Wikipedia

List of animals by number of legs

The following is a list of selected animals in order of increasing number of legs, from 0 legs to 653 pairs of legs, the maximum recorded in the animal kingdom.[1] Each entry provides the relevant taxa up to the rank of phylum. Each entry also provides the common name of the animal. If the relevant taxon includes different animals with different common names, then the entry provides the common name of a familiar example.

If juveniles have fewer legs than adults, then the animal is listed by the number of legs recorded in mature adults. If this number varies among adults within the taxon, then this variation is described in parenthetical note. In counting legs, this list follows the conventions adopted in the relevant literature. For example, millipedes with gonopods are listed by numbers that exclude leg pairs that become gonopods.[2][3][4]

Animals have been selected so that each number from 0 to 55 leg pairs has one example listed. Each of these examples is listed by a number closely associated with the relevant taxon, either because that number is the one most commonly observed in that taxon or because it is one of only a few numbers recorded for the taxon. Beyond 55 leg pairs, intraspecific variation in leg number increases, and the association between species and any particular number breaks down.[5][6]

List of animals by number of legs

edit

0 legs: Serpentes (suborder), Squamata (order), Reptilia (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); snake[7]

1 pair: Aves (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); bird[8]

2 pairs: Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subpylum), Chordata (phylum); e.g., deer (2 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[9]

3 pairs: Hexapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., ant[10]

4 pairs: Arachnida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., spider[10]

5 pairs: Decolopoda (genus), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider[11]

6 pairs: Dodecolopoda mawsoni (monotypic genus & species), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider[12]

7 pairs: Isopoda (order), Malacostraca (class), Crustacea (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., woodlouse (7 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[10][13]

8 pairs: Zygopauropus hesperius (monotypic genus & species), Brachypauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod[14]

9 pairs: Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[3][14]

10 pairs: Decapauropus cuenoti (genus & type species), Pauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 or 10 in females, usually 9; 9 in males)[15]

11 pairs: Hexamerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod[3][14]

12 pairs: Symphyla (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); symphylan (12 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[16]

13 pairs: Polyxenida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bristly millipede (13 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[17]

14 pairs: Ooperipatellus nickmayeri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[18]

15 pairs: Scutigeromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); house centipede[19]

16 pairs: Opisthopatus camdebooi (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[20]

17 pairs: Glomerida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); northern pill millipede (17 in females; 19 in males, including 1 pair or 2 pairs of telopods)[21]

18 pairs: Peripatopsis alba (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[22]

19 pairs: Typhloperipatus williamsoni (monotypic genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (19 or 20 in males, usually 19; 20 in females)[23] (minimum in family)[24]

20 pairs: Peripatopsis collarium (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[25]

21 pairs: Sphaerotheriida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); giant pill millipede (21 in females; 23 in males, including 2 pairs of telopods)[21]

22 pairs: Metaperipatus inae (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (22 in females; 20 in males)[24]

23 pairs: Scolopocryptopidae (family), Scolopendromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bark centipede[19]

24 pairs: Eoperipatus totoro (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 in females; 23 in males)[26]

25 pairs: Eoperipatus horsti (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 or 25 in females; 23 or 24 in males, usually 23)[27][28]

26 pairs: Agenodesmus reticulatus (genus & type species), Fuhrmannodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (26 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 27 in females)[3]

27 pairs: Schendylops ramirezi (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (27 in males; 29 in females) (minimum in order)[29]

28 pairs: Prosopodesmus panporus (genus & species), Haplodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (28 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 31 in females)[2][3]

29 pairs: Dinogeophilus oligopodus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[29]

30 pairs: Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (usually 30 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; usually 31 in females; some taxa deviate from these numbers)[2][3][4]

31 pairs: Schendyla antici (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (31 in females; 29 in males)[30]

32 pairs: Devillea tuberculata (genus & type species), Xystodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (32 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 35 in females)[31][3]

33 pairs: Geophilus hadesi (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[32]

34 pairs: Mongeperipatus solorzanoi (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (34 in males; 39 to 41 in females, usually 41)[33]

35 pairs: Mecophilus tupiniquim (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[34]

36 pairs: Glomeridesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); slug millipede (usually 36 in females; usually 35 in males, including 1 pair of telepods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)[21][35][36]

37 pairs: Escaryus vitimicus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[37]

38 pairs: Oroperipatus lankesteri (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (37 or 38 in females; 33 to 35 in males)[27]

39 pairs: Tasmanophilus spenceri (genus & species), Zelanophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[38][39]

40 pairs: Chamaesoma broelemanni (monotypic genus & species), Chamaesomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 42 in females)[40][3]

