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Kota, Rajasthan

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This article is about the city in Rajasthan, India. For its namesake district, see Kota district. For the historical region and state, see Kota State.

Kota (/ˈkoʊtə/ ⓘ), previously known as Kotah, is the third-largest city of the north-western Indian state of Rajasthan.[8] It is located about 240 kilometres (149 mi) south of the state capital, Jaipur, on the banks of Chambal River. As of 2024, with a population of over 1.5 million, it is the third most populous city in Rajasthan, after Jaipur and Jodhpur.[9] It serves as the administrative headquarters for Kota district and Kota division. It was founded as a walled city in the 14th century in the erstwhile Bundi state and became the capital of the princely state of Kota in 1625, following the separation of the Bundi and the Kota state.[10][11] Kota is known for its coaching institutes for engineering and medical entrance exams, such as JEE and NEET. Each year, over 200,000 students move to Kota to prepare for these competitive exams, earning it the nickname Coaching Capital of India.[12]

Kota
Metropolis
Jag Mandir Palace
Seven Wonders Park
Kota City Aerial View
Nickname: 
Coaching capital of India[1]
Kota is located in Rajasthan
Kota
Kota
Kota is located in India
Kota
Kota
Coordinates: 25°11′N 75°50′E / 25.18°N 75.83°E / 25.18; 75.83
Country India
State Rajasthan
DistrictKota
DivisionKota Division (Hadoti Region)
Named forKotia Bhil[2]
Government
 • TypeMunicipal Corporation
 • Body
  • Kota North Municipal Corporation
  • Kota South Municipal Corporation
 • MayorManju Mehra(Kota North)(INC)
Rajeev Agarwal(Kota South)(INC)
 • Municipal CommissionerAnurag Bhargav, RAS[3]
Area
[4][5]
 • Total
527 km2 (203 sq mi)
Elevation
271 m (889 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6][7]
 • Total
1,001,694
 • Rank46th
 • Density1,900/km2 (4,900/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialHindi, English
 • NativeRajasthani, Harauti
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
324001 to 324011 and 324022
Telephone code0744
ISO 3166 codeRJ-IN
Vehicle registrationRJ-20
Sex ratio895 ♀/♂
Websitekotamc.org

Apart from the several monuments that reflect the glory of the town, Kota is also known for its palaces and gardens.[13][14] The city was also included among 98 Indian cities for Smart Cities Mission initiated by the Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015[15] and was listed at 67th place after results of first round were released following which top 20 cities were further selected for funding in the immediate financial year.[16]

History

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See also: Kota State
 
Procession of Raja Ram Singh II of Kota, Later Mughal Period, c. 1850
 
king Kotia Bhil Smarak


The history of the city dates back to the 12th century CE when Rao Deva, a Chauhan Rajput chieftain belonging to the Hada clan conquered the territory and founded Bundi and Hadoti. Later, in the early 17th century, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, the ruler of Bundi – Rao Ratan Singh, gave the smaller principality of Kota to his son, Madho Singh. Since then Kota became a hallmark of the Rajput gallantry and culture.[17]

Princely city: Kota (कोटा)
Region Hadoti
19th-century flag  
Independence from: Bundi State
State existed: 1579–1949
Dynasties Rajput Chauhan Hada
Capital Kota
 
Diwali celebrations at Kota, 1690s

Kota became an independent state in 1631 when Rao Madho Singh, the second son of Rao Ratan of [Bundi] was made the ruler, by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir.[18] Soon Kota outgrew its parent state to become bigger in area, richer in revenue and more powerful. Maharao Bhim Singh played a pivotal role in Kota's history, having held a 'Mansab'[18] of five thousand and being the first in his dynasty to have the title of Maharao. Zalim Singh, a diplomat, and statesman, emerged as another prominent figure of the state in the 18th century. Although initially being a general of Kota's army, he rose to the regent of the kingdom after the king died leaving a minor on the throne.[17] He remained a direct administrator of the state. In 1817, a treaty of friendship was signed between him and the British on his condition of carving out part from the existing state for his descendants resulting in Jhalawar coming into existence in 1838.[17] Kota was not involved in the earlier events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. However, when in October 1857 rebels murdered the local British resident and his two sons, British forces responded by storming the city and, after some resistance, capturing it in March 1858.[19]

In the 1940s, social activist Guru Radha Kishan organised trade union activities and campaigned against the colonial government. He left Kota after the local administration learned of the arrest warrant issued against him for his participation in Indian Independence activities.

Geography

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Kishore Sagar Lake

Kota is located along the banks of the Chambal River in the southern part of Rajasthan. It is the 3rd largest city of Rajasthan after Jaipur and Jodhpur. The cartographic coordinates are 25°11′N 75°50′E / 25.18°N 75.83°E / 25.18; 75.83.[20] It covers an area of 221.36 km2 (85.47 sq mi).[4][5][21] It has an average elevation of 271 metres (889 ft). The district is bound on the north and north west by Sawai Madhopur, Tonk and Bundi districts. The Chambal River separates these districts from Kota district, forming the natural boundary.

The city of Kota is situated at the centre of the southeastern region of Rajasthan a region very widely known as Hadoti, the land of the Hadas. Kota lies along the banks of the Chambal river on a high sloping tableland forming a part of the Malwa Plateau. The general slope of the city is towards the north. The comparatively rocky, barren, and elevated land in the southern part of the city descends towards a plain agricultural land in the north. The Mukundara hills run from southeast to northwest axis of the town.

Kota has fertile land and greenery with irrigation facilities through canals. The two main canals; called as left main canal (towards Bundi) and right main canal (towards Baran) originate from the reservoir created by Kota Barrage.[22][23] The tributaries of these canals make up a network in the city and surrounding areas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh and supplements the irrigation of these areas.[23]

Climate

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Kota
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
10
 
 
23
11
 
 
20
 
 
26
13
 
 
10
 
 
33
19
 
 
10
 
 
39
25
 
 
20
 
 
42
29
 
 
50
 
 
40
29
 
 
250
 
 
34
26
 
 
240
 
 
32
26
 
 
110
 
 
34
25
 
 
20
 
 
34
22
 
 
10
 
 
30
16
 
 
10
 
 
25
12
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Kota weather
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.4
 
 
74
51
 
 
0.8
 
 
79
55
 
 
0.4
 
 
91
65
 
 
0.4
 
 
101
77
 
 
0.8
 
 
108
85
 
 
2
 
 
103
83
 
 
9.8
 
 
92
79
 
 
9.4
 
 
89
79
 
 
4.3
 
 
94
77
 
 
0.8
 
 
93
72
 
 
0.4
 
 
85
60
 
 
0.4
 
 
77
54
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Kota has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), bordering on a tropical savanna climate (Koppen: Aw), with high temperatures throughout the year. Summers are long, hot, and dry, starting in late March and lasting till the end of June. The temperatures average above 40 °C in May and June, frequently exceed 45 °C with temperatures as high as 48.5 °C also been recorded.[24] The monsoon season follows with comparatively lower temperatures, but higher humidity and frequent, torrential downpours. The monsoons subside in October and temperatures rise again. The brief, mild winter starts in late November and lasts until the last week of February. Temperatures hover between 26.7 °C (max) to 12.0 °C (min). This can be considered the best time to visit Kota because of intense heat in the summer.[25]

The average annual rainfall in the Kota district is 800.6 mm.[21] Most of the rainfall can be attributed to the southwest monsoon which has its beginning around the last week of June and may last till mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June with post-monsoon rains occasionally occurring in October. The winter is largely dry, although some rainfall does occur as a result of the Western Disturbance passing over the region.[25]

