The Turkic languages are a group of languages spoken across Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, East Asia and Siberia. Turkic languages are spoken as native languages by some 200 million people.
Turkic languages by subfamily
editThe number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2022) and were rounded:[1][2]
| Number | Branch | Languages | Status | Native Speakers | Majority | Main Writing System |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Oghuz languages | 8 | Normal | 121,000,000 |  Turkey |
Latin |
| 2 | Karluk languages | 4 | Normal | 43,500,000 |  Uzbekistan |
Latin |
| 3 | Kipchak languages | 12 | Normal | 27,000,000 |  Kazakhstan |
Latin |
| 4 | Siberian Turkic languages | 9 | Vulnerable | 800,000 |  Russia |
Cyrillic |
| 5 | Argu languages | 1 | Vulnerable | 50,000 |  Iran |
Persian |
| 6 | Oghuric languages | 1 | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 | Russia |
Cyrillic |
| Total | Turkic languages | 35 | Normal | 193,800,000 | Turkey |
Latin |
Turkic languages by the number of speakers
editThe Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 [3] documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1][2]
Endangered Turkic languages
editAn endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a "dead language".
26 endangered Turkic languages exist in World. The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[4][5][6]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers | Main Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bashkir language | Vulnerable | 1,500,000 | Russia
|
| 2 | Chuvash language | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 | Russia
|
| 3 | Khorasani Turkic language | Vulnerable | 1,000,000 | Iran
|
| 4 | Crimean Tatar language | Vulnerable | 600,000 |  Ukraine
|
| 5 | Kumyk language | Vulnerable | 450,000 | Russia
|
| 6 | Yakut language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | Russia
|
| 7 | Karachay-Balkar language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | Russia
|
| 8 | Tuvan language | Vulnerable | 300,000 | Russia
|
| 9 | Urum language | Definitely endangered | 200,000 | Ukraine
|
| 10 | Gagauz language | Critically endangered | 150,000 |  Moldova
|
| 11 | Siberian Tatar language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | Russia
|
| 12 | Nogai language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | Russia
|
| 13 | Dobrujan Tatar language | Severely endangered | 70,000 |  Romania
|
| 14 | Salar language | Vulnerable | 70,000 |  China
|
| 15 | Altai language | Severely endangered | 60,000 | Russia
|
| 16 | Khakas language | Definitely endangered | 50,000 | Russia
|
| 17 | Khalaj language | Vulnerable | 20,000 | Iran
|
| 18 | Äynu language | Critically endangered | 6,000 | China
|
| 19 | Western Yugur language | Severely endangered | 5,000 | China
|
| 20 | Shor language | Severely endangered | 3,000 | Russia
|
| 21 | Dolgan language | Definitely endangered | 1,000 | Russia
|
| 22 | Krymchak language | Critically endangered | 200 |  Israel
|
| 23 | Tofa language | Critically endangered | 100 | Russia
|
| 24 | Karaim language | Critically endangered | 100 | Ukraine
|
| 25 | Ili Turki language | Severely endangered | 100 | China
|
| 26 | Chulym language | Critically endangered | 50 | Russia
|
Extinct Turkic languages
edit| Number | Name | Time of Extinct |
|---|---|---|
| - | Proto Turkic | Reconstructed language |
| 1 | Old Turkic | 8th century |
| 2 | Old Anatolian Turkish | 11th century |
| 3 | Pecheneg | 12th century |
| 4 | Orkhon Turkic | 13th century |
| 5 | Khazar | 13th century |
| 6 | Old Uyghur | 14th century |
| 7 | Khorezmian | 14th century |
| 8 | Bulgar | 14th century |
| 9 | Saryz | 15th century |
| 10 | Middle Turkic | 15th century |
| 11 | Kipchak | 17th century |
| 12 | Cuman | 1770 |
| 13 | Old Tatar | 19th century |
| 14 | Fergana Kipchak | 1920s |
| 15 | Chagatai | 1921 |
| 16 | Ottoman Turkish | 1928 |
| 17 | Fuyu Girgis | 20th century |
| 18 | Dukhan | 21st century |
Famous Turkic Dialects
edit| Number | Dialect | Main Language |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rumelian dialect | Turkish language |
| 2 | Cypriot dialect | Turkish language |
| 3 | Afshar dialect | Azerbaijani language |
| 4 | Sonqori dialect | Azerbaijani language |
| 5 | Lop dialect | Uyghur language |
| 6 | Baraba dialect | Siberian Tatar language |
Hypothetical ancestors
editHypothetical relation to other language families and their proto-languages
- Proto-Human (?)
- Several unknown language families and links (?)
- Borean/Boreal (?)
- Nostratic (?)
- Eurasiatic (?)
- Ural-Altaic (?)
- Altaic (?)
- Pre-Proto-Turkic (?)
- Altaic (?)
- Ural-Altaic (?)
- Eurasiatic (?)
- Nostratic (?)
- Borean/Boreal (?)
- Several unknown language families and links (?)
Ancestral
edit
Siberian Turkic
edit
- South Siberian
- Altai Turkic
- Northern Altai
- Tuba
- Kumandy/Qumanda
- Turachak
- Solton
- Starobardinian
- Chalkan (Kuu/Qu, Lebedin)
- Northern Altai
- Chulym Turkic
- Chulym
- Lower Chulym (Küerik) (now believed extinct)
- Middle Chulym
- Upper Chulym
- Chulym
- Sayan Turkic (dialect continuum)
- Tofa
- Tuha
- Tsengel Tuvan
- Tuvan
- Western/Khemchik River (It is influenced by Altai)
- Central (the geographical centrality of this dialect meant it was similar to the language spoken by most Tuvans, whether or not exactly the same). Forms the basis of the standard and literary language and includes:
- Ovyur
- Bii-Khem
- Northeastern/Todzhi (it is spoken near the upper course of the Bii-Khem River by the Tozhu Tuvans. The speakers of this dialect utilize nasalization. It contains a large vocabulary related to hunting and reindeer breeding not found in the other dialects).
- Southeastern (shows the most influence from the Mongolian language).
- Taiga
- Dukha or Tsaatan - spoken by the Dukha people of Tsagaan-Nuur county of Khövsgöl Province (nearly extinct)
- Soyot-Tsaatan language spoken in the Okinsky District in Buryatia; now they speak the Buryat language) (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted first to a Turkic language and after to a Mongolian one - Buryat) (extinct)
- Tofa
- Orkhon Turkic / Old Turkic / Old Uyghur (extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Uyghur, that descends from Karluk) (not synonymous with Proto-Turkic)
- Yenisei Turkic
- Khakas (Xakas tili)
- Sagay/Saghay
- Kacha/Qaça
- Koybal (Samoyedic Uralic substrate; people shifted to a Turkic language)
- Beltir
- Kyzyl/Qizil
- Fuyu Kyrgyz (could be a dialect of Khakas)
- Shor
- Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor)
- Upper Mrassu
- Kondoma
- Upper-Kondoma
- Mrassu (basis for literary and standard Shor)
- Western Yugur or "Yellow Uighur" (direct descendant of Old Uyghur)
- Khakas (Xakas tili)
- Yenisei Turkic
- Altai Turkic
- North Siberian
- South Siberian
Karluk (Southeastern)
edit
Historically in Central Asia there was a distinction between sedentary, called Sart or Taranchi, and nomadic peoples (regardless of the ethnic group and language). Many times it was used confusingly because it was a generic word for several peoples and their languages (mainly Iranians or Turkics) and also because it had different meanings at different historical times (had shifting meanings over the centuries). Strictly it was not an ethnic or linguistic definition but one of a lifestyle. (strong Iranian substrate)
- Chagatai or Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct)
- Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465)
- Classical Chagatai (1465–1600)
- Post-classical Chagatai (1600–1921)
- Khorezmian Turkic (it was a literary language of the medieval Golden Horde of Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe) (extinct)
- Classical Chagatai (1465–1600)
- East
- Uyghur (not a direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
