206] Bolivia,[207] Brazil,[208] Chile,[209] Cuba,[210][211] Ecuador,[212] El Salvador,[213] Grenada,[214] Guatemala,[215] Guyana,[216] Nicaragua,[217] Panama,[218] Paraguay,[219] Peru,[220] Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia,[221] Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Suriname,[205] Uruguay[222] and Venezuela.[223]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Antigua and Barbuda 18 April 1983
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 April 1983.[224]
  • In 2021, Antigua along with other ALBA members, expressed support for Syria in the war.[205]
  Argentina 23 November 1945 See Argentina–Syria relations
  Belize 28 August 2001
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 2001.[229]
  • Syria is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Havana.
  Bolivia 14 January 2010
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 January 2010.[230]
  • Syria is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Santiago.
  • In 2019, Dr. Bouthaina Shaaban, the presidential advisor, held a meeting with Bolivian Minister of Foreign Affairs Diego Pary Rodríguez. The two sides stressed the importance of friendly relations between Syria and Bolivia and mutual cooperation.[207]
  Brazil 13 November 1945 See Brazil–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 1945.[40][41]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Damascus.[231][232]
  • Syria has an embassy in Brasília.[233]
  • In 2010, President Bashar al-Assad visited Brazil and held meeting with Lula da Silva on closer political and economic ties.[234]
  Canada 20 May 1965 See Canada–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1965.[235]
  • The Canadian Embassy closed on 5 March 2012.[236]
  • The Syrian Embassy in Ottawa was closed on 29 May 2012.[237]
  • Syrian consulate in Montreal was closed in 2016.[238]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Vancouver.
  • Since the beginning of the Syrian War, over 40,000 Syrian refugees have re-settled in Canada.[239]
  Chile 22 October 1945 See Chile–Syria relations
  Colombia 24 May 1988
  Costa Rica 15 December 1964
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1964.[82]
  Cuba 11 August 1965[86] See Cuba–Syria relations
  • Syria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Damascus.[243]
  • Both countries have close political, economic and military relations.[244]
  • In 2010, President Bashar al-Assad met with Cuban leader Raul Castro as part of his visit in Cuba.[227]
  Dominican Republic 2 October 2007
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 2007.[150]
  • Syria is accredited to Dominican Republic from its embassy in Caracas.
  Ecuador
  • Relations were strong under President Rafael Correa. Relations deteriorated after Correa was ousted in 2017.[212]
  Grenada 23 January 1980
  Guyana 19 June 1973
  Mexico 20 August 1950 See Mexico–Syria relations
  • Mexico and Syria established diplomatic relations on 21 August 1950.[247]
  • Syria does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo.[248]
  • In 2014, Mexico closed its honorary consulate in Damascus.[249]
  Nicaragua 14 February 1999 See Nicaragua–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 February 1999.[147]
  • Syria is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Havana.
  • Nicaragua is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Tehran.
  • Both nations share close political relations.[217]
  Paraguay 13 December 2004
  Peru 16 August 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 August 1975.[112]
  • Syria is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago.
  • In 2023, the Syrian Foreign Ministry has expressed solidarity and condolences to the relatives of the victims of an Guayas earthquake that shook a coastal region of northern Peru.[255]
  Suriname 18 October 1976
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1976.[256]
  • In 2021, Suriname along with other ALBA members, expressed support for Syria in the civil war.[205]
  Trinidad and Tobago 11 January 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1972 when was accredited first Ambassador of Syrian Arab Republic (resident in Caracas) Mr. Bachir El Kotb.[100]
  • Syria has an honorary consulate in Arima.[257]
  United States 17 November 1944
(relations suspended 2012)		 See Syria–United States relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1944.[258]
  • While relations between the two states have long since been tense, the two have maintained diplomatic exchanges. However, relations took an ominous turn in October 2008 with a cross-border raid during the Iraq War to ostensibly fend off the rise of allegedly foreign militants into the Iraq fighting for the Iraqi resistance.
  • In December 2012, US president Barack Obama announced the US would formally recognise the Syrian Opposition Coalition, rather than the Damascus government, as the legitimate representative of the Syrian people. As of 2023, the embassy of the United States is suspended due to the Syrian civil war.[259] In May 2014, the US announced it recognised the opposition Syrian National Coalition's US offices as an official "foreign mission".[260]
  • On 21 August 2013, the United States has threatened to strike key Syrian chemical and biological weapons installations in response to a chemical attack that was allegedly carried out by forces loyal to Assad on the rebel stronghold of Ghouta within the capital Damascus. Assad had denied any involvement, however President Obama claims to have intelligence proving otherwise. No proof has been given to the public other than reports from key United States senators and representatives. As of 4 September 2013, the Committee on Foreign Relations approved an attack with a 10–7 vote.
  • President Trump on 6 April 2017, ordered the first U.S. airstrike on the Syrian air force since the country's civil war began in 2011. US Navy warships USS Porter and USS Ross in the Mediterranean Sea launched dozens of Tomahawk missiles at Syria's Shayrat air base. The strikes were in reaction to what Washington says was a sarin poison gas attack by the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad that killed at least 70 people in the Idlib region of Syria. U.S. officials informed Russian forces ahead of the missile strikes, which Russian military were in Syria actively supporting and assisting al-Assad during Syria's civil war, and US air strikes avoided hitting Russian personnel. Trump, who authorized the launch of 59 Tomahawk missiles from Navy warships in the Mediterranean Sea on an air base near Homs were in direct response to Bashar al-Assad's alleged use of chemical weapons in the town of Khan Shaykhun on 4 April 2017. Following airstrikes were conducted on 8 April 2017, on the Syrian city that was the site of chemical weapons attack earlier.
  • On 7 October 2019, the President of the United States ordered the withdrawal of US military troops stationed on the Syrian-Turkey border. This withdrawal of military support was ordered by the President with disapproval of the Pentagon and the US Intelligence community. The US president ordered the withdrawal of military troops under the premise that Turkey would not invade the region being held by Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF); however Turkey attacked the SDF within 24 hours of US military withdrawal from the region.[261]
  Uruguay 11 October 1946
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1946.[50]
  • Syria is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires.[262]
  • In 2019, Dr. Faisal Mekdad received a senior military delegation headed by Armed Forces of Uruguay Army Chief of Staff, Major General Marcelo Montaner. Both talked about preparations held by Uruguay to dispatch a military unit within the frame of the UNDOF in Golan.[222]
  Venezuela 14 June 1946 See Syria–Venezuela relations

Asia and Oceania

edit

Syria's relations with the Arab world were strained by its support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq War, which began in 1980. With the end of the war in August 1988, Syria began a slow process of reintegration with the other Arab states. In 1989, it joined with the rest of the Arab world in readmitting Egypt to the 19th Arab League Summit at Casablanca.

This decision, prompted in part by Syria's need for Arab League support of its own position in Lebanon, marked the end of the Syrian-led opposition to Egypt and the 1977–79 Sadat initiatives toward Israel, as well as the Camp David Accords. It coincided with the end of the 10-year Arab subsidy to Syria and other front-line Arab countries pledged at Baghdad in 1978. Syria re-established full diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1989. In the 1990–1991 Gulf War, Syria joined other Arab states in the US-led multinational coalition against Iraq. In 1998, Syria began a slow rapprochement with Iraq, driven primarily by economic needs. In this period, Syria continued to play an active pan-Arab role, which intensified as the Israel-Palestine peace process collapsed in September 2000 with the start of the second Palestinian uprising (Intifada) against Israel. Though it voted in favor of UNSCR 1441 in 2002, Syria was against coalition military action in Iraq in 2003. However, the Syrian government accepted UNSCR 1483 (after being absent for the actual vote), which lifted sanctions on Iraq and established a framework to assist the Iraqi people in determining their political future and rebuilding their economy.

After start of the war in 2011, much of the Middle East condemned Syria's handling of the civil uprising, with only a few countries in the Middle East supporting Syria, most notably Iran, Iraq and Lebanon.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Abkhazia 4 September 2018 See Abkhazia–Syria relations
  • Syria has an embassy in Sukhumi.
  • Abkhazia has an embassy in Damascus.
  Afghanistan 18 November 1951
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 1951 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Afghanistan to Syria (Resident in Bagdad) Mr. Mir Amanullah Rahimi.[61]
  • Taliban and Syrian officials met for the first time to discuss cooperation in 2023.[264]
  Armenia 6 March 1992 See Armenia–Syria relations
  Australia 12 May 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1975 when first Australian ambassador to Syria Mr. P. N. Hutton presented credentials to President Hafez al-Assad.[109]
  • Syria has an honorary consulates in Sydney[269] and Melbourne.[270]
  • Australia is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Beirut.
  • An Australian embassy was opened in Damascus in 1977. Syria opened an embassy in Canberra in the early 2000s.
  • Until the start of the current Syrian civil war in 2011, the two countries enjoyed good relations.
  • Since 2011, Australia has imposed autonomous sanctions on Syria.[271]
  • Syrian embassy in Canberra was closed in 2012.[272]
  Azerbaijan 28 March 1992 See Azerbaijan-Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1992.[130]
  • Syria is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
  Bahrain 23 January 1975 See Bahrain–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 1975.[273]
  • Syria has an embassy in Manama.
  • Bahrain reopened its embassy in Damascus in December 2018.[274]
  • On 19 June 2022, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad received the credentials of Ambassador Waheed Mubarak Sayyar in an official ceremony attended by Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad.[275]
  • In 2024, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad met with Bahrain's Foreign Minister Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani in Damascus.[276] It was the first visit by a Bahraini foreign minister to Syria in 13 years.
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Bangladesh 14 September 1973 See Bangladesh–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1973.[106]
  • Syria is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi.
  • Bangladesh is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Cairo and is represented through an honorary consulate in Damascus.
  Cambodia 15 October 2010
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 2010.[277]
  • Syria is accredited to Cambodia from its embassy in Beijing.
  China 1 August 1956 See China–Syria relations
  • China recognized Syria's independence in 1946.
  • Diplomatic relations between both countries were established on 1 August 1956.[73]
  • Syria has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in Damascus
  • Both countries are close allies and strategic partners.

See Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Syria

  Georgia 18 May 1993
Relations severed on 6 May 2018[278]
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1993.[134]
  • Georgia terminated diplomatic relations with Syria due to the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Damascus.[279]
  India May 1950 See India-Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in May 1950.[58]
  • Syria has an embassy in Delhi.
  • India has an embassy in Damascus.
  • India and Syria have historical and cultural links dating back to silk route trade. The countries maintained relatively cordial relations during the Syrian Civil War.[280]
  Indonesia 1949 See Indonesia–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1949.[281]
  • Syria has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both nations are the member of Non-Aligned Movement.
  Iran 12 November 1946 See Iran–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 November 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Iran to Syria with residence in Beirut Mr. Zein-el-Abdine Rahnema.[39]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Syria and Iran are strategic allies. Syria is often called Iran's "closest ally",[282] the Arab nationalism ideology of Syria's ruling Baath party notwithstanding.
  • During the Iran–Iraq War, Syria sided with non-Arab Iran against its enemy Iraq and was isolated by Saudi Arabia and some of the Arab countries, with the exceptions of Libya, Lebanon, Algeria, Sudan and Oman.[283]
  • Iran and Syria have had a strategic alliance ever since, partially due to their common animosity towards Saddam Hussein and coordination against the United States and Israel.
  • Syria and Iran cooperate on arms smuggling from Iran to the Hezbollah in Lebanon, which borders Israel.[284]
  • In addition to receiving military hardware, Iran has consistently invested billions of dollars into the Syrian economy.[285][286]
  • Currently, Iran is involved in implementing several industrial projects in Syria, including cement factories, car assembly lines, power plants, and silo construction. Iran also plans to set up a joint Iranian–Syrian bank in the future.
  Iraq 8 November 1945 See Iraq–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 November 1945 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Iraq to Syria Mr. Ibrahim Fadli.[39]
  • Syria has an embassy in Baghdad and Consulate-General in Mosul.
  • Iraq has an embassy in Damascus.
  • The political states of Iraq and Syria were formed by the United Kingdom and France following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I.
  • Iraq and Syria are united by historical, social, political, cultural and economic relations, but share a long foreign drawn border. The land known as Mesopotamia is Iraq and eastern Syria and is called such by its inhabitants.
  • Political relations between Iraq and Syria have in the past seen difficulties, however, new diplomatic relations described by both sides as "Historic" were established in November 2006, beginning an era of close cooperation and political friendship between Iraq and Syria.[287]
  • During the early phase of the Syrian civil war, Iraq was also one of the few remaining Arab countries which support the Syrian government, and has abstained from voting to expel Syria from the Arab league.[288]
  • Both countries have closely cooperated with each other against ISIL, with Iraq and Syria being a part of the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition.[289][290][291]
  Israel See Israel–Syria relations
  • Syria has been an active belligerent, with periodic ceasefires and use of proxies, against Israel ever since May 1948, when the Syrian army captured territory from the newly established State of Israel north and south of the Sea of Galilee.
  • Syria was an active belligerent in the 1967 Arab–Israeli War, which resulted in Israel's occupation of the Golan Heights and the city of Quneitra. On 19 June, a week after the war ended, Israel offered to return the Golan if Syrian would agree to a full Peace Treaty. However, Syria refused. From 1967 to 1973 there were sporadic bouts of fighting along the new border.
  • Following the October 1973 Arab–Israeli War, which left Israel in occupation of additional Syrian territory, Syria accepted UN Security Council Resolution 338, which signaled an implicit acceptance of Resolution 242.
  • Syria participated in the Middle East Peace Conference in Madrid in October 1991.
  • In 2004 and 2005 Israel and Syria engaged in private talks discussing an outline peace accord. These were successful at a technical level, but failed to gain adequate political support.[292]
  • Hostility between Syria and Israel further increased following Israel's execution of Operation Orchard on 6 September 2007. Israel bombed a northern Syrian complex near Dayr az-Zawr which was suspected of holding nuclear materials from North Korea.[293]
  • In 2008 Syrian President Bashar al-Assad confirmed that talks with Israel have resumed through a third party.[294]
  • Buthaina Shaaban has also confirmed that Israel is ready to give up the Golan Heights.[295]
  • In October 2019, Israel was one of the countries that condemned the Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, but also because of deterioration of Israel–Turkey relations.
  Japan December 1953 See Japan–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1953.[67]
  • Syria has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Damascus.[296]
  • Japan introduced sanctions against Syria in September 2011.[297]
  Jordan 1948 See Jordan–Syria relations
  Kazakhstan 27 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 March 1992.[303]
  • Kazakhstan has an consulate-general in Damascus.[304]
  • Kazakhstan donated funds to help Syrian refugees fleeing the country. In 2012, about $400,000 were allocated by the country through the OIC.
  • Kazakhstan sent its next humanitarian aid to Syria in January 2017. The 500 tonnes of supply of food and medications were delivered to Tartus Port on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.[305]
  Kuwait 24 October 1963 See Kuwait–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1963[78]
  • Syria has an embassy in Kuwait City.
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Kuwait–Syria relations became somewhat strained due to the Syrian civil war after Kuwait closed its embassies along with the rest of the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.
  • Bilaterial relations have since come to focus on humanitarian efforts for Syria instead. For example, Kuwait has hosted three international pledging conferences in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 raising 1.5bn,[306] 2.4bn,[307] 3.8bn,[308] and 10bn[309] respectively.
  • Relations between the two countries have since 2019 normalized.
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Kyrgyzstan 28 May 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 May 1993.[310]

  Laos 22 December 2004 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 2004[311]
  Lebanon 15 October 2008[151] See Lebanon-Syria relations

Syria plays an important role in Lebanon by virtue of its history, size, power, and economy. Lebanon was part of Ottoman Syria until 1926. The presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon dates to 1976, when President Hafez Al-Assad intervened in the Lebanese civil war on behalf of Maronite Christians. Following the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, Syrian and Israeli forces clashed in eastern Lebanon. The late U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib negotiated a cease-fire in Lebanon and the subsequent evacuation of PLO fighters from West Beirut. However, Syrian opposition blocked implementation of the 17 May 1983 Lebanese-Israeli accord on the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon. Following the February 1984 withdrawal of the UN Multinational Force from Beirut and the departure of most of Israel's forces from southern Lebanon a year later, Syria launched an unsuccessful initiative to reconcile warring Lebanese factions and establish a permanent cease-fire. Syria actively participated in the March–September 1989 fighting between the Christian Lebanese Forces and Muslim forces allied with Syria. In 1989, Syria endorsed the Charter of National Reconciliation, or "Taif Accord", a comprehensive plan for ending the Lebanese conflict negotiated under the auspices of Saudi Arabia, Algeria, and Morocco.

At the request of Lebanese President Hrawi, the Syrian military took joint action with the Lebanese Armed Forces on 13 October 1990, to oust rebel Gen. Michel Aoun who had defied efforts at reconciliation with the legitimate Government of Lebanon. The process of disarming and disbanding the many Lebanese militias began in earnest in early 1991. In May 1991, Lebanon and Syria signed the treaty of brotherhood, cooperation, and coordination called for in the Taif Accord, which is intended to provide the basis for many aspects of Syrian-Lebanese relations. The treaty provides the most explicit recognition to date by the Syrian Government of Lebanon's independence and sovereignty.

According to the U.S. interpretation of the Taif Accord, Syria and Lebanon were to have decided on the redeployment of Syrian forces from Beirut and other coastal areas of Lebanon by September 1992. Israeli occupation of Lebanon until May 2000, the breakdown of peace negotiations between Syria and Israel that same year, and intensifying Arab/Israeli tensions since the start of the second Palestinian uprising in September 2000 have helped delay full implementation of the Taif Accords. The UN declared that Israel's withdrawal from southern Lebanon fulfilled the requirements of UN Security Council Resolution 425. However, Syria and Lebanon claimed that UNSCR 425 had not been fully implemented because Israel did not withdraw from an area of the Golan Heights called Shebaa Farms, which had been occupied by Israel in 1967, and which Syria now claimed was part of Lebanon. The United Nations does not recognize this claim. However, Lebanese resistance groups such as Hezbollah use it to justify attacks against Israeli forces in that region, creating a potentially dangerous flashpoint along the Lebanon-Israeli border.

In 2005, Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon after the assassination of Lebanese Sunni Prime Minister Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005. In December 2008, The Syrian Embassy was opened in Beirut for the first time in history since both countries gained their Independence during the 1940s. In March 2009, Lebanon followed and opened its embassy in Damascus. On 19 December 2009, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Al-Hariri visited Syria, and stayed in Damascus for three days meeting with President Bashar Al-Assad & breaking the ice between the two sides.[312]

  Malaysia 1958 See Malaysia–Syria relations
  Mongolia 31 July 1967

Bilateral relations between Mongolia and Syria (in Mongolian)

  Myanmar 15 June 1972
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1972.[317]
  New Zealand 5 December 2006
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 December 2006.[148]
  North Korea 25 July 1966 See North Korea–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1966.[318]
  • Syria has an embassy in Pyongyang.[319]
  • North Korea has an embassy in Damascus.[320]
  • North Korea is one of Syria's closest allies.[320]
  • In September 2015, the Syrian government paid tribute to Kim Il Sung in a ceremony for a new park in Damascus named in his honor.[321]
  Oman 19 December 1987 See Oman–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1987.[123]
  • Syria has an embassy in Muscat.
  • Oman has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Since the start of the war, Syria and Oman have been strategic allies.[322]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Pakistan 1948 See Pakistan–Syria relations
  • Syria has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries were on the silk route through which civilizational exchanges took place for centuries, Islamic missionaries that introduced Islam after 711 AD were from Syria. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973 (usually referred to as the Ramadan war in Pakistan) several Pakistani pilots assisted the Syrian air force.[323] In 2005 Syria and Pakistan agreed on mutual cooperation in the fields of science and technology. Pakistan also supports the Syrian Government since the beginning of Syrian civil war.[324]
  Palestine 22 January 1992 See Palestine–Syria relations
  • Syria officially recognized Palestinian statehood on 18 July 2011.[325]
  • Syria is accredited to Palestine from its embassy in Amman.
  • Palestine has an embassy in Damascus.
  Philippines 4 September 1946
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 1946.[48][326]
  • Syria has an consulate in Manila.
  • Syria is accredited to Philippines from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur.[313]
  • The Philippines has an embassy in Damascus.
  Qatar 19 January 1972 See Qatar–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1972.[101]
  • Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad sided with Saudi Arabia against Qatari Emir Hamad bin Khalifa when he deposed his father. Later on, Bashar al-Assad visited Doha in 2003, which initiated a new chapter of economic, trading and investment relations.
  • In 2007–8, several Qatari-funded banks were established in Syria.[327]
  • During the conflict in Syria, Qatar vocally and materially supported different rebels with arms and funds against the government. Qatar has been the biggest sponsor of Syrian opposition forces during the civil war.[328][329]
  • In January 2019, Qatar said it would not normalise relations with Syria, which it wanted to remain excluded from the Arab League.[330] However, in March 2019, an athletic agreement was signed between the two countries and some low-level diplomatic contact resumed.
  • In April 2019, Qatar Airways was granted a license to fly over Syrian airspace and a Syrian ban on Qatar's Al-Jazeera station was lifted.[331]
  • In 2021, Qatar worked with Russia and Turkey to create a political solution to the conflict.[332]
  • Both countries are members of Arab League.
  Saudi Arabia 26 June 1944 See Saudi Arabia–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1944 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Saudi Arabia to Syria Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Zeid.[33]
  • Syria has an embassy in Riyadh.[333]
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Following the Syrian civil war, the relations between the two countries have greatly deteriorated (until 2018).[334]
  • Between 2018 and 2023, both countries made a gradual reaprochement.[335]
  • Both countries are members of the Arab League.
  South Korea
  • Syria has not established diplomatic relations with South Korea.[336]
  South Ossetia 22 July 2018
  • Syria has recognized South Ossetia and maintains diplomatic relations with Tskhinvali.[279]
  Sri Lanka 10 May 1969
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1969.[337]
  • Syria is accredited to Sri Lanka from its embassy in New Delhi.
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Beirut, but it has an honorary consulate in Damascus.[315]
  • Syrian President Hafez al-Assad visited Colombo, Sri Lanka in 1976.
  Tajikistan 29 March 1992

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 1992.[338]

  Thailand 10 January 1956
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1956.[71]
  Turkey 8 March 1946
(relations suspended 2011)		 See Syria–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 1946.[44] Diplomatic relations suspended since 2011. Syrian–Turkish relations have long been strained even though Turkey shares its longest common border with Syria and various other geographic, cultural, and historical links tie the two neighboring states together.