Climate data for Kota Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.9
(93.0) 		38.3
(100.9) 		42.8
(109.0) 		47.5
(117.5) 		48.5
(119.3) 		47.8
(118.0) 		47.2
(117.0) 		42.0
(107.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		41.1
(106.0) 		38.0
(100.4) 		33.9
(93.0) 		48.5
(119.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8) 		27.1
(80.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		39.3
(102.7) 		42.6
(108.7) 		40.3
(104.5) 		34.3
(93.7) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		30.1
(86.2) 		25.7
(78.3) 		33.1
(91.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.3
(63.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		32.6
(90.7) 		36.3
(97.3) 		34.7
(94.5) 		30.5
(86.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		23.7
(74.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		27.4
(81.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		14.3
(57.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		27.0
(80.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		21.8
(71.2)
Record low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		8.6
(47.5) 		14.0
(57.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		18.8
(65.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		18.0
(64.4) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.0
(55.4) 		7.1
(44.8) 		2.6
(36.7) 		1.7
(35.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 5.7
(0.22) 		8.2
(0.32) 		2.7
(0.11) 		8.4
(0.33) 		9.7
(0.38) 		80.3
(3.16) 		296.7
(11.68) 		269.6
(10.61) 		108.7
(4.28) 		18.9
(0.74) 		3.8
(0.15) 		3.6
(0.14) 		816.2
(32.13)
Average rainy days 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 1.0 4.7 11.6 11.2 5.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 38.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 40 30 19 13 15 33 62 69 54 31 31 37 36
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[26][27][28]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[29]

Kota has been ranked 38th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.[30]

Demographics

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Demographic Distribution of Religion in Kota, Rajasthan[31]
Religion Percent(%)
Hinduism
 
 80.50%
Islam
 
 15.87%
Jainism
 
 2.17%
Sikhism
 
 0.86%
Christianity
 
 0.42%
Others
 
 0.18%

According to the 2011 census of India, Kota City had a population of 1,001,694 of which male and female are 528,601 and 473,093 respectively.[7][32] The provisional results of census 2011 reported city's population as 1,001,365.[33] The urban agglomeration of Kota consists of city only.[32][34] The sex ratio was 895 and 12.14% were under six years of age. The effective literacy rate was 82.80%, with male literacy at 89.49% and female literacy at 75.33%.[32]

Harauti, a dialect of Rajasthani is widely spoken in Kota with Hindi, Marwari and English being the other languages spoken.[35]

According to 2011 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the city practised by about 80.5% of the population. Muslims form a large minority (15.9%) followed by Jains (2.2%), Sikhs (0.9%) and Christians (0.4%).[31]

Government institutions and courts

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Karna Ghatotkacha fight sculpture in Kota

Governmental institutions in Kota include:

  • Municipal Corporation
  • Collectorate
  • Office of the Divisional Commissioner
  • Rajasthan Housing Board
  • Command Area Development (CAD)
  • Urban Improvement Trust (UIT)
  • Office of the Superintendent of Police, Inspector General of Police, and the Income Tax commissioner of Kota range.
  • Office of the Divisional Railway Manager, Kota Division, West Central Railway
  • Office of Deputy Commissioner of central excise and service tax

Instrumentation Ltd is a Public Sector company based in Kota.[36] Its clientele includes public sector entities such as the Indian Railways, BSNL and VSNL. Presently, it has been shut down.

The District court provides court and notary services.[37]

Economy

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The city is the trade centre for an area in which cotton, millet, wheat, coriander and oilseeds are grown; industries include cotton and oilseed milling, textile weaving, distilling, dairying, and the manufacture of metal handcrafts.[38] Kota also has an extensive industry of stone-polishing (tiles) of a stone called Kota Stone, used for the floor and walls of residential and business buildings. Since last 15 years Kota has emerged as an Education hub of the country as producing excellent results in IIT-JEE and medical entrance exams.[39][40][41]

Kota educational industry

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A major part of Kota's economy depends on its student population. Every year more than 150,000 students visit and study in Kota to study and prepare for JEE and NEET.