- Eastern: Spoken in an area stretching from Qarkilik towards north to Qongköl
- Central: Spoken in an area stretching from Kumul towards south to Yarkand
- Southern: Spoken in an area stretching from Guma towards east to Qarkilik
- Lop (Ľor télé) (could be a distinct language)
- Ili Turki (Kipchak substrate) (extinct)
- Uyghur (not a direct descendant of the language called Old Uyghur, Old Turkic or Orkhon Turkic)
- West
- Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and Persian languages)
- Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili)
- Ferghana Uzbek (not the same as Kipchak Uzbek)
- Tashkent Uzbek
- Chimkent/Shymkent-Turkestan Uzbek
- Surkhandarya Uzbek
- Khorezm Uzbek
- Southern Uzbek / Afghan Uzbek (strong Iranian substrate from Bactrian language and heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Dari / Dari Persian / East Persian / Afghan Persian)
- Northern Uzbek (Oʻzbekcha / Oʻzbek tili)
- Uzbek (Karluk Uzbek, Sart Uzbek – Sedentary and Urban Uzbek, “Modern Uzbek”) (strong Iranian substrate from Sogdian and Persian languages)
- Pre-classical Chagatai (1400–1465)
- Chagatai or Turki (Jağatāy) (literary language of medieval Golden Horde in much of Central Asia) (extinct)
Kipchak (Northwestern)
edit
- Kipchak (extinct)
- South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic)
- Kipchak-Nogai
- Dobrujan Tatar (Tatarşa / Tatar tílí)
- Şól
- Nogay
- Yalîbolu
- Fergana Kipchak (Kipchak Uzbek / ”Old Uzbek”) (nomadic and semi-nomadic Turkic of the regions of Fergana, Samarkand, Bukhara and Turkistan) (extinct)
- Kazakh (Qazaqsha / Qazaq tili)
- Eastern Kazakh
- Southern Kazakh
- Northern Kazakh
- Western Kazakh
- Karakalpak (Qaraqalpaq tili) (closer to Kazakh) (Iranian Kwarazmian and Turkic Kwarazmian substrates)
- Northeastern Karakalpak
- Southwestern Karakalpak
- Fergana Valley Karakalpak?
- Nogai
- Karanogay-Nogai Proper
- Karanogay or Qara-Nogai (literally "Black Nogai"; "Northern Nogai"), spoken in Dagestan
- Central Nogai or Nogai Proper, in Stavropol
- Aqnogai (White or Western Nogai), by the Kuban River, its tributaries in Karachay–Cherkessia, and in the Mineralnye Vody District. Qara-Nogai and Nogai Proper are very close linguistically, whereas Aqnogai is more different.
- Karanogay-Nogai Proper
- Dobrujan Tatar (Tatarşa / Tatar tílí)
- Kyrgyz-Kypchak
- Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzcha / Kyrgyz tili)
- Northern Kyrgyz (basis of standard Kyrgyz)
- Southern Kyrgyz
- Southern Altai
- Altai proper
- Mayma
- Telengit
- Tölös
- Chuy
- Teleut
- Altai proper
- Siberian Tatar (Sıbır tel)
- East Siberian Tatar
- Tom
- Baraba
- West Siberian Tatar
- Tobol-Irtysh
- East Siberian Tatar
- Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzcha / Kyrgyz tili)
- Kipchak-Nogai
- North Kipchak (Uralo-Caspian/Volga-Ural Turkic) (has some Uralic substrate)
- Old Tatar / Old Bashkir (Volga Turki) (extinct)
- Bashkir (Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele)
- Southern
- Dim
- Egän (Zigan)
- Eyek-Haqmar
- Middle
- Örşäk (Urshak)
- Eastern
- Arğayaş
- Qyźyl
- Meyäs
- Halyot (Salyoğot)
- Northwestern
- Tanyp
- Ğäynä (dialect of Perm Bashkirs)
- Qariźel
- Lower Ağiźel
- Middle Ural
- Southern
- Tatar (Tatarça / Tatar Tele)
- Central/Middle (Kazan) (basis of the standard literary Tatar)
- Western (Mişär or Mishar)
- Bashkir (Bashqortsa / Bashqort tele)
