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List of castles in England

(Redirected from List of castles in Essex)

Further information on English castles: Castles in Great Britain and Ireland

This list of castles in England is not a list of every building and site that has "castle" as part of its name, nor does it list only buildings that conform to a strict definition of a castle as a medieval fortified residence.[1] It is not a list of every castle ever built in England, many of which have vanished without trace, but is primarily a list of buildings and remains that have survived. In almost every case the buildings that survive are either ruined, or have been altered over the centuries. For several reasons, whether a given site is that of a medieval castle has not been taken to be a sufficient criterion for determining whether or not that site should be included in the list.

Windsor Castle, Berkshire

Castles that have vanished or whose remains are barely visible are not listed, except for some important or well-known buildings and sites. Fortifications from before the medieval period are not listed, nor are architectural follies. In other respects it is difficult to identify clear and consistent boundaries between two sets of buildings, comprising those that indisputably belong in a list of castles and those that do not. The criteria adopted for inclusion in the list include such factors as: how much survives from the medieval period; how strongly fortified the building was; how castle-like the surviving building is; whether the building has been given the title of "castle"; how certain it is that a medieval castle stood on the site, or that the surviving remains are those of a medieval castle; how well-known or interesting the building is; and whether including or excluding a building helps make the list, in some measure, more consistent.

In order to establish a list that is as far as possible comprehensive as well as consistent, it is necessary to establish its boundaries. Before the list itself, a discussion of its scope includes lengthy lists of buildings excluded from the main lists for various reasons. The Castellarium Anglicanum, an authoritative index of castles in England and Wales published in 1983, lists over 1,500 castle sites in England.[2] Many of these castles have vanished or left almost no trace. The present list includes more than 800 medieval castles of which there are visible remains, with over 300 having substantial surviving stone or brick remains.

History

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The Tower of London

A castle is a type of fortified structure, developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. The first castles appeared in France in the 10th century,[3] and in England during the 11th century. A few castles are known to have been built in England before the Normans invaded in 1066;[4] a great many were built in the years following, the principal mechanism by means of which the Normans were able to consolidate their control over the country.[5] Whilst a few important castles, such as the White Tower in the Tower of London, were built of stone, most early castles were motte-and-bailey castles of earthwork and timber, which could be constructed quickly. Some were later rebuilt in stone,[6] but there are a great many castle sites in England where all that is visible today are traces of earthworks.[7]

Castles continued to be built in England for several hundred years, reaching a peