Jarai (/dʒəˈraɪ/; Vietnamese: Cho-Rai, Chor, Chrai, Djarai, Gia-Rai, Gio-Rai, Jorai or Mthur; Khmer: ចារ៉ាយ, Charay [caːraːj]) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Jarai people of Vietnam and Cambodia. The speakers of Jarai number approximately 530,000,[1] not including other possible Jarai communities in countries other than Vietnam and Cambodia such as United States of America. They are the largest of the upland ethnic groups of Vietnam's Central Highlands known as Degar or Montagnards, and 25 per cent of the population in the Cambodian province of Ratanakiri.
| Jarai | |
|---|---|
| Jrai | |
| Native to | Vietnam, Cambodia |
| Region | Central Highlands, Vietnam Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia |
Native speakers | 530,000 (2019)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Vietnam: modified Vietnamese alphabet Cambodia: none | |
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jra |
| Glottolog | jara1266 |
The language is in the Chamic subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, and is thus related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.
A number of Jarai also live in the United States, having resettled there following the Vietnam War.
Classification
editThe Jarai language belongs to Chamic branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Although often classified as a Mon-Khmer language until the 20th century, the affiliation of Jarai to the Chamic sister languages Cham and Rade, and a wider connection to Malay was already recognized as early as 1864.[2]
Geographic distribution and dialects
editJarai is spoken by some 262,800 people in Cambodia and Vietnam (Simons, 2017) where it is recognized as an official minority language, although in Cambodia it has not its own writing in the Khmer scripts. Additionally there are some hundreds of Jarai speakers in United States from the Jarai refugees settled in that country after the Vietnamese War. Jarai dialects can be mutually unintelligible. Đào Huy Quyền (1998)[3] lists the following subgroups of Jarai dialects and their respective locations.
- Jarai Pleiku: in the Pleiku area.
- Jarai Cheoreo: in AJunPa (Phú Bổn).
- Jarai ARáp: in northwestern Pleiku, southwestern Kon Tum.
- Jarai H’dRung: in northeastern Pleiku, southeastern Kon Tum.
- Jarai Tbuan: western Pleiku.
Other related groups include:
Phonology
editInfluenced by the surrounding Mon–Khmer languages, words of the various Chamic languages of Southeast Asia, including Jarai, have become disyllabic with the stress on the second syllable. Additionally, Jarai has further evolved in the pattern of Mon–Khmer, losing almost all vowel distinction in the initial minor syllable. While trisyllabic words do exist, they are all loanwords. The typical Jarai word may be represented:
- (C)(V)-C(C)V(V)(C)
where the values in parentheses are optional and "(C)" in the cluster "C(C)" represents a liquid consonant /l/, /r/ or a semivowel /w/, /j/. In Jarai dialects spoken in Cambodia, the "(C)" in the cluster "C(C)" can also be the voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, a phoneme used by the Jarai in Cambodia, but not attested in Vietnam. The vowel of the first syllable in disyllabic words is most often the mid-central unrounded vowel, /ə/, unless the initial consonant is the glottal stop /ʔ/. The second vowel of the stressed syllable produces a diphthong.
Vowels
editThere are 9 vowels:[4]
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ɯ | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Open | a ã | |||
Consonants
editThere are 24 consonants:[4]
The implosives have also been described as preglottalized stops, but Jensen (2013) describes that the closure of glottis and oral cavity occur simultaneously.[4]
Orthography
editAt the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of French Indochina, colonisers introduced a writing system for Jarai based on the Vietnamese alphabet. After the Vietnam War, Christian missionaries in Vietnam used the orthography to translate the Bible into Jarai language. Literacy in Jarai has increased, and there are today many publications geared towards the Vietnamese Jarai.