The entrance coaching industry in Kota generates business of about ₹40,000 million from them which further contributes towards the economy of the region. Over time, the economical growth and money generated through education in Kota seems to have overtaken other popular economical activities of the region by contributing more and more with time.[42]

Kota Doria or Kota Doriya and Sarees

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Main article: Kota doria
 
Kota Sari with Gota Patti embroidery

Weaving in Kota was started by Maharana Bhimdev in the 18th century.[43]

The Kota saris like most traditional piece of work had started becoming lost before designer Vidhi Singhania moved to Kota and started working with the workers to revive its market.[44] Many textile shops in the city sell different varieties of Kota doriya. These saris have become one of the trademarks of the city.[45]

Kota stone

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Storage area of Kota Stone
Main article: Kota Stone

The fine-grained variety of limestone quarried from Kota district is known as Kota stone, with rich greenish-blue and brown colours. Kota stone is tough, non-water-absorbent, non-slip, and non-porous. The varieties include Kota Blue Natural, Kota Blue Honed, Kota Blue Polished, Kota Blue Cobbles, Kota Brown Natural and Kota Brown Polished.[46]

Industries

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Kota is one of the industrial hubs in northern India, with chemical, cement, engineering and power plants based there. The total number of industrial units in the district in 2010–11 stood at 12908 with 705 registered units.[47] The district power plants show annual growth of 15–20% due to their strategic locations.[47]

Power plants

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Kota is surrounded by five power stations within its 50 km radius.

  1. Kota Super Thermal Power Plant – thermal[48]
  2. Rajasthan Atomic Power Station in Rawatbhata Chittorgarh district (65 kilometres from Kota) – nuclear[49]
  3. NTPC Anta Gas Power Plant in Antah Baran district (50 kilometers from Kota) – gas
  4. Jawahar Sagar Power Plant – hydro[50]
  5. Kalisindh Thermal Power Station (in Jhalrapatan, Jhalawar) – thermal
  6. Surya Chambal Power Plant in Rangpur Kota district - biomass

Education

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The city is especially known in India as a center for the preparation of various national level competitive examinations through which the students seek admissions in various engineering and medical colleges of the country. Often termed as the "Kota Factory", the town contains more than 40 large coaching institutes for aspiring students trying to pass entrance exams for Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), through the IIT JEE, other engineering colleges and prominent medical colleges of India.

Since 2000, the city has emerged as a popular coaching destination for competitive exams preparation and for profit educational services. The education sector of Kota has become one of the major contributors to the city's economy.[51][52] Kota is popularly referred to as "the coaching capital of India".[39][40][53] Over 150,000 students from all over the country flock every year towards the city for preparation of various exams such as IIT-JEE and NEET-UG etc.[54][55][56][57] Many hostels and PGs are located in Kota near the vicinity of coaching centres for students. Students live here for 2–3 years and prepare for the exams. The annual turnover of the Kota coaching industry is about ₹1500 crore.[58] The majority of the students here are enrolled in schools, providing the facility of "dummy schooling", which gives students admissions without the need to attend it regularly. However, it is an illegal practice.[59] In 2019, The Viral Fever launched a Web Series called Kota Factory to shed light on the life of students who study at Kota.

Kota's emergence as a coaching hub began in 1985 when Vinod Kumar Bansal, an engineer set up Bansal Classes that eventually became Bansal Classes Private Limited.[60]

Student Suicides

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In the past few years, reports of students dying by suicide in the city have increased.[61] As per reports, students feel stressed and get pressurized in order to crack their target competitive exam. As per National Crime Records Bureau report of 2014, 45 suicide cases of students were reported in the city. In year 2015, 17 such cases were found.[62] For the same cause, many coaching centers have also appointed counsellors and are organising recreational activities to help students.[63][64][65][66]

The overwhelming number of student suicides has earned the city, the notorious tag of "Suicide capital" of students.[67]