41 pairs: Nannarrup hoffmani (monotypic genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[41]

42 pairs: Opisthocheiron canayerensis (genus & species), Opisthocheiridae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (42 in females; 40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[42]

43 pairs: Dicellophilus carniolensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[43]

44 pairs: Haasea hungarica (genus & species), Haaseidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 46 in females)[3]

45 pairs: Mecistocephalus nannocornis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[44]

46 pairs: Lipseuma (genus), Kashmireumatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (46 in females; 44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[45]

47 pairs: Mecistocephalus angusticeps (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[44]

48 pairs: Tianella (genus), Entomobielziidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 48 in females; usually 46 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some species deviate from these numbers)[46]

49 pairs: Mecistocephalus (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (49 in most species; some species deviate from this number)[47][44]

50 pairs: Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 50 in females; usually 48 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)[2][3]

51 pairs: Mecistocephalus evansi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[48]

52 pairs: Metamastigophorophyllon (genus), Anthroleucosomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (52 in females; 50 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[49][21][3]

53 pairs: Krateraspis sselivanovi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[44] (maximum in class evidently fixed by species)[6]

54 pairs: Neocambrisoma raveni (genus & type species), Metopidiotrichidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (54 in females; 51 in males, excluding three pairs modified as gonopods or paragonopods)[50] (maximum in class fixed by species)[5]

55 pairs: Mesoschendyla cribrifera (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[51]

191 pairs: Gonibregmatus plurimipes (genus & species), Gonibregmatidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (based on one specimen)[52] (maximum in class)[5]

653 pairs: Eumillipes persephone (monotypic genus & species), Siphonotidae (family), Polyzoniida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); camphor millipede (499 to 653 in females; 389 to 409 in males) (maximum in kingdom)[1]