This friction has been due to disputes including the self annexation of the Hatay Province to Turkey in 1939, water disputes resulting from the Southeastern Anatolia Project, and Syria's support for the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA), but relations have improved greatly since October 1998; when PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan was expelled by Syrian authorities.

Syria had embassy in Ankara[339] and two consulates–general in Istanbul[340] and Gaziantep.[341]

Both countries have been full members of the Union for the Mediterranean and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), although Syria's membership in the former was suspended in 2011[342][343][344] as well as from the latter in 2012.[345]

Because of the Syrian civil war relations between Syria and Turkey have become increasingly tense. Turkey closed its embassy in Damascus on 26 March 2012,[346] as well as its consulate–general in Aleppo.[citation needed] In April 2012 it hosted the second meeting of the Friends of Syria, the Arab-Western coalition in support of the Syrian opposition.[346]

Turkey has been taking in refugees from Syria, although abuse and injustice towards the Syrian refugees has been reported. Relations have further been degraded due to a serious incident that occurred with the Syrian downing of a Turkish military training flight in June 2012. Relations worsened further in May 2013 following a border incident involving two car bombs exploding in the town of Reyhanlı, Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 43 people were killed and 140 more were injured in the attack. The car bombs were left outside Reyhanlı's town hall and post office. The first exploded at around 13:45 local time (10:45 GMT)[40] and the second exploded about 15 minutes later.

The issue that cemented the crack in the relations was Turkey's reported dealings with the Islamic State (an enemy of the Syrian government) in oil and weapons by various sources. A video surfacing of the Islamic State being unopposed by Turkish security as they traveled across the border between Syria, questions more of Turkey's alleged role of simply fighting terrorism.[citation needed]

Turkish Military troops attacked the Kurdish backed Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) on 8 October 2019, after the acting US President Donald Trump recalled US military troops from Syria the previous day. The US action to move troops out of the region was done so solely by the US president with stern disapproval by US military intelligence departments.

  Turkmenistan 26 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1992.[347]
  • Syria is accredited to Turkmenistan from its embassy in Tehran.
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Damascus.
  United Arab Emirates 19 January 1972 See Syria–UAE relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 January 1972.[348]
  • Syria has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries are members of the Arab League.
  • In 2016, the Emirates was planning to normalize its relations with Syria, but was barred by the US.[349]
  • UAE re-opened its Damascus embassy in December 2018.[330]
  • In November 2021, the UAE Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan travelled to Damascus to meet Bashar al-Assad. He was the first Emirati official to visit Syria, since the war. The US strongly opposed efforts to normalize ties with Syria.
  • On 18 March 2022, Assad travelled to the UAE to meet Emirati leaders, including Abu Dhabi's Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan and Dubai's Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum. It was Assad's first visit to an Arab nation since 2011.[350] On 19 March 2023, Assad visited the UAE again, with his wife Asma al Assad.[351]
  Uzbekistan 24 March 1992
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 March 1992.[352]
  Vietnam 21 July 1966
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 July 1966.[353]
  Yemen 23 May 1965 See Syria–Yemen relations

Europe

edit
Main article: Syria–European Union relations

Czech Republic was the only European nation which never closed its embassy in Damascus throughout the Syrian civil war.[355] Greece and Cyprus re-established diplomatic relations with Syria and opened their embassies in 2021, making them the first EU countries to do so.[356] Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania appointed a chargé d'affaires to their diplomatic missions in the country.[355][357] In July 2024, Italy decided to re-establish relations with Syria, appoint its special envoy and chargé d'affaires to the country and reopen its embassy in Damascus.[358]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
  Austria 7 February 1952 See Austria–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1952.[62]
  • Syria has an embassy in Vienna.[359]
  • Until March 2012, Austria had an embassy in Damascus.[360]
  Belarus 26 August 1993 See Belarus–Syria relations
  • The diplomatic relations between Belarus and Syria started on 26 August 1993.[361]
  • Syria has an embassy in Minsk.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Damascus.
  Belgium 20 March 1946 See Belgium–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1946 when has been appointed M.R. Taymans as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence in Beirut.[45]
  • Syria has an embassy in Brussels.[362]
  • Embassy of Belgium in Damascus was closed on 29 March 2012.[363]
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 December 1994
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 December 1994.[364]
  • Syria is accredited to Bosnia from its embassy in Belgrade.
  Bulgaria 24 August 1954 See Bulgaria–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1954.[365]
  • Since May 1955, Bulgaria has embassy in Damascus and an honorary consulate in Aleppo.[366]
  • Syria has an embassy in Sofia.[367]
  Croatia 29 August 1997 See Croatia–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 August 1997.[368]
  • Croatia is represented in Syria through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus.
  • Syria is represented in Croatia through its embassy in Budapest and its honorary consulate in Zagreb.
  • Diplomatic relations were terminated in 2012.[369]
  Cyprus 1 February 1962

See Cyprus–Syria relations

  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1962 when Cyprus has agreed to the appointment of Thabit al-Aris, as Syrian Ambassador to Cyprus.[370]
  • Syria has an embassy in Nicosia.
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Both countries re-established relations in 2021.[355]
  • Syrian president Bashar al-Assad became the first Syrian head of state to visit Cyprus in November 2010, resulting in the signing of five agreements between the two countries and pledges to work closer together on issues of common interest.
  • Christofias awarded al-Assad the Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III, while the Syrian leader presented Christofias with the National Order of Ummayya with the Grand Sash.
  • Cyprus Foreign Affairs: List of bilateral treaties with Syria
  Czech Republic 20 September 1946
  Denmark 6 July 1953
(relations suspended 2012)		 See Denmark–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 July 1953 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and plenipotentiary of Syria to Denmark with residence in Stockholm Jamal E. D. Farra.[372]
  • Denmark was represented in Syria through its embassy in Damascus until 2012, when relations between the two countries were severed.[373]
  • Following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and subsequent attack on the Danish embassy in 2006, relations between the two countries were greatly strained.
  Estonia 19 May 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 May 1993.[374]
  Finland 22 May 1953
  France 18 June 1946 See France–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1946.[376]
  • France had an embassy in Damascus which closed 2 March 2012 and a consulate general in Aleppo which also closed 2 March 2012.[377]
  • Syria has an embassy in Paris.[378] Consulates in Marseille and Pointe-à-Pitre were closed.
  • France was the first Western country to give recognition to the SOC on 13 November 2012.[379]
  Germany 14 October 1952[a] See Germany–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1952.[63]
  • Syria has an embassy in Berlin.[380]
  • The German embassy in Damascus closed on 19 January 2012.[381]
  • Diplomatic affairs are currently handled through the embassy in Beirut, Lebanon.[382]
  • Germany hosts the most Syrian refugees in the EU.
  • Relations were severed in 1965 after Germany's establishing relations with Israel.
  Greece 24 June 1947 See Greece–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and minister Plenipotentiary of Greece to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Georges Triandafyllides.[39]
  • Greece has an embassy in Damascus.
  • Syria has an embassy in Athens.[383]
  • On 8 May 2020, the Greek Foreign Minister Nikos Dendias announced a restoration of relations between Greece and Syria and assigned former ambassador to Syria and Russia, Tasia Athanassiou, as a Special Envoy of Greece's Foreign Ministry for Syria.
  • See Greeks in Syria
  • Greek Foreign Affairs Ministry about relations with Syria
  Holy See 21 February 1953 See Holy See–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1953.[384]
  • Syria has an embassy in Rome.
  • The Holy See has a nunciature in Damascus.[385]
  • At present, the Holy See has comparatively good relations with Syria. It has sought to foster ecumenism between rival Christian factions in Antioch and to ensure the survival of age-old Christian communities in the country. The declaration Nostra aetate has made possible inter-faith dialogue and cooperation with Syrian Muslims.
  • Some Vatican leaders have also sought to foster greater political independence for Lebanon, which has been tied to Syria since the end of the Lebanese civil war. This call for Lebanese independence has traditionally been resisted by Syrian leaders.
  • John Paul II visited Syria in 2001 and was the first pope to have been to an Islamic mosque, the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus,[386] which includes the relics of John the Baptist.
  • Syrian President Bashar al-Assad attended Pope John Paul II's funeral.[387]
  Hungary 13 October 1954[388] See Hungary–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1954.[69]
  • Syria has an embassy in Budapest.
  • Hungary has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulates in Aleppo and Latakia.[389]
  • Hungary sent diplomats to procure consular affairs in 2020.[390]
  Iceland 6 May 2004
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 2004.[391]
  Ireland 18 July 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975.[110]
  • Ireland is represented in Syria through its embassy in Cairo, Egypt and an honorary consulate in Damascus.[392]
  • Syria is represented in Ireland through its embassy in Paris, France.[167]
  Italy 27 September 1947 See Italy–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1947 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Syria Mr. Luigi Cortese.[52]
  • Syrian embassy in Rome was reopened in 2024.[393][394]
  • Italian embassy in Damascus was reopened in 2024, after its closure at early stage of war in March 2012.[395][396][394]
  • In 2019, Italy announced it was considering re-opening its embassy,[397] and in July 2024 it decided to appoint an ambassador to Syria, the first such move since 2012. Italy is the first G7 nation to restore diplomatic ties with Syria.[398]
  Latvia 25 May 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1993.[399]
  Lithuania 25 May 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1993.[400]
  Luxembourg 24 July 1953
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 July 1953[401]
  Moldova 20 May 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1993[402]
  • Syria is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest.
  Montenegro 30 October 2008
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 October 2008[403]
  • Syria is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade.
  Netherlands 24 January 1952 See Netherlands–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1952 when Mr. Knoop Koopmans was accredited to Syria.[62]
  • The Netherlands closed its embassy in Syria in March 2012.[396]
  Norway 11 August 1948
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1948.[404]
  • Syria is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Stockholm.
  • Norwegian embassy in Damascus was closed in March 2012.[405]
  North Macedonia 23 September 2010
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 2010.[406]
  Poland 18 September 1945
  • Both countries established diplomatic relationbs on 18 September 1945.[407]
  • Syria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland had an embassy in Damascus which closed in July 2012 due to security reasons.[408]
  Portugal 19 February 1975
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 February 1975.[409]
  • Syria is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Madrid.
  • Portugal is accredited to Syria from its embassy in Nicosia.
  Romania 9 August 1955 See Romania–Syria relations
  Russia 25 July 1944 See Russia–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 July 1944.[413]
  • Syria has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Damascus and a consulate in Aleppo.
  • As with most of the Arab countries, Russia enjoys a historically strong and stable friendly relationship with Syria.
  • Since 1971, Russia has leased port facilities in Tartus for its naval fleet. Between 1992 and 2008 these facilities were much in disrepair, however, works have commenced concurrent with the 2008 South Ossetia war to improve the port's facilities to support an increased Mediterranean presence of the Russian Navy.
  • Russia is believed to have sent Syria dozens of Iskander missiles.[414]
  • Russia has been strongly supporting Syria in the Syrian civil war, especially since the start of an air campaign in 2015.
  Serbia 18 May 1946 See Serbia–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1946 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Yugoslavia to Syria Mr. Esref Badnjevic.[415]
  • Syria has an embassy in Belgrade.[416]
  • Serbia has an embassy in Damascus.[417]
  • Also, Syria is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and Serbia is an observer state.
  • Serbia, as one of the few European states, is one of the close allies of the Syrian government.
  Slovakia 1 January 1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1993.[418]
  • Syria is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna.
  • Slovakia had an embassy in Syria until 2012, when it transferred it to Beirut for security reasons.[419]
  • In 2015, it was definitively moved to Beirut.[420]
  Slovenia 25 August 1997
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 August 1997.[421]
  • Syria is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Vienna.
  • In November 2021, during a visit to the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 in Dubai, the ministerial delegation of Slovenia confirmed unofficially its interest in re-establishing relations with Syria.[422]
  Spain 3 April 1948 See Spain–Syria relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1948.[53][54]
  • Syria has an embassy in Madrid.[423]
  • Spain had an embassy in Damascus but it was relocated to Beirut, Lebanon in May 2012.[424]
  Sweden 24 June 1947
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1947 when with accredation of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Sweden to Syria with residence in Cairo Mr. Widar Bagge.[39]
  • Sweden has an embassy in Damascus and honorary consulate in Aleppo.[425]
  • Syria is represented in Sweden through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.[426]
   Switzerland 1945 See Switzerland–Syria relations
  • Switzerland closed its embassy in Damascus in 2012 for security reasons.[427]
  • Switzerland has a humanitarian presence in Damascus since 2017, through an office that coordinates Swiss humanitarian activities in Syria. Although the embassy in Damascus is closed, diplomatic relations between Switzerland and Syria have not been broken off.[427]
  • Syria has an consulate general in Geneva.[428]
  Ukraine 31 March 1992
Relations severed on 30 June 2022		 See Syria–Ukraine relations
  • Syria recognised independent Ukraine on 28 December 1991.
  • Until 2011, relations were positive and mainly oriented on scientific-technical, trade and economic cooperation.[429]
  • After 11 years of frozen relations, Ukraine severed diplomatic relations with Syria on 30 June 2022, when Damascus recognized the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics.[430]
  • Syria formally broke its diplomatic ties to Ukraine on 20 July 2022, citing the principle of reciprocity.[431]
  United Kingdom 21 May 1942 See Syria–United Kingdom relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1942 when first British Minister presented his credentials to President of Syria Taj al-Din al-Hasani.[432]
  • In 2001, positive relations were developed between Prime Minister Tony Blair and the Syrian government, as part of the War on Terror.[433]
  • Since the 2011 civil war, relations have deteriorated, and the UK was one of the first countries to recognise the opposition as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people.[434]
  • The Embassy of Syria in London was closed in 2012.[435]
  • The British Embassy in Damascus was closed in 2012.[436]