Colleges

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Universities

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Secondary schools

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Places of interest

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Seven Wonders Park

Some of the popular visitor attractions in and nearby the city include Chambal Riverfront, City Park Chambal Garden, Seven Wonders Park, Kishore Sagar Lake, Jag Mandir Palace, Garh Palace, Umed Bhawan Palace, Chatra Vilas Garden, Ganesh Udyan, Traffic Garden, Godavari Dham Temple, Geparnath Mahadev Temple, Garadia Mahadev Temple, Chattaneshwar Mandir, Kota Zoological Park, Abheda Biological Park, City Park(IL Oxizone), Chatrapati Shivaji Park, Maharao Madho Singh Museum, Kota Government Museum, Brijraj Bhawan Palace, Abheda Mahal, Royal Cenotaphs at Kshar Bagh, Kota Barrage, Khade Ganesh Ji Mandir, Shiv Puri Dham, Maa Trikuta Mandir, Kansua Shiv Mandir, Darrah National Park and Jawahar Sagar Dam.[68][69][70][71][72]

Transport

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Kota is well connected with road and rail to all major cities within Rajasthan as well as those located outside the state.[73]

Roadways

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Kota have two major interstate bus terminals, namely, Nayapura Bus Stand at Nayapura and Roadways New Bus Stand at Ramchandrapura.[citation needed] National Highway No.27 (via Udaipur, Kanpur, Gorakhpur, Guwahati) and National highway No.52 (via Hisar, Churu, Sikar, Jaipur, Indore, Aurangabad, Solapur and Hubli) pass through the Kota City.[74] National Highway No.27 is a part of East-West Corridor(Porbandar - Silchar) and National Highway No.52 connects Punjab to Karnataka (Sangrur, Punjab—Ankola, Karnataka). The total road length in Kota district is 2,052 km as of March 2011. There are also three upcoming expressway projects in the form of Delhi–Mumbai Expressway (Via Kota, Rajasthan and Vadodara), Kota–Hyderabad Expressway (Via Indore) and Chambal Expressway.

Railways

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Entrance of Kota Railway station

Kota is well connected to all the major cities of India with rail. Kota Junction is one of the divisions in West Central Railway.[75] It is a station on the New Delhi–Mumbai main line. There are four railway stations within Kota and in its vicinity. One Substation of East Kota City is Sogariya(Kota Bypass) Railway Station and Another suburban station of South Kota city is Dakaniya Talav railway station which has a stoppage of Avadh Express, Dehradun Express and Ranthambore Express.[76]

The city is a halt for over 182 trains,[77] including Mumbai Rajdhani Express, August Kranti Rajdhani Express, Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express, Madgaon Rajdhani Express, Mumbai New Delhi Duronto Express, Golden Temple Mail, Paschim Express, Bandra Terminus-Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express, Kevadiya–Hazrat Nizamuddin Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express, Gujarat Sampark Kranti Express, Maharashtra Sampark Kranti Express, Goa Sampark Kranti Express, Kerala Sampark Kranti Express, Indore–Jaipur Express, Gangaur SuperFast Express, Mewar Express, Dayodaya Express, Jodhpur – Indore Intercity, Hazrat Nizamuddin - Indore Express, Garbha Express, Marusagar Express (Ajmer – Ernakulam Express / Ernakulam Express), Jaipur–Mysore Superfast Express, Swaraj Express, Chennai Central–Jaipur Superfast Express, Coimbatore–Jaipur Superfast Express, Jodhpur – Puri Express, Bandra Terminus–Gorakhpur Avadh Express, Bandra Terminus–Muzaffarpur Avadh Express, Jodhpur – Bhopal Express.

The Delhi—Mumbai railway line passes through the Kota Junction. The district has 148.83 km of railway line in the Kota – Ruthia section, 98.72 km on Nagda—Mathura (Mumbai-Delhi) section and 24.26 km on Kota —Chittorgarh section.

A broad-gauge railway facility between Kota and Jodhpur via Jaipur exists.