References

edit
  1. ^ a b Marek, Paul E.; Buzatto, Bruno A.; Shear, William A.; Means, Jackson C.; Black, Dennis G.; Harvey, Mark S.; Rodriguez, Juanita (2021-12-16). "The first true millipede—1306 legs long". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 23126. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8677783.
  2. ^ a b c d Blower, J. Gordon (1985). Millipedes : keys and notes for the identification of the species. Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-07698-0. OCLC 13439686.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  4. ^ a b Mesibov, Robert. "External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans". myriapodology.org. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
  5. ^ a b c Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617 [611]. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
  6. ^ a b Minelli, Alessandro; Chagas-Júnior, Amazonas; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2009). "Saltational evolution of trunk segment number in centipedes". Evolution & Development. 11 (3): 318–322 [319]. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00334.x. PMID 19469859. S2CID 40909871.
  7. ^ Singarete, Marina E.; Grizante, Mariana B.; Milograna, Sarah R.; Nery, Mariana F.; Kin, Koryu; Wagner, Günter P.; Kohlsdorf, Tiana (2015). "Molecular evolution of HoxA13 and the multiple origins of limbless morphologies in amphibians and reptiles". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 38: 255–262. doi:10.1590/S1415-475738320150039. ISSN 1415-4757. PMC 4612600. PMID 26500429.
  8. ^ Seki, Ryohei; Li, Cai; Fang, Qi; Hayashi, Shinichi; Egawa, Shiro; Hu, Jiang; Xu, Luohao; Pan, Hailin; Kondo, Mao; Sato, Tomohiko; Matsubara, Haruka; Kamiyama, Namiko; Kitajima, Keiichi; Saito, Daisuke; Liu, Yang (2017-02-06). "Functional roles of Aves class-specific cis-regulatory elements on macroevolution of bird-specific features". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14229. doi:10.1038/ncomms14229. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5473641.
  9. ^ Gauthier, Jacques; Cannatella, David; de Queiroz, Kevin; Kluge, Arnold G.; Rowe, Timothy (1989). "Tetrapod phylogeny". In Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans; Nobelstiftelsen (eds.). The hierarchy of life: molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis: proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29-September 2, 1988 (PDF). International congress series. Amsterdam; New York : New York, NY, USA: Excerpta Medica : Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co. pp. 337–353. ISBN 978-0-444-81073-1.
  10. ^ a b c Ruppert, Edward E.; Barnes, Robert D.; Barnes, Robert D. (1994). Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Pub. ISBN 978-0-03-026668-3.
  11. ^ Jayasree, V.; Sreepada, R. A.; Parulekar, A. H. (1993). "An unusual giant pycnogonid (Pycnogonida-Colossendeidae) Decolopoda qasimi sp. nov. from Antarctic waters". Current Science. 65 (2): 179–181 – via NIO Digital Repository Service.
  12. ^ Calman, William Thomas; Gordon, Isabella (1933-06-01). "A dodecapodous pycnogonid". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character. 113 (781): 107–115. doi:10.1098/rspb.1933.0034.
  13. ^ Brökeland, Wiebke; Brandt, Angelika (2004). "Two new species of Ischnomesidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Southern Ocean displaying neoteny". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 51 (14–16): 1769–1785. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.034. ISSN 0967-0645.
  14. ^ a b c Scheller, Ulf (2011). "Pauropoda". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1: 467–508. doi:10.1163/9789004188266_022.
  15. ^ Scheller, Ulf; Adis, Joachim (2000). "Possible parthenogenesis in Allopauropus (Myriapoda: Pauropoda)". In Wytwer, Jolanta; Golovatch, Sergei (eds.). Progress in studies on myriapoda and onychophora: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Myriapodology, 20-24 July 1999, Białowieża, Poland. Fragmenta faunistica. Warszawa: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences. pp. 171–77. ISBN 978-83-85192-96-1.
  16. ^ Szucsich, Nikola; Scheller, Ulf (2011). "Symphyla". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 445–466. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
  17. ^ Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin, Monique; Uys, Charmaine; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques (2011). "Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa)". ZooKeys (156): 85–103. doi:10.3897/zookeys.156.2211. PMC 3253573. PMID 22303097.
  18. ^ Oliveira, Ivo de Sena; Mayer, Georg (2017-06-01). "A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 17 (2): 375–391. doi:10.1007/s13127-016-0321-3. ISSN 1618-1077. S2CID 10859202.
  19. ^ a b "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview", Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1, Brill, pp. 363–443, 2011-01-01, doi:10.1163/9789004188266_020, ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6, retrieved 2024-02-29
  20. ^ Barnes, Aaron; Daniels, Savel R. (2022-04-12). "Refining species boundaries among velvet worms (Onychophora, Peripatopsidae), with the description of two new species of Opisthopatus from South Africa". Invertebrate Biology. 141 (2): 1–17. doi:10.1111/ivb.12368. ISSN 1077-8306. S2CID 248171576.
  21. ^ a b c d Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN 978-90-04-15612-8.
  22. ^ Hamer, M.L.; Samways, M.J.; Ruhberg, H. (1997). "A review of the Onychophora of South Africa, with discussion of their conservation". Annals of the Natal Museum. 38 (1): 283–312.
  23. ^ Kemp, Stanley (1914). "Onychophora. Zoological results of the Abor expedition, 1911-1912". Records of the Indian Museum. 8: 471–492. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.1194. S2CID 88237018.
  24. ^ a b Mayer, Georg (2007-04-05). "Metaperipatus inae sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Chile with a novel ovarian type and dermal insemination". Zootaxa. 1440 (1): 21–37. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1440.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.
  25. ^ Barnes, Aaron; Daniels, Savel R. (2024). "Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa". Diversity. 16 (9): 566. doi:10.3390/d16090566. ISSN 1424-2818.
  26. ^ Oliveira, Ivo de Sena; Schaffer, Stefan; Kvartalnov, Pavel V.; Galoyan, Eduard A.; Palko, Igor V.; Weck-Heimann, Andreas; Geissler, Peter; Ruhberg, Hilke; Mayer, Georg (2013). "A new species of Eoperipatus (Onychophora) from Vietnam reveals novel morphological characters for the South-East Asian Peripatidae". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 252 (4): 495–510. Bibcode:2013ZooAn.252..495O. doi:10.1016/j.jcz.2013.01.001.