- Old Tatar / Old Bashkir (Volga Turki) (extinct)
- West Kipchak (Kipchak-Cuman/Ponto-Caspian Turkic)
- Cuman (Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct)
- Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk
- Karachay-Balkar (Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til)
- Karachay-Baksan-Chegem (basis of the standard language)
- Balkar (Malqar)
- Kumyk (“Caucasian Tatar”) (Qumuq til) (Oghur Turkic substrate – Khazar and Bulgar)
- Terek
- Khasavyurt
- Buynaksk
- Khaitag
- Podgorniy
- Karachay-Balkar (Qaraçay-Malqar til / Tawlu til)
- Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili / Qırım tili) (Scytho-Sarmatian and Crimean Gothic substrates)
- Northern (Steppe Crimean Tatar/Nogay Steppe) (should not be confused with Nogai people of the Northern Caucasus and the Lower Volga)
- Middle (more Cuman type characteristics) (basis of the standard Crimean Tatar)
- Southern/Coastal Crimean Tatar (Oghuz Turkic influence)
- Krymchak (Judeo-Crimean Tatar) (Qrımçah tılyı) (a different language from Karaim, not confuse with Karaim)
- Urum (closely related to Crimean Tatar and spoken by Turkish-speaking Greeks of Southeastern Ukraine and Georgia, etymological related to the Turkish name for Rome - Rûm / Urum, associated with the name of the East Roman Empire, mainly Greek in language) (Greek substrate)
- Karaim (Judeo-Crimean) (Qaray tili / Karaj tili) (a different language from Krymchak, not confuse with Krymchak)
- Karachay-Balkar - Kumyk
- Cuman (Polovtsian/Folban/Vallany/Kun) (extinct)
- South Kipchak (Aralo-Caspian Turkic)
- Kipchak (extinct)
Oghuz (Southwestern Turkic)
edit
- East Oghuz (Eastern)
- Salar, an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like Tibetan and Chinese
- Qinghai (Amdo) Salar
- Ili Salar
- Turkmen
- Teke (Tekke) (basis of the standard Turkmen)
- Nohurly
- Ýomud
- Änewli
- Hasarly
- Nerezim
- Gökleň
- Salyr
- Saryk
- Ärsary
- Çowdur
- Trukhmen
- Salar, an Oghuz language outlier strongly influenced by Karluk and Kipchak languages and also by non-Turkic languages like Tibetan and Chinese
- Transitional East-West Oghuz
- Khorasani Turkic
- North
- South/Razavi
- West
- Khorasani Turkic
- West Oghuz (Western)
- Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language
- South Azerbaijani
- Qarapapaq
- Shahsavani (Shahseven)
- Muqaddam
- Baharlu (Kamesh)
- Nafar
- Qaragözlü
- Pishaqchi
- Bayatlu
- Qajar
- Tabrizi (basis of Standard South Azerbaijani but not identical)
- Iraqi Turkmen (South Turkmen)
- North Azerbaijani
- Salyan
- Lenkaran
- Qazakh
- Airym
- Borcala
- Terekeme
- Qyzylbash
- Nukha
- Zaqatala (Mugaly)
- Qabala
- Yerevan
- Ordubad
- Ganja
- Shusha (Karabakh)
- Karapapak
- Shirvan dialect
- Baku dialect (basis of Standard North Azerbaijani, but not identical)
- Shamakhi
- Quba
- Derbend
- Nakhchivan
- South Azerbaijani
- Transitional Turkish Azerbaijani-Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish
- Meskhetian Turkish
- Hemshen Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish Proper (Kars, Erzurum, other regions)
- Zaza Turkish (Turkish spoken by Zazas, not to be confused with Zaza, which is an Iranian language, Zaza substrate)
- Kurdish Turkish (Turkish spoken by Kurds, not to be confused with Kurdish which is an Iranian language, Kurdish substrate)
- Northeastern Anatolian Turkish (Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Ağızları)