Membership in international organizations

edit

Syria is a member of the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa,[437] Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development,[438] Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization, Arab League, Arab Monetary Fund, Arab Parliament, Arab States Broadcasting Union, ALBA (observer), Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization, Asian Parliamentary Assembly,[439] Association of Arab Universities, Bureau International des Expositions, Council of Arab Economic Unity, Customs Cooperation Council, Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, European Broadcasting Union (associate member),[440] FEAS, Food and Agriculture Organization, Group of 24, Group of 77, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, International Civil Aviation Organization,[441] International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions, International Chamber of Commerce, International Development Association,[442] Islamic Development Bank (suspended 2012),[345] International Fund for Agricultural Development, International Finance Corporation, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, International Maritime Organization, Intelsat, Interpol,[443] International Olympic Committee, International Organization for Standardization, IRENA (acceding), International Solar Alliance, International Telecommunication Union, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (suspended 2012),[345] Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (joined 2013, suspended 2021),[444] OTIF, Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean, UN, UN Commission on Human Rights, UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNESCO, UN Industrial Development Organization, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, Union for the Mediterranean (suspended 2011),[343] Universal Postal Union, World Bank, World Court, World Customs Organization, World Federation of Trade Unions,[445] World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Intellectual Property Organization, World Meteorological Organization, World Tourism Organization and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

Syria's two-year term as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council ended in December 2003.[446] Syria was elected to the executive of the World Health Organization in 2021.[447][448]

Arab League

edit

Syria was temporarily suspended from the Arab League since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.[449] Six of the Arab states of the Persian Gulf recognised the Syrian National Coalition as Syria's only legitimate representative on 12 November 2012, but Iraq, Algeria and Lebanon prevented the Arab League from following suit.[450] On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha, the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. The National Coalition was henceforth granted Damascus' seat at the summit.

This act of recognition was opposed by Algeria, Iraq and Lebanon.[451] On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[452] In late 2018, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco began lobbying for Syria's return to the League.[330]

In December 2018, after American president Donald Trump announced the partial withdrawal of U.S. troops from Syria, some countries initiated reopening of their diplomatic relations with Syria. Diplomatic relations have returned with Iraq, Saudi Arabia (in 2023), Egypt (after 3 July 2013), Tunisia, UAE (after 2018), Jordan (after 2021),[453] Lebanon (after 2021),[454][455][456] Algeria,[457][458] Mauritania (after 2018),[206] Bahrain (after 2018),[274] Kuwait (after 2018),[459] Libya,[460] Oman,[461][462][463][464] Comoros, Sudan (after 2018),[465] Yemen,[466] Somalia[187] and Palestine.[467]

Following the visit of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, the Arab League initiated the process of readmission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the organization,[468] while the United Arab Emirates reopened their embassy in Syria on 27 December,[469] and Bahrain[470] announced its intentions to reopen their embassies.

After the devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake, the Saudis, Emirati, Algerians, Iraqis and Jordanians contributed significantly to the relief effort. A week before, Al-Assad travelled to Oman for his first foreign visit since the quake.[31]

On 26 February 2023, President Bashar al-Assad had met with Iraqi, Jordanian, Palestinian, Libyan, Egyptian and Emirati speakers of legislative bodies, as well as representatives from Oman and Lebanon on behalf of Arab Inter-Parliamentary Union, to discuss further cooperation between the Arab states and Syria.[471]

In early April 2023, Saudi Arabia had invited Syria's Assad to the Arab League summit, ending regional isolation. On 13 April 2023, Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad arrived in Jeddah to meet Saudi Foreign Minister Faisal bin Farhan.[472] After frayed relations during the Syrian civil war, both nations now seek "a political solution to the Syrian crisis that preserves the unity, security and stability of Syria," according to the Saudi foreign ministry.[335]

On 15 April 2023, foreign ministers of GCC+3 format met in Jeddah and discussed the return of Syria to the regional organisation and so called Arab peace plan.[473]

On 18 April 2023, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan travelled to Damascus, met with Syrian President Assad and discussed further steps. The summit is scheduled for 19 May 2023.[474]

On 7 May 2023, at the meeting of the Council of the Arab League in Cairo composed of foreign ministers, was agreed to reinstate Syria's membership in the Arab League.[475]

Earlier, Kuwait and Qatar had opposed al-Assad's presence at the Arab League summit. The regional normalisation effort had caught the U.S. and its European allies by surprise, as they were opposing an "Arab-led political path" in solving the crisis. According to the statement, al-Assad would be allowed to the meeting on 19 May 2023, if "he wishes to do so". The new political process in Syria was described as the "Jordanian Initiative".[476]

Nevertheless, Syria remains under international sanctions after millions of Syrians had been displaced or sought refuge in Arab and European countries during the war. The changes to the relations between Syria and other Arab States would allow many of them to return to their homeland, according to the announcements made earlier by Jordanian and Saudi officials.[477]

International disputes

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ Syria and Egypt formed together the United Arab Republic from 22 February 1958, to 28 September 1961. Syria regained its independence on 28 September 1961, and Egypt kept the name "United Arab Republic" until 1971.