The orthography uses 40 letters, many of which contain diacritics: 21 symbols for consonants, and 19 symbols for vowels. Unlike systems like those to write Maori, Latvian and other languages, the Jarai orthography adds diacritics to mark short vowels, namely the breve: ⟨ĭ ĕ ă ŏ ŭ ơ̆ ư̆⟩. Like in Vietnamese spelling, double diacritics are also used in Jarai: short /e o/ are represented as ⟨ ê̆ ô̆ ⟩. Aspirated /pʰ tʰ kʰ/ are written as digraphs ⟨ph th kh⟩,[5] and /ɲ/ is represented as ⟨ng⟩. The b with a stroke ⟨ƀ⟩ is a special character used for Jarai and closely related languages. Additionally, the hacek and tilde are also added to ⟨c⟩ and ⟨n⟩ for to represent /t͡ʃ/ and /ɲ/, respectively: ⟨č ñ⟩.
| 1–10 | Aa | Ăă | Ââ | Bb | Ƀƀ | Čč | Dd | Đđ | Ee | Ĕĕ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | aː | a | ɨ | b | ʔb ~ ɓ | tʃ | d | ʔd ~ ɗ | ɛː | ɛ |
| 11–20 | Êê | Ê̆ê̆ | Gg | Hh | Ii | Ĭĭ | Jj | Dj dj | Kk | Ll |
| IPA | eː | e | ɡ | h | iː | i | dʒ | ʔdʒ ~ ʄ | k | l |
| 21–30 | Mm | Nn | Ññ | Ng ng | Oo | Ŏŏ | Ôô | Ô̆ô̆ | Ơơ | Ơ̆ơ̆ |
| IPA | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ɔː | ɔ | oː | o | əː | ə |
| 31–40 | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Ŭŭ | Ưư | Ư̆ư̆ | Ww | Yy |
| IPA | p | ɾ | s | t | uː | u | ɯː | ɯ | w | j |
Sample text
editAbih bang mơnuih-mơnam tơkeng rai rơngai laih anŭn mơdơ̆-mơđơr amăng tơlơi pơpŭ-pơyôm hăng tơlơi dưi. Ƀing gơñu tŭ hơmâo tơlơi pơmĭn hăng tơlơi thâo djơ̆-glaĭ laih anŭn brơi ngă kơ tơdruă amăng tơlơi khăp ayŏng adơi.
Phonemic transcription
edit/ abiːh baːŋ məˈnuih məˈnaːm təˈkeːŋ ɾai ɾəˈŋai laih aˈnun məˈdəʔ məˈdəɾ aˈmaŋ təˈləi pəˈpuʔ pəˈjoːm haŋ təˈləi dɯi ɓiːŋ gəˈɲuː tuʔ həˈmaw təˈləi pəˈmin haŋ təˈləi tʰaw ʄəʔ glai laih aˈnuːn bɾəi ŋaʔ kəː təˈdɾua aˈmaŋ təˈləi kʰap aˈjoŋ aˈdəi /
Translation
editAll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
Morphosyntax
editPersonal pronouns
Jarai does not distinguish gender in pronouns.
| Clusivity | Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| First | Inclusive | kâo | ta |
| Exclusive | - | gơmơi | |
| Second | ih | gih | |
| Third | ñu | gơñu |
References
edit- ^ a b Jarai at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ David Thomas (1989). A 19th century perception of Chamic relationships. Mahidol University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Link retrieved on 05.01.2017 from http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/16-17:181-182.pdf
- ^ Đào Huy Quyền (1998). Nhạc khí dân tộc Jrai và Bahnar [Musical instruments of the Jrai and Bahnar]. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản trẻ.
- ^ a b c d Jensen (2013)
- ^ Siu, Lap M. (2009). Developing the First Preliminary Dictionary of North American Jarai. Master of Arts thesis in Anthropology, Texas Tech University.
Further reading
edit- Jensen, Joshua M. (2013). The Structure of Jarai Clauses and Noun Phrases. PhD dissertation, University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/24707
- Lafont, Pierre-Bernard & Nguyễn Văn Trọng (1968). Lexique jarai, français, viêtnamien, parler de la province de Plei Ku. Publications de l'Ecole française d'Extrême-Orient, v 63. Paris: École française d'Extrême-Orient.
- Pittman, R. S. (1957). Jarai as a member of the Malayo-Polynesian family of languages. Fargo, N.D.: Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota.
- Reed, R. (1976). Jorai primer, guide and writing book. Vietnam education microfiche series, no. VE55-01/08/04. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
- Rơmah Dêl (1977). Từ Điển Việt - Gia Rai [Vietnamese - Jarai dictionary]. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản khoa học xã hội.
- Tong Nang, N. (1975). An outline of Jarai grammar. Vietnam data microfiche series, no. VD55-01. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