- Laz Turkish (Turkish spoken by Laz, do not confuse with Laz which is a Kartvelian language)
- Trebizond (Trabzon) Turkish
- Eastern Anatolian Turkish
- Old Anatolian Turkish (extinct)
- Turkish
- Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
- Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
- Central (Orta Anadolu)
- East central
- West Central
- Mediterranean (Akdeniz)/South (Güney)
- Southwest (Güneybatı)
- Southeast (Güneydoğu)
- Black Sea (Karadeniz)/North (Kuzey)
- Çorum, Çankırı
- East Black Sea Coast
- West Black Sea Coast
- Sakarya-Izmit
- Aegean (Ege)/West (Batı)
- Yörük (Nomadic Anatolian Turkish)
- Central (Orta Anadolu)
- Western Anatolian (Batı Anadolu Ağızları)
- Istanbul dialect (İstanbul Türkçesi) (basis of Modern Standard Turkish but not identical)
- Syrian Turkmen (Syrian Turkish)
- Cypriot Turkish
- Balkanic/Rumelian/Danubian
- East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
- Edirne
- West Balkanic/West Rumelian/West Danubian
- East Balkanic/East Rumelian/East Danubian
- Karamanli Turkish (Turkish of the Karamanlides, Turkish-speaking Greeks, Greek language substrate, not confuse with Cappadocian Greek, a mixed language, or the Cappadocian Greeks, although they are related) (almost extinct)
- Anatolian dialects (Anadolu Ağızları)
- Balkan Gagauz Turkish (Balkan Turkic) (Rumeli Türkçesi)
- Gajal
- Gerlovo Turk
- Karamanli
- Kyzylbash
- Surguch
- Tozluk Turk
- Yuruk
- Macedonian Gagauz
- Gagauz
- Bulgar Gagauzi
- Maritime Gagauzi
- Ottoman Turkish(extinct) (not a direct ancestor of Anatolian Turkish but a heavily Persianized and Arabized Turkic language)
- Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): the language of poetry and administration, Ottoman Turkish in its strict sense
- Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): the language of higher classes and trade
- Kaba Türkçe (Rough Turkish): the language of lower classes.
- Turkish
- Azerbaijani (Azeri Turkic, has an Iranian substrate from the Old Azeri language, an Indo-European language
- South Oghuz
- Afshar (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
- Aynallu (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani language)
- Qashqai (closely related to Azerbaijani)
- Sonqori (could be a dialect of South Azerbaijani)
- East Oghuz (Eastern)
- Pecheneg
- Pecheneg (Peçenek) (extinct)
Arghu
edit- Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Persian / Iranian Persian / Western Persian)
- Northern
- Southern
- Khalaj (a divergent member of the Common Turkic languages, not an Oghuz language) (heavily Persianized) (many are bilingual in Persian / Iranian Persian / Western Persian)
- Proto-Oghur
- Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
- Volga Bulgar (extinct)
- Danube Bulgar (extinct in the 10th c. AD assimilated by the Slavic language of the Seven Slavic Tribes, that was close to Old Church Slavonic, but they chose the name Bulgarian as an ethnonym and also for their language because of the origins of much of their ruling class or political elite that was Turkic)
- Khazar (extinct) (the language of the Khazars)
- Bulgar/Bolgar (extinct) (had a Uralic substrate)
Possible Turkic languages (all extinct)
editUnclassified languages that may have been Turkic or members of other language families
- Hunnic / Xiongnu (?)