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ "Assad Takes a Page Out of Russia's Book in His War Against Rebels". Haaretz. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
  2. ^ Nikola Miković (26 February 2022). "Iran wants to join the Eurasian Economic Union – but will Russia allow it?". Arab News. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  3. ^ "Standard economic model set to evaluate influence of joining the EEU on economic indicators". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  4. ^ "Al-Moallem Receives Credentials of Vietnam's Non-Resident Ambassador to Syria". Syria Times. 22 April 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Syria, Vietnam discuss cooperation, latest developments". Syrian Arab News Agency. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
  6. ^ "President al-Assad receives two cables of congratulation from Presidents of Armenia and Sri Lanka on winning presidential elections". Syrian Arab News Agency. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  7. ^ "Lao President receives credentials of Syria's non-resident ambassador". Syrian Arab News Agency. 6 November 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  8. ^ "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from leaders of Myanmar and Abkhazia". Syrian Arab News Agency. 5 June 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  9. ^ "King of Cambodia accepts credentials of Mustafa as non-resident Ambassador from Syria to his country". Syrian Arab News Agency. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  10. ^ a b c "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  11. ^ "Philippines Embassy thanks Syria for its efforts that helped bring back 22 women of its nationals". Syrian Arab News Agency. 5 July 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  12. ^ "India forming international will to combat terrorism imperative". Syria Times. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  13. ^ "Syrian TV – India stresses need for international will against terrorism". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  14. ^ "Ahead with Efforts to Combat Terrorism and for a Political Solution to Crisis". Syria Times. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  15. ^ "President al-Assad Sends Letter to President of Pakistan Delivered by Mikdad". Syrian TV. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  16. ^ "Mikdad receives credentials of Subhani as a non-resident Ambassador of Bangladesh". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  17. ^ "Update-President al- Assad receives cables of congratulation from presidents of Federal Russia, Belarus, UAE, Iran, Abkhazia, Palestine and king of Malaysia on Evacuation day". Syrian Arab News Agency. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  18. ^ "Syria, Indonesia discuss mechanisms to develop parliamentary relations". Syria Times. 27 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  19. ^ "President al-Assad receives congratulation cable from Sultan of Brunei Darussalam on winning presidential elections". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 June 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  20. ^ "Armenian President: Syria will defeat terrorism". Syrian Arab News Agency. 23 April 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  21. ^ "Syria, Kazakhstan discuss means to invigorate relations in different domains". Syrian Arab News Agency. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Mikdad discusses with foreign ministers of Venezuela, Kyrgyzstan and Belarus relations and developments". Syrian Arab News Agency. 24 September 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  23. ^ "Mongolian President pleased with Syria's success in clearing most of its territory from terrorism". Syrian Arab News Agency. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  24. ^ "Tajikistan to develop ties with Syria at various levels, Tajik envoy says". Syrian Arab News Agency. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  25. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  26. ^ "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties". 11 September 2019.
  27. ^ "Syria* Diplomatic Missions to Montenegro and visa regimes for citizens of Montenegro". gov.me. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  28. ^ "Azzam Coveys Message from President Al-Assad to His Belarusian Counterpart on Bilateral Ties". Syria Times. 5 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
  29. ^ "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  30. ^ "Syrian minister to visit Kurdistan Region in bid to boost tourism ties". Rudaw. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  31. ^ a b "Syria's Assad meets senior Arab lawmakers in Damascus". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  32. ^ "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 16 JUNE, 1942" (PDF). p. 2652. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  33. ^ a b Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956. 1947. p. 33. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  34. ^ Soviet Foreign Policy: 1945–1980. Progress Publishers. 1981. pp. 642–681.
  35. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  36. ^ a b World Biography – Volume 1. Institute for Research in Biography. 1947. p. 180.
  37. ^ Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku. Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. 2006. pp. 126–132.
  38. ^ a b "CHILE: Relaciones bilaterales de Chile con el Mundo Árabe". arabe.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  40. ^ a b "Cria uma Legação nas Repúblicas do Líbano e da Síria. Decreto nº 19.901, de 13 de Novembro de 1945". lexml.gov.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  41. ^ a b "Syrian Arab Republic". Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  42. ^ a b "Acuerdo por Canje de Notas entre la República Argentina y la República de Siria sobre Establecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  43. ^ "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria". eda.admin.ch. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  44. ^ a b "Turkey Accepts Syria, Lebanon". The New York Times. 9 March 1946. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  45. ^ a b Belgisch staatsblad, Issues 121–150 (in French). 1946. 23 December 2023. p. 3990.
  46. ^ a b Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. p. 529.
  47. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  48. ^ a b "SYRIA". Department of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  49. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  50. ^ a b Diario de sesiones de la Asamblea General de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay Vol. 24 (in Spanish). 1947. p. 57.
  51. ^ "Bilateral cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  52. ^ a b "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Decima Serie: 1943–1948 Volume VI (31 maggio – 14 dicembre 1947)" (in Italian). p. 1021. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  53. ^ a b Lleonart y Amsélem, Alberto J. (1985). España y ONU. La Cuestión española. Tomo III (1948–49). Estudios introductivos y corpus documental, Volume 3 (in Spanish). CSIC Press. p. 378. ISBN 9788400060695. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  54. ^ a b "Relaciones diplomáticas del Estado Espaniol" (in Spanish). p. 307. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  55. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  56. ^ a b The Middle East Volume 1. Europa Publications. 1948. p. 292. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  57. ^ "70 years of Indonesia – Jordan relations towards a genuine and solid partnership". The Jordan Times. 26 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  58. ^ a b India News Bulletin. Embassy of India. 1950. p. 6. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  59. ^ "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES V DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  60. ^ "Q&A: Christina Markus Lassen Danish Ambassador to Syria". Syria Today. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  61. ^ a b Bülent Gökay, Malcolm Yapp, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston (2006). British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. p. 311.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  62. ^ a b c d British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952. LexisNexis. 2006. p. 311.
  63. ^ a b "Syrien: Überblick". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  64. ^ "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See". Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  65. ^ a b "Finland and Syria". finlandabroad.fi. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  66. ^ "Bulletin d'information 1953 (Mai-Juin-Juillet)" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 97. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  67. ^ a b "Political Relations". Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic. Archived from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  68. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  69. ^ a b Hungary. Pannonia Press. 1969. p. 100.
  70. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministerul Afacerilor Externe. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  71. ^ a b "สาธารณรัฐอาหรับซีเรีย (MFA Thailand in Thai)".
  72. ^ a b c d The Middle East Journal – Volumes 10–11. Middle East Institute. 1956. p. 423.
  73. ^ a b "67 years passed and the Syrian Chinese ties towards greater hardness and strength". SANA (Syrian Arab News Agency). 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  74. ^ a b Sudan Almanac. Republic of the Sudan. 1957. p. 50.
  75. ^ "Senarai tarikh penubuhan hubungan diplomatik Malaysia dan negara – negara luar" (in Malay). Archived from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  76. ^ Daily Report: Foreign Radio Broadcasts 206–210. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1960. p. 17.
  77. ^ a b Mideast Mirror. 1962. p. 18.
  78. ^ a b "Today in Kuwait's History, October 24, 2005". Kuwait News Agency (KUNA). 24 October 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  79. ^ a b The Middle East 1963. Europa Publications Limited, London. p. 380.
  80. ^ a b c d e Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233–234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964.
  81. ^ a b Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts – Issues 243–244. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964. p. 10.
  82. ^ a b Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto presentada a la Asamblea Legislativa por el ... Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto (in Spanish). Costa Rica. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto. 1962. p. 110.
  83. ^ a b Bulletin de l'Afrique noire – Issues 355–366 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965. ... Etablissement de relations diplomatiques entre la Syrie et le Sénégal
  84. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  85. ^ a b Cahiers de l'Institut d'études de l'Orient contemporain Volumes 22–23, Issues 57–63 (in French). G. P. Maisonneuve. 1965. p. 305.
  86. ^ a b "Syria and Cuba, 57 years of historic relations (+Photos)". Prensa Latina. 13 August 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  87. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 371.
  88. ^ a b Daddah, Mokhtar Ould (2003). La Mauritanie contre vents et marées (in French). Karthala. p. 520.
  89. ^ "Asia". Government of Vietnam. April 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  90. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp. 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  91. ^ a b c d Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain Volume 23 (in French). G.P. Maisonneuve. 1966. p. 45. ... 13 septembre ETABLISSEMENT DE RELATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES , au rang d'ambassade , avec la Tanzanie et le Niger ( Ba'th , 14 septembre )
  92. ^ "Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mongolia. March 2020. pp. 4–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  93. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  94. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 4.
  95. ^ a b Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118–3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969.
  96. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  97. ^ a b Chronologie politique africaine Volume 11 (in French). Centre d'étude des relations internationales. 1970. p. 23. 22 mai – Etablissement de relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades entre la Syrie et Maurice, selon un communiqué syrien.
  98. ^ "Talks Between deputy prime minister and Syrian high officials: Stability and security in the Mediterranean on the agenda". 15 April 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  99. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1971. p. 6.
  100. ^ a b Trinidad and Tobago Gazette Volume 12, Issues 1–172. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1973. p. 176.
  101. ^ a b c ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited, 1972. p. 38.
  102. ^ a b "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1973. Выпуск семнадцатый. Зарубежные страны: Мексика-Япония" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 374. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
  103. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  104. ^ a b News Review on West Asia. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1972. p. 23.
  105. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  106. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1973. p. 11.
  107. ^ "Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  108. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  109. ^ a b Hutton, Pierre (1996), "Chapter 2: Iraq, Syria and Jordan", The Legacy of Suez, Macquarie University, archived from the original on 18 November 2016
  110. ^ a b c d Middle East Economic Digest Volume 19. 1975. p. 10.
  111. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1975. p. 448.
  112. ^ a b Revista de política internacional – Issues 140–142 (in Spanish). Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. 1975. p. 319.
  113. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1975. p. 3841.
  114. ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  115. ^ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  116. ^ a b ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p. 95.
  117. ^ a b "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1978. Выпуск двадцать второй. Зарубежные страны в 1977" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 353. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  118. ^ Directory of Officials of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, National Foreign Assessment Center. 1979. p. 69.
  119. ^ a b Daily Report Middle East & North Africa. Index · Volume 2, Issues 1–2. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1979. p. 108.
  120. ^ a b Middle East Economic Digest – Volume 24. 1980. p. 39.
  121. ^ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Maldives. 11 May 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  122. ^ Government of Antigua and Barbuda. "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  123. ^ a b Joseph A. Kechichian. "Countries with which Oman has diplomatic relations" (PDF). Oman and the World The emergence of an independent foreign policy. pp. 319–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  124. ^ a b "República Árabe de Siria". gov.co (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  125. ^ Daily Report, Near East & South Asia, 5 (2). NewsBank. 1993. p. 772.
  126. ^ "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  127. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  128. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  129. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  130. ^ a b "Syrian Arab Republic". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  131. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 15 March 2024.
  132. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  133. ^ "Štáty a teritóriá" (in Slovak). Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  134. ^ a b "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  135. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia" (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  136. ^ "Bilateral relations". MFA Moldova. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  137. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". mfa.gov.lv. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  138. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  139. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  140. ^ "Cooperation in Political Sphere". Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  141. ^ a b Eritrea Update, June 1994. Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada. pp. Page 3.
  142. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  143. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  144. ^ Đogić, Mojca Pristavec (September 2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  145. ^ "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  146. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Diplomatic relations between Syrian Arab Republic and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 9 September 2023.
  147. ^ a b "Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores 2002" (PDF) (in Spanish). 2004. pp. 657–667. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  148. ^ a b "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 1 November 2006". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  149. ^ a b "Directory of Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations 2016/2017" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Kenya. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  150. ^ a b "RD formaliza relaciones diplomáticas con Siria". diariolibre.com.
  151. ^ a b "The countries formally opened diplomatic ties for the first time since their independence more than 60 years ago. (France 24)". 15 October 2008.
  152. ^ "Bilateral relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  153. ^ "On May 29, 2018, the Republic of Abkhazia and the Syrian Arab Republic announced on mutual recognition and the establishment of diplomatic relations". mfaapsny.org. 29 May 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2024.
  154. ^ "Syria, South Ossetia Sign Agreement on Establishing Diplomatic Ties". Syria Times. 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  155. ^ "Bashar al-Assad Hosts Anatoly Bibilov". Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  156. ^ "Leader of breakaway South Ossetia meets Assad in Syria". Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  157. ^ "Dominica suspends diplomatic relations with Syria indefinitely". 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  158. ^ "Siria anuncia que aceptó establecer relaciones diplomáticas con Bolivia" (in Spanish). 4 September 2023. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  159. ^ "Syrian- Algerian relations are distinguished in all fields, Algerian Ambassador in Damascus". Syrian Arab News Agency. 2 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  160. ^ Republic, Syrian Arab (10 February 1999). "Diplomatic Relations Between Angola and Syrian Arab Republic as of 10 Feb. 1999". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  161. ^ "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 October 2021.
  162. ^ a b c d e Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 233–234. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1964.
  163. ^ "President al-Assad receives congratulatory cables from presidents of China, Belarus and Cameroon on occasion of Independence Day". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 April 2017.
  164. ^ "Egypt and Syria to keep consulate relations: FM spokesperson – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online". english.ahram.org.eg. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  165. ^ "Egypt to cut diplomacy with Syria". BBC News. 16 June 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  166. ^ "In Advance of Arab League Summit in Jordan, Calls in Arab Countries To Reinstate Syria's League Membership; Syrian Writers Reject Calls For Reinstatement, Saying Syria Will Return Only If Arab League Apologizes To It". MEMRI. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  167. ^ a b c d e f "موقع وزارة الخارجية والمغتربين- الجمهورية العربية السورية". mofaex.gov.sy. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  168. ^ "Syria Protesters: Gaddafi Is Gone, Assad Will Follow". HuffPost. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  169. ^ "After Much Wrangling, General Assembly Seats National Transitional Council of Libya as Country's Representative for Sixty-Sixth Session". UN General Assembly. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  170. ^ "Gadhafi: His government won't be ousted". United Press International. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  171. ^ "Libya NTC says recognises Syrian National Council". Khaleej Times. 11 October 2011. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  172. ^ İpek Yezdani (20 October 2011). "Syria dissidents secure Libya embassy promise". Hürriyet Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  173. ^ "Syria, Libya discuss bilateral relations, means to reactivate them in different domains". Syrian Arab News Agency. 1 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  174. ^ "Syria and Mali political situations; African Union Commission Chairperson's appointment: Department of International Relations briefings | PMG".
  175. ^ "Syrian Embassy in Nouakchott, Mauritania". Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  176. ^ "Mauritania affirms good ties with Syria's Assad regime".
  177. ^ News, Oussama Aamari-Morocco World. "Moroccan Embassy in Syria Sets Up Crisis Unit Following Deadly Earthquake". moroccoworldnews.com. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  178. ^ "Lavrov: Terrorist groups surface in areas where US forces are deployed in al-Tanf and al-Rukban Camp". Syrian Arab News Agency. 28 May 2018.
  179. ^ "Consulate of Syria in Lagos, Nigeria".
  180. ^ "Mikdad receives credentials of charge d' affaires of Nigerian Embassy in Damascus". 2 November 2021.
  181. ^ "Nigeria calls for lifting all sanctions imposed on Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 22 March 2022.
  182. ^ "States recognizing the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (in Arabic). Official Website of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
  183. ^ Kinda Al Mahmoud /Baraa Ali (7 November 2022). "Before President al-Assad, several Syrian Ambassadors sworn in". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  184. ^ Fedaa al-Rhayiah / Hala Zain (21 January 2023). "Senegal President expresses desire to strengthen bilateral relations with Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  185. ^ "Exhibition held for Syrian products in Dakar". Syrian Arab News Agency. 17 August 2018.
  186. ^ "IRAQ & SYRIA: PRESIDENT BARRE OF SOMALIA CONTINUES TOUR OF ARAB A??? ISLAMIC STATES". British Pathé. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  187. ^ a b "Mikdad holds intensive meetings with heads of delegations at NAM High-Level Meeting". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 October 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  188. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  189. ^ "Syria [ Arab Republic of ] Embassy | South African Government".
  190. ^ "Syria, South Africa to enhance parliamentary, economic cooperation". 15 November 2021.
  191. ^ "Al-Moallem briefs the visiting South African delegation on escalating terror threats and countries' involvement". Syrian Arab News Agency. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  192. ^ "President al-Assad warns of the "international problem" of terrorism, refers to BRICS role to unify anti-terror efforts". Syrian Arab News Agency. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  193. ^ "Embassy of Syria in Khartoum, Sudan".
  194. ^ "Embassy of Sudan in Damascus, Syria".
  195. ^ "Sudan's president becomes first Arab League member to visit Syria since 2011". The Independent. London. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  196. ^ "Embassy of Syria in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania".
  197. ^ "Tanzania Supports Syria in Fighting Terrorism". Syrian TV. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  198. ^ "السفير عبد الهادي يطلع سفير تونس في سورية عل مستجدات القضية الفلسطينية". Al Watan online. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  199. ^ Damien McElroy "Britain under pressure to withdraw diplomatic recognition of Syria" The Daily Telegraph 5 February 2012
  200. ^ "Tunisia's new president sworn in after surprise election win". France24. 23 October 2019.
  201. ^ "Tunisian president decides to strengthen diplomatic ties with Syria". Reuters. 9 February 2023.
  202. ^ "Syria, Tunisia Reestablish Diplomatic Relations". VOA News. 18 April 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  203. ^ Moh, Mortada (17 January 2024). "صباغ يبحث مع نظيريه الكوري الديمقراطي والفنزويلي العلاقات الثنائية". الوطن أون لاين.
  204. ^ "Zimbabwe stands by Syria". herald.co.zw. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  205. ^ a b c d "ALBA countries reiterate their support to Syria". Syrian Arab News Agency. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  206. ^ a b "President al-Assad accepts credentials of new Ambassadors of Mauritania, Argentina". Syrian Arab News Agency. 15 April 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  207. ^ a b "Shaaban Discusses Syria's Friendly Relations with Bolivia, Iran". Syria Times. 28 April 2019. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  208. ^ "Syrian-Brazilian talks to boost economic, trade relations". Syrian Arab News Agency. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  209. ^ "On behalf of President al-Assad, Sabbagh congratulates Chile's President on his inauguration ceremony". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  210. ^ "Anniversary of Establishing Syrian-Cuban Diplomatic Relations Celebrated". Syria Times. 15 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  211. ^ "Presidential Affairs Minister Offers Condolences to Cuban President over Passing of Fidel Castro". Syria Times. 30 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  212. ^ a b "Ecuador: US aggression on Syria clear violation of a UN member state's soverienghty". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  213. ^ "Al-Lahham continues meetings with parliamentarians on sideline of IPU session". Syrian Arab News Agency. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  214. ^ "Grenada papers". 1984.
  215. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala Head of Security Council Joint Investigative Mechanism on Chemical Weapon Use in Syria". 27 April 2017.
  216. ^ a b الوكالة العربية السورية للأنباء. Syrian Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  217. ^ a b "Gobierno de Nicaragua felicita a la República Árabe Siria en 75 Aniversario de su Independencia". La Voz del Sandinismo. 15 April 2021. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
  218. ^ "Maritime authorities in Panama includes Syrian maritime certificates within the recognized lists". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  219. ^ "Syrian, Paraguayan talks to boost bilateral relations". Syrian Arab News Agency. 30 January 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  220. ^ "Syria's ambassador in Caracas participates in the inauguration ceremony of the president-elect of Peru". Syrian Arab News Agency. 30 July 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  221. ^ "ST. LUCIA-POLITICS-Opposition calls on St. Lucia government to state position on Syria". Caricom. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  222. ^ a b "Mikdad affirms Syria's firm right to restore the occupied Golan". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 February 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  223. ^ "Presidents Assad and Maduro Phone Call". Syria Times. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  224. ^ "Chronology of Antigua and Barbudas Bilateral relations". Government of Antigua and Barbuda. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  225. ^ "Embajada en Siría".
  226. ^ "Celebraciones por la Independencia de Siria en el país" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 22 April 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  227. ^ a b "Cuba's Castro meets with Syrian President Assad". The San Diego Union-Tribune. 28 June 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
  228. ^ "Bashar al-Assad marks 10 years in power". France 24. 16 July 2010. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
  229. ^ Republic, Syrian Arab (28 August 2001). "Diplomatic relations between Belize and Syrian Arab Republic as of 28 Aug. 2001". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  230. ^ "Bolivia y Siria trabajan para restablecer sus relaciones diplomáticas". ANF. 14 January 2010. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  231. ^ "Syria–Brazil relations".
  232. ^ "Embassy of Brazil in Damascus". Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  233. ^ "Parlamentarios sirios impulsan crecimiento de relaciones bilaterales con Brasil" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  234. ^ "Syria's Assad in Brazil proposed close economic links with Mercosur". MercoPress.
  235. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925–2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  236. ^ Guy Quenneville (5 December 2022). "Meet the man looking after the abandoned Syrian embassy for more than a decade". CBC News. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  237. ^ "Canada joins allies in mass expulsion of Syrian diplomats". CBC News. 29 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  238. ^ "Global Affairs Canada ordered closing of Syrian consulate in Montreal". CBC News. 17 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  239. ^ "#WelcomeRefugees: Canada resettled Syrian refugees". 24 November 2015.
  240. ^ Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1945. p. 231.
  241. ^ "El Embajador sirio Bassam Sabbagh visitó Chile" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  242. ^ "Cancillería suspende "en forma indefinida" proceso de cierre de embajadas" (in Spanish). Radio Universidad de Chile. 12 August 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
  243. ^ "List of Cuban Mission Abroad". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  244. ^ "Syria, Cuba discuss means to boost trade cooperation". 22 February 2024.
  245. ^ "Grenada offers condolences to Turkey and Syria on earthquake disaster | Loop Caribbean News". Loop News.
  246. ^ "Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  247. ^ "Mexico-Syria relations (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  248. ^ "Embassy of Mexico in Egypt". embamex.sre.gob.mx. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  249. ^ "COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES Y DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA" (PDF). 20 April 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  250. ^ Republic, Syrian Arab (13 December 2004). "Diplomatic Relations Between Paraguay and Syrian Arab Republic as of 13 Dec. 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  251. ^ "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales ante el Presidente de Paraguay" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  252. ^ "Inauguration of the Honorary Consulate General of the Republic of Paraguay in Damascus". 21 July 2022.
  253. ^ "Syria, Paraguay talks to enhance cooperation in trade exchange". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  254. ^ "Syria to Enhance Economic Relations with Paraguay and Brazil". Syrian Observer. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  255. ^ "Syria expresses solidarity with Peru and Ecuador after earthquake". Prensa Latina. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  256. ^ "PERMANENT MISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME TO THE UNITED NATIONS" (PDF). United Nations. p. 37/60. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  257. ^ "Honorary Consuls". Ministry of Foreign and CARICOM Affairs.
  258. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Syria". history.state.gov. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  259. ^ Dwyer, Devin; Hughes, Dana (14 December 2012). "Obama Recognizes Syrian Opposition Group". United States: ABC News. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  260. ^ "U.S. recognizes Syria opposition offices as 'foreign mission'". Reuters. 5 May 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  261. ^ "The Confused Person's Guide to the Syrian Civil War". The Atlantic. 29 October 2015.
  262. ^ "El Embajador de Siria presentó cartas credenciales en Uruguay – Diario Sirio Libanés" (in Spanish). Diarios Sirio Libane. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  263. ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (24 January 2019). "Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape". Associated Press News. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  264. ^ "Minister photographed in Saudi Arabia alongside Syrian counterpart, Taliban official". The Times of Israel. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  265. ^ "30th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Armenia and the Syrian Arab Republic". mfa.am. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  266. ^ "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24". armeniaforeignministry.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009.
  267. ^ "Tarifplus24.de vergleicht Strom, Gas, Handy, DSL und KFZ-Tarifetarifplus24" (PDF). armeniaforeignministry.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011.
  268. ^ "THE VIRTUAL MUSEUM OF ARMENIAN DIASPORA". Ministry of Diaspora of Armenia. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  269. ^ Trade, corporateName= Department of Foreign Affairs and. "The Department – About us – Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade". protocol.dfat.gov.au.
  270. ^ "Sorting of ballots at Syrian Consulate in cities of Sydney and Melbourne start". Syrian Arab News Agency. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  271. ^ "Syria sanctions regime". Archived from the original on 9 June 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  272. ^ "Syria closes Australian embassy". The Canberra Times. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  273. ^ "BILATERAL RELATIONS". mofa.gov.bh. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  274. ^ a b "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". Associated Press News. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  275. ^ "Syrian leader receives credentials from Bahrain ambassador". United States: ABC News. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  276. ^ "Syria's President Assad meets Bahrain FM to discuss bilateral relations". Middle East Monitor. 28 April 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  277. ^ Republic, Syrian Arab (15 October 2010). "Diplomatic Relations Between Cambodia and Syrian Arab Republic as of 15 Oct. 2010". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  278. ^ "Information about the break-off of the diplomatic relations between Georgia and Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Georgia). Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  279. ^ a b RFE/RL (29 May 2018). "Georgia Severs Relations With Syria For Recognizing Abkhazia, South Ossetia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  280. ^ "Locating Syria in India's Diplomacy toward West Asia". Middle East Institute. 30 March 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  281. ^ "Hubungan bilateral Suriah-Indonesia" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 7 May 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  282. ^ "syria iran closest ally". Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  283. ^ Jubin Goodarzi. "Iran and Syria" (PDF). Iranprimer.usip.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  284. ^ Wergin, Clemens (16 February 2012). "Iran sucht neue Schmuggelwege". Die Welt. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  285. ^ "Iran, Syria sign a further defence co-operation agreement – Jane's Defence News". Archived from the original on 26 August 2009.
  286. ^ Swaminathan, Satya (Spring 2007). "Syria's Diplomatic History with Iran". Global Forum Journal. 3: 28.
  287. ^ "Iraq and Syria restore relations". 21 November 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  288. ^ "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian. 12 November 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
  289. ^ Mullen, Jethro (27 September 2015). "Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria". CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2015.
  290. ^ "Iraq, Russia, Iran and Syria coordinate against ISIL". Al Jazeera. 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  291. ^ Gordon, Michael (27 September 2015). "Russia Surprises U.S. With Accord on Battling ISIS". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  292. ^ Kolko, Gabriel (13 February 2007). "US force-marches Israel over Syria". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 13 February 2007. Retrieved 17 December 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  293. ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi; Baxter, Sarah (23 September 2007). "Israelis 'Israelis seized nuclear material in Syrian raid'". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  294. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera". english.aljazeera.net. Archived from the original on 22 April 2008.
  295. ^ "Israel 'ready to return Golan'". BBC News. 23 April 2008. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  296. ^ "MOFA: Temporary Closure of the Embassy of Japan in the Syrian Arab Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  297. ^ "MOFA: Implementation of measures to freeze the assets of President Bashar Al-Assad and his related individuals and entities in Syria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 9 September 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  298. ^ "Jordanian King Visits Syria to Congratulate Bashar". en.people.cn. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  299. ^ "Russia, Jordan agree on military coordination on Syria". Reuters. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  300. ^ "Warily, Jordan Assists Rebels in Syrian War". The New York Times. 10 April 2014.
  301. ^ "Trump Ends Covert Aid to Syrian Rebels Trying to Topple Assad". The New York Times. 19 July 2017.
  302. ^ "Will Jordan confront IS in southern Syria?". Al-Monitor. 18 April 2017.
  303. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  304. ^ "Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Syrian Arab Republic". Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Syrian Arab Republic, Damask. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan). Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  305. ^ "Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Syrian Tartus". inform.kz. 6 January 2017.
  306. ^ "Donors meet target of $1.5 billion aid for stricken Syrians: U.N." Reuters. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  307. ^ Gordon, Michael R. (15 January 2014). "Donors Offer $2.4 Billion to Aid Syrian Civilians, but U.N. Says More Is Needed". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  308. ^ "Donors pledge $3.8bn at Syria crisis meeting in Kuwait". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  309. ^ "Record $10 billion pledged in humanitarian aid for Syria at UN co-hosted conference in London". UN News Centre. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
  310. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  311. ^ Republic, Lao People's Democratic; Republic, Syrian Arab (22 December 2004). "Diplomatic Relations Between Lao People's Democratic Republic and Syrian Arab Republic as of 22 Dec. 2004". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  312. ^ New Lebanese Prime Minister visits Syria Archived 24 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 2005
  313. ^ a b https://twitter.com/syrianembassykl/status/1367489916582719491. Retrieved 26 April 2021 – via Twitter. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  314. ^ "Malaysian Embassy in Syria ordered to close temporarily | The Star". The Star. Malaysia. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  315. ^ a b "x.com".
  316. ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES MAINTAINING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH MONGOLIA" (PDF). DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LIST. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  317. ^ "Diplomatic relations". Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  318. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). NCNK (The National Committee on North Korea). August 2016. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  319. ^ O'Carroll, Chad (31 January 2017). "A long way from Damascus: Life as Syria's ambassador to North Korea". NK News. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017.
  320. ^ a b Ramani, Samuel (27 February 2018). "North Korea's Syrian Connection". The Diplomat. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  321. ^ "Syria builds park in honor of North Korea founder Kim Il Sung". Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  322. ^ "Opinion: Oman Set to Play Big Role in Post-War Syria". Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  323. ^ "Shahbaz Over Golan". Defencejournal.com. 26 April 1974. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  324. ^ "Pakistan, Syria to promote cooperation in S&". Dawn. Pakistan. 7 January 2005. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  325. ^ "Syria recognizes Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital". Haaretz. Haaretz Daily Newspaper Ltd. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  326. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Damascus". Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  327. ^ Azmi Bishara (2013). سورية: درب الآلام نحو الحرية – محاولة في التاريخ الراهن (in Arabic). المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات. ISBN 9789953027654.
  328. ^ "FT: Qatar Spends Billions in Syria, Pays $50,000 per Dissident". Al-Manar News. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  329. ^ Khalaf, Roula; Fielding-Smith, Abigail (17 May 2013). "How Qatar seized control of the Syrian revolution". Financial Times Magazine. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  330. ^ a b c "Qatar will not normalise relations with Syria: Foreign Minister – Qatar News". Al Jazeera. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  331. ^ Moubayed, Sami (25 April 2019). "Syria and Qatar silently mend broken fences". Qatar – Gulf News. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  332. ^ Chmaytelli, Maher; Gumrukcu, Tuvan; Balmforth, Tom (11 March 2021). "Turkey, Russia, Qatar to push for political resolution in Syria". U.S. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  333. ^ "Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  334. ^ Deasy, Kristin (26 February 2013). "Saudi Arabia arming Syrian rebels with Croatian weapons: report". Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  335. ^ a b "Syrian FM makes first visit to Saudi Arabia since 2011". Al Jazeera. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  336. ^ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa" (in Korean). Mofa.go.kr. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  337. ^ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  338. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  339. ^ "Suriye Ankara Büyükelçiliği". suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  340. ^ "Suriye İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu". suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  341. ^ "Suriye Gaziantep Başkonsolosluğu". suriyekonsoloslugu.org. Archived from the original on 5 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  342. ^ "Union for the Mediterranean: time for parliaments to play their role | News | European Parliament". European Parliament. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  343. ^ a b "Member States".
  344. ^ "Memo". European Commission. 27 March 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
  345. ^ a b c Alsharif, Asma (16 August 2012). "Organization of Islamic Cooperation suspends Syria". U.S. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  346. ^ a b Balci, Bayram (13 April 2012). "Turkey's Relations with the Syrian Opposition". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  347. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  348. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1972. p. 38.
  349. ^ "Syria: Assad has decisively won his brutal battle". The Guardian. 30 December 2018. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
  350. ^ "Assad: Syria's leader makes historic visit to UAE". BBC News. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  351. ^ "Syria's Assad arrives in United Arab Emirates in official visit". Reuters. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  352. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". mfa.uz. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  353. ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (as April 2010)". mofa.gov.vn. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  354. ^ a b c "Syria Returns Yemeni Embassy in Damascus to Legitimate Gov't". Asharq Al-Awsat. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  355. ^ a b c Sandrine Amiel (17 June 2021). "Which EU states are rebuilding diplomatic relations with Assad's Syria?". Euronews. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  356. ^ "Is It Time for Europe to Reopen Its Embassies in Syria?". 20 June 2021.
  357. ^ "About The Chargé d'Affaires of the European Union to Syria". Europa (web portal). 29 July 2021.
  358. ^ "Italy appoints Envoy to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, FM says". Middle East Monitor. 26 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  359. ^ "Syrian Embassy, Vienna".
  360. ^ "Österreichische Botschaft Damaskus" (in German). Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs of Austria. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  361. ^ "Cooperation in Political Sphere". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Syrian Arab Republic. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  362. ^ "Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic in Brussels".
  363. ^ "Belgium closes its embassy in Syria". Reuters. 29 March 2012.
  364. ^ "Datumi priznanja i uspostave diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  365. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878–2005)". filip-nikolov.com (in Bulgarian). Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  366. ^ "Министерство на външните работи". Mfa.bg. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  367. ^ "Syrian embassy in Sofia". [permanent dead link‍]
  368. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations". mvep.gov.hr. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  369. ^ "Vesna Pusić u Istanbulu na sastanku skupine Prijatelja Sirije". Večernji list. 1 April 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  370. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 24–25. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  371. ^ Pavol Petruf (2007). "Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992" (PDF) (in Slovak). p. 97. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  372. ^ "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Stats Kalender 1954" (PDF). slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. [22]. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  373. ^ "How Denmark's hard line on Syrian refugees is an aid group's ethical dilemma". theumanitarian. org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  374. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". vm.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  375. ^ "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Syrianembassy.se. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  376. ^ "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). p. 100. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  377. ^ "Syria – Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs". Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  378. ^ "REPRÉSENTATIONS DIPLOMATIQUES ET CONSULAIRES SYRIEN EN FRANCE". diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  379. ^ Stefan Talmon Recognition of Opposition Groups as the Legitimate Representative of a People, Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 12, Issue 2, 1 June 2013, Pages 219–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/chinesejil/jmt014 Published: 5 May 2013
  380. ^ "Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  381. ^ "Deutsche Vertretungen in Syrien" (in German). Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  382. ^ "Deutsche Botschaft Damaskus bis auf weiteres geschlossen" (in German). German Foreign Office. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  383. ^ "Syrian embassy in Athens". Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
  384. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of the Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  385. ^ David M. Cheney. "Syria (Nunciature) [Catholic-Hierarchy]". Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  386. ^ Plett, Barbara (7 May 2001). "Mosque visit crowns Pope's tour". BBC News. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  387. ^ "Assad Attended John Paul II's Funeral". asianews.it. 4 April 2005.
  388. ^ "Bittersweet Friendships: Relations between Hungary and the Middle East, 1953–1988 | Wilson Center". wilsoncenter.org.
  389. ^ "SYRIA – EMBASSY, DAMASCUS". Hungary Consular Services. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  390. ^ "Hungary to appoint Syria diplomat in thawing of ties". Arab News. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  391. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Iceland and Syrian Arab Republic as of 6 May 2004". United Nations Digital Library. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  392. ^ "Diplomatic and Consular Information for the Middle East and North Africa". Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  393. ^ "السفارة السورية في روما تعلن عن بدء تقديمها الخدمات القنصلية لأبناء الجالية السورية اعتباراً من اليوم الثلاثاء 2024/11/12".
  394. ^ a b Cafiero, Giorgio. "How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?". How is Italy dealing with Syria's Bashar al Assad?.
  395. ^ "رافنيان: أبدأ عملي بحماس … القائم بأعمال سفارة إيطاليا يصل دمشق". Al Watan.sy. 21 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  396. ^ a b Goldman, Yoel. "Saudi Arabia, Italy and Holland close embassies in Syria". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  397. ^ "Thousands object to reopening of Italian embassy in Syria". italianinsider.it. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  398. ^ "Italy appoints ambassador to Syria to 'turn spotlight' on country, foreign minister says". Reuters. 26 July 2024.
  399. ^ "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  400. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  401. ^ "Bulletin d'information_1953_5-6-7" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 97. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
  402. ^ "Republica Arabă Siriană". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  403. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Syrian Arab Republic as of 30 Oct. 2008". United Nations Digital Library. 30 October 2008. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  404. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  405. ^ Zondag, Martin Herman Wiedswang (26 March 2012). "– Indirekte er ambassadestenging et politisk signal" [– In an indirect manner, closing embassy is a political signal] (in Norwegian). NRK. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  406. ^ "Bilateral relations of North Macedonia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of North Macedonia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
  407. ^ Grzeloński, Bogdan (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 127.
  408. ^ "Polska zamknęła ambasadę w Damaszku. Dyplomaci opuścili Syrię". TVN24 (in Polish). 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
  409. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Portugal". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  410. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  411. ^ "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  412. ^ "Ministerul Afacerilor Externe". Mae.ro. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  413. ^ Soviet Political Agreements and Results, Revised to January 1, 1964. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. 1964. p. 30. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  414. ^ Paul Alster (22 December 2012). "Russians moving into Syria. Strategic alliance include fleet, missiles". Fox News. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  415. ^ Heads of Foreign Missions in Syria, 1947. Syria from Foreign Office files 1947–1956. 1947. p. 34. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  416. ^ "Embassy of Syria in Belgrade, Serbia".
  417. ^ "Official presentation of the Republic of Serbia in Damascus – Syria". Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  418. ^ "Sýria | Ministerstvo zahraničných vecí a európskych záležitostí SR".
  419. ^ "Geopolitical Calendar: Week of March 26, 2012". Stratfor.
  420. ^ "Slovak embassies in Iraq and Syria to be closed, moving to Lebanon". Pravda.sk (Slovak). 28 June 2015.
  421. ^ "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF).
  422. ^ "Slovenian delegation visits the Syrian pavilion at Expo 2020 Dubai". Syrian Arab News Agency. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  423. ^ "Embajada de Siria – Ayuntamiento de Madrid". madrid.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  424. ^ "Fichas pais Siria" (PDF). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  425. ^ "Embassy of Sweden Damascus, Syria".
  426. ^ "Syrian Embassy Stockholm". Syrianembassy.se. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  427. ^ a b "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Syria". Eidgenössisches Departement für auswärtige Angelegenheiten EDA. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  428. ^ "Embassy of Syria in Geneva, Switzerland – Embassy n Visa". embassynvisa.com. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  429. ^ "Political dialogue between Ukraine and Syria – Embassy of Ukraine in Syrian Arab Republic". Archived from the original on 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
  430. ^ "Ukraine Cuts Diplomatic Ties with Syria After It Recognizes Eastern Regions as Independent".
  431. ^ "Syria, a close Russia ally, breaks diplomatic ties with Ukraine". Al Jazeera. 20 July 2022.
  432. ^ "First British Minister to Levant presents credentials, Damascus, Syria, C. 21 May 1942". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  433. ^ "Blair visits Syria". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 30 October 2001.
  434. ^ MacFarquhar, Neil; Mourtada, Hania (19 November 2012). "Britain Recognizes Syria Opposition Coalition". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
  435. ^ Black, Ian; McGreal, Chris (29 May 2012). "Syrian diplomats expelled from countries around the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  436. ^ "The Foreign & Commonwealth Office" (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. January 2012.
  437. ^ "Introduction". Badea.org.
  438. ^ "Member States". Welcome to Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  439. ^ "Member Parliaments". asianparliament.org.
  440. ^ "EBU – Members". EBU.ch. 28 February 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  441. ^ "Member States" (PDF). ICAO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  442. ^ International Development Association. "IDA Graduates". International Development Association. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  443. ^ "Syria / Asia & South Pacific / Member countries / Internet / Home – INTERPOL". Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  444. ^ "17 instances of chemical weapons used in Syria: Watchdog – United Nations News". Al Jazeera. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  445. ^ "WFTU » Syria: The WFTU President is participating and addressed the 27th Congress of GFTU-Syria". WFTU. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  446. ^ "Countries Elected Members". United Nations Security Council. 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  447. ^ "Protesters slam choice of Syria for board of UN health body". The Independent. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  448. ^ Jaafari, Shirin (4 June 2021). "Syrians outraged by WHO board election: 'It's like appointing a mass murderer to be the police chief'". The World from PRX. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  449. ^ David Batty; Jack Shenker (12 November 2011). "Syria suspended from Arab League". The Guardian.
  450. ^ "New Syrian opposition chief seeks recognition, arms". Antigua Observer Newspaper. Reuters. 13 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  451. ^ Arab League summit opens in Doha with focus on Syrian crisis Xinhua News Agency. 23 March 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  452. ^ "Syria opposition 'not yet ready for Arab League seat'". The Daily Star Newspaper – Lebanon. Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  453. ^ "Jordan makes a U-turn to reintegrate Syria into the regional fold". TRT World. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  454. ^ "Lebanon's relations with Syria outstanding, Hajj Hassan says". Syrian Arab News Agency. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  455. ^ "Syria, Lebanon discuss means to boost cooperation, integration". Syrian Arab News Agency. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  456. ^ "Lebanese spy chief says he will visit Syria over missing U.S. reporter". Reuters. 3 June 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
  457. ^ "Syria, Algeria Stress Unified Stance on Need to Combat Terrorism". Syria Times. 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  458. ^ "Algerian President, Mikdad discuss means of strengthening bilateral relations, issues of common interest". Syrian Arab News Agency. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
  459. ^ "Kuwait expects more Arab countries to reopen embassies in Damascus: KUNA". Reuters. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  460. ^ "Libyan Embassy in Damascus reopened". Syrian Arab News Agency. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  461. ^ Gladstone, Rick (6 August 2015). "Syrian Official's Visit to Oman May Signal a Diplomatic Opening". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  462. ^ "Syrian FM in rare Oman visit amid heightened diplomacy". Reuters. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  463. ^ "Omani foreign minister meets Syria's Assad: state TV". Reuters. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  464. ^ "Oman's foreign minister meets Syria's Bashar al-Assad in Damascus". Al-Araby. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
  465. ^ "Sudan's President Bashir asks Putin for 'protection' from 'aggressive' US". France 24. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  466. ^ "Yemen crisis: Why is there a war?". 21 March 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  467. ^ "President al-Assad receives congratulation cables on occasion of 76th anniversary of Independence Day". Syrian Arab News Agency. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  468. ^ "Syria's return to Arab League requires Arab consensus: UAE minister". Reuters. 27 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  469. ^ "UAE reopens Syrian embassy amid regional influence race". Sky News. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  470. ^ "Bahrain reopens embassy in Syria". aa.com.tr. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  471. ^ "Arab MPs, headed by Iraq's Halbousi, join momentum of normalisation with Damascus". The Arab Weekly. 27 February 2023.
  472. ^ "Saudi Arabia, Syria welcome thaw in ties, agree to fight drug trafficking". Reuters. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  473. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Syria discuss political solutions to latter's crises". Arab News. 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  474. ^ Yaakoubi, Aziz El; Gebeily, Maya (2 April 2023). "Saudi Arabia to invite Syria's Assad to Arab leaders summit, ending regional isolation". Reuters. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  475. ^ "Arab foreign ministers agree to readmit Syria to the Arab League". Al Arabiya. 7 May 2023.
  476. ^ "Arab League re-admits Syria after 11-year absence". Arab News. 7 May 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  477. ^ England, Andrew; Saleh, Heba (7 May 2023). "Arab League to readmit Syria after decade-long hiatus". Financial Times. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  478. ^ Chulov, Martin (7 May 2021). "'A dirty business': how one drug is turning Syria into a narco-state". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
edit

Further reading

edit
  • "Syria". U.S. Department of State. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Syria&oldid=1259404039#Membership_in_international_organizations"