  27. ^ a b Monge-Nájera, Julián (1994). "Reproductive trends, habitat type and body characteristcs in velvet worms (Onychophora)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 42 (3): 611–622. ISSN 2215-2075.
  28. ^ Evans, Richard (1901). "On two new species of Onychophora from the Siamese Malay States". Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 44: 473–538.
  29. ^ a b Pereira, Luis Alberto (2013-01-01). "Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 53 (13): 163–185. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001. hdl:11336/3449. ISSN 1807-0205.
  30. ^ Stojanović, Dalibor Z.; Šević, Mirko; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2024-03-07). "A new dwarf schendylid centipede (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae) with a low number of legs from Serbia, Balkan Peninsula". Zootaxa. 5419 (3): 401–418. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5419.3.5. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 38480317.
  31. ^ Brölemann, H.-W. (1902). "Myriapodes Cavericoles". Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (in French). 71: 448–460 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  32. ^ Stoev, Pavel; Akkari, Nesrine; Komericki, Ana; Edgecombe, Gregory; Bonato, Lucio (2015). "At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae)". ZooKeys (510): 95–114. doi:10.3897/zookeys.510.9614. PMC 4523767. PMID 26257537.
  33. ^ Morera-Brenes, B.; Monge-Nájera, J. (2010). "A new giant species of placented worm and the mechanism by which onychophorans weave their nets (Onychophora: Peripatidae)". Revista de Biología Tropical. 58 (4): 1127–1142. arXiv:1511.00983. doi:10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5398. PMID 21246983.
  34. ^ Calvanese, Victor C.; Brescovit, Antonio D.; Bonato, Lucio (2019-11-15). "Revision of the Neotropical species of Aphilodontinae (Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae), with eight new species and a first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily". Zootaxa. 4698 (1): 1–72. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4698.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  35. ^ Carl, J. (1942). "Contribution à la connaissance des Limacomorpha -- Essai de morphologie comparée". Revue suisse de Zoologie (in French). 49: 133–167 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  36. ^ Mauriès, Jean-Paul (2019). "Les premiers Glomeridesmida découverts dans le département français de Guyane: nouvelles données sur leur ontogenèse et descriptions de nouveaux taxa: Glomeridesmoides n. g., et trois espèces nouvelles, dont une termitophile (Diplopoda, Glomeridesmida)" (PDF). Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse (in French). 155: 47–64.
  37. ^ Dyachkov, Yurii V.; Bonato, Lucio (2024-04-23). "An updated synthesis of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) of Asian Russia". ZooKeys (1198): 17–54. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1198...17D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 11061560. PMID 38693975.
  38. ^ Crabill, R.E. (1962). "Concerning Chilopod Types in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I (Chilopoda : Geophilomorpha : Scolopendromorpha)". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 5 (56): 505–510. doi:10.1080/00222936208651277.
  39. ^ Archey, Gilbert (1936). "Revision of the Chilopoda of New Zealand. Part 1". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 2: 43–70. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42905967. Wikidata Q58676585.
  40. ^ David, Jean-François (1989). "Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France)". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (4) A, Zoologie (in French). 11: 639–647. doi:10.5962/p.288286 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  41. ^ Foddai, Donatella; Bonato, Lucio; Pereira, Luis Alberto; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species". Journal of Natural History. 37 (10): 1247–1267. Bibcode:2003JNatH..37.1247F. doi:10.1080/00222930210121672. ISSN 0022-2933.
  42. ^ Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques (1984). "Particularités du Développement Post-embryonaire du Diplopode Craspedosomide Cavernicole Opisthocheiron canayerensis". Mémoires de Biospéologie (in French). 11: 211–220.
  43. ^ Bonato, Lucio; DáNyi, LáSzló; Minelli, Alessandro (2010). "Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (3): 501–532. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x.
  44. ^ a b c d Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Systematic Entomology. 28 (4): 539–579. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x. ISSN 0307-6970.
  45. ^ Golovatch, Sergei I.; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauries, Jean-Paul (2006). "Four new Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from caves in China". Zoosystema. 28 (1): 75–92.
  46. ^ Mauriès, J P (1988). "Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea)". Revue suisse de zoologie (in French). 95: 3–49 [5–17]. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.79638 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  47. ^ Bonato, L.; Minelli, A. (2004). "The centipede genus Mecistocephalus Newport 1843 in the Indian Peninsula (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae)". Tropical Zoology. 17 (1): 15–63. Bibcode:2004TrZoo..17...15B. doi:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531198. ISSN 0394-6975. S2CID 85304657.
  48. ^ Evans, W. Edgar; Brolemann, Henry W. (1923). "VI.—Myriapods collected in Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 42: 54–74. doi:10.1017/S0370164600023841. ISSN 0370-1646.
  49. ^ Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2016-12-22). "The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)". Zootaxa. 4211 (1): zootaxa.4211.1.1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 28006792.
  50. ^ Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid millipedes discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, new genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133.
  51. ^ "South African Geophilomorpha (Myriopoda)". Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum. 32: 95–116 [112–113]. 1937 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  52. ^ Tran, Binh Thi Thanh; Tran, Hoa Thi Xuan; Bonato, Lucio (2019-04-15). "A new soil centipede from South-East Asia with a unique arrangement of ventral glands, and a revised synopsis of Gonibregmatidae (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha)". ZooKeys (838): 111–132 [121, 129]. Bibcode:2019ZooK..838..111T. doi:10.3897/zookeys.838.33131. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 6477870. PMID 31048971.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_animals_by_number_of_legs&oldid=1254405626"