- Jie - the language of the Jie (in today's Northern China), might be a dialect of the Xiongnu language. (possibly the earliest attested Turkic language, or a Yeniseian language)
- Keraite - the language or languages of the Keraites (in today's Central Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Qarai Turks, the Kerey Kazakh group of the middle zhuz Argyns, the Kireis, a group of the Kyrgyz and many Torghut may descend from them) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Old Naiman - the language or languages of the old Naimans (in today's Western and Southwestern Mongolia) (Mongolized after Temüjin, called Chinggis Khan, conquest in the 13th century) (Naiman, however, is the Mongol name for the numeral eight) (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Pannonian Avar - the language or languages of the Pannonian Avars (there are several hypotheses about their language)
- Tuoba - the language of Tuoba and possible related to Turkic languages.[7]
Possible Mixed languages
editConstructed languages
edit- Jalpi Türk language (crh) is a constructed language created by Ismail Gasprinsky in the 19th century.
- Ortatürk is a constructed language created by Baxtiyar Kärimov between 1993-2008.
- Öztürkçe is a semi-constructed, purified and controlled version of Turkish language.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Turkic". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
- ^ a b "Welcome to Glottolog 5.0". Retrieved 2024-03-12.
- ^ Dybo A.V., Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks, Moscow, 2007, p. 766, "Хронология тюркских языков и лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков (Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of the early Turks)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2005-03-11. (In Russian)
- ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
- ^ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
- ^ The Sounds of Tatar Spoken in Romania: The Golden Khwarezmian Language of the Nine Noble Nations (Academia.edu)
- ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. p. 132.
Further reading
edit- Hahn, Reinhard F. "Zhōngguó Tūjué yŭzú yŭyán cíhuìjí Collected glossaries of China's Turkic languages." (1992): 124-128.
- Akhatov G. Kh. 1960. "About the stress in the language of the Siberian Tatars in connection with the stress of modern Tatar literary language" .- Sat *"Problems of Turkic and the history of Russian Oriental Studies." Kazan. (in Russian)
- Akhatov G.Kh. 1963. "Dialect West Siberian Tatars" (monograph). Ufa. (in Russian)
- Baskakov, N.A. 1962, 1969. Introduction to the study of the Turkic languages. Moscow. (in Russian)
- Boeschoten, Hendrik & Lars Johanson. 2006. Turkic languages in contact. Turcologica, Bd. 61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-05212-0
- Clausen, Gerard. 1972. An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Deny, Jean et al. 1959–1964. Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Parlons qashqay. In: collection "parlons". Paris: L'Harmattan.
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2016. Le qashqay: langue turcique d'Iran. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Dolatkhah, Sohrab. 2015. Qashqay Folktales. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (online).
- Johanson, Lars & Éva Agnes Csató (ed.). 1998. The Turkic languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Johanson, Lars (1998). "The history of Turkic". pp. 81–125.
- Johanson, Lars (1998). "Turkic languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
- Menges, K. H. 1968. The Turkic languages and peoples: An introduction to Turkic studies. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
- Öztopçu, Kurtuluş. 1996. Dictionary of the Turkic languages: English, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Uighur, Uzbek. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2
- Samoilovich, A. N. 1922. Some additions to the classification of the Turkish languages. Petrograd.
- Schönig, Claus. 1997–1998. "A new attempt to classify the Turkic languages I-III." Turkic Languages 1:1.117–133, 1:2.262–277, 2:1.130–151.
- Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 90-04-13153-1
- Voegelin, C.F. & F.M. Voegelin. 1977. Classification and index of the World's languages. New York: Elsevier.
External links
edit- Interactive map of Turkic Languages
- Endangered Turkic languages
- Chart of Turkic languages
- Turkic Languages Verb Comparison
- Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley, Mongolia
- Turkic Languages: Resources – University of Michigan
- Map of Turkic languages
- Classification of Turkic Languages
- Online Uyghur–English Dictionary
- Turkic language vocabulary comparison tool / dictionary
- A Comparative Dictionary of Turkic Languages Open Project
- The Turkic Languages in a Nutshell with illustrations.
- Swadesh lists of Turkic basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
- Conferences on Turkic languages processing: Astana, Kazakhstan, 2013, Istanbul, Turkey, 2014, Kazan, Tatarstan, 2015