Airways

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Kota Airport is a civil airport serving Kota, Rajasthan, India. Spread over 447 acres, Kota Airport was originally built by the royal family of the princely state of Kota and was taken over by the government in 1951. This Airport Also Known As Rajputana Airport. Originally serviced by Indian Airlines Dakota aircraft and later by Vayudoot and Jagson Airlines, shutdown of major industries and Kota becoming a major railway junction effected decreased demand for air transport and the withdrawal of the airlines.[78] Kota Airport has had no scheduled services operating since 1999.[79] The nearest international airport is Jaipur International Airport situated around 240 km away from Kota.

The development of Kota greenfield airport has been approved 15 kilometres outside of the city.

Sports

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Jay Kaylon Cricket Stadium

The city is home to Jay Kaylon Cricket Stadium located in Nayapura area. Among several matches, six Ranji Trophy matches have been played in the stadium.[80][81] The stadium also hosted RCL T20 2016, an inter state cricket league with six participating teams.[82] Kota has majority of sports teams like Cricket, Football, Hockey, Basketball, Badminton, Shooting, Table Tennis, and Lawn Tennis.[citation needed]

Media

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Television

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There are five major regional TV Channels in Kota.[83]

A wide range of other Hindi, English, and other language channels are accessible via cable subscription and direct-broadcast satellite services. Dish TV, Tata Sky, Radiant Digitek, Airtel digital TV are entertainment services in Kota.

Newspapers

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Major daily newspapers in Kota[84][85][86] include:

Radio

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There are five radio stations in Kota, with four broadcasting on the FM band, and one All India Radio station broadcasting on the AM band.

Notable people

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Chambal River, as seen in Kota at Garadiya Mahadev

References

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  1. ^ kota is also known as coaching capital of india magzter.com
  2. ^ "जिनके नाम से कोटा का नाम पड़ा 300 साल बाद लगाई जाएगी उनकी प्रतिमा". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 30 July 2012.
  3. ^ "Administration : Kota Municipal Corporation". 24 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b "City Profile". kotamc.org.
  5. ^ a b "Kota District Census 2011 Handbook: VILLAGE AND TOWN WISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT (PCA)" (PDF). Census of India. p. 29 (pdf) Urban Section. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  6. ^ "2011 census: Kota Municipal Corporation Demographics". Censusofindia.gov.in. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Kota (Kota, Rajasthan, India) – Population Statistics and Location in Maps and Charts – City Population". Citypopulation. de. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  8. ^ "Major Cities in Rajasthan". Indiatravelportal.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
  9. ^ "Kota, India Metro Area Population 1950-2024". www.macrotrends.net. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  10. ^ "Welcome to -Nagar Nigam Kota North". kotamc.org. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  11. ^ "History of Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar : Books Collection". Rajasthani Granthagar. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  12. ^ "Kota sees more admissions in coaching institutes despite rise in student suicides". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  13. ^ "Tours to Kota". Indian Horizons. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  14. ^ "Lakes and Gardens in Kota". Indian Horizons. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  15. ^ Mehboob Jeelani (28 August 2015). "Centre unveils list of 98 smart cities; UP, TN strike it rich". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  16. ^ "Ranking of Smart Cities" (PDF). Ministry of Urban Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  17. ^ a b c "About Kota". Rajasthan Travel. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  18. ^ a b "History of Kota". Maps of India. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  19. ^ Llewellyn-Jones, Rosie (2007). The Great Uprising in India, Untold Stories. Chapter Two: The Kotah Residency Murders. Boydell & Brewer, England. pp. 66–95. ISBN 978-1843833048.
  20. ^ "Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Kota". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
  21. ^ a b Statistics by Govt. of Rajasthan Archived 29 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ^ "COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT CHAMBAL, KOTA". kotadivision.nic.in. Archived from the original on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Chambal Valley Project". Water Resources Department, Govt. of Rajasthan. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  24. ^ "Heat wave claims 10 lives; Kota hottest at 48.4 °C". Zee News. 26 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
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Further reading

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  • Tod James Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan: Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India Published 2001 Asian Educational Services ISBN 81-206-1289-2 pp. 407–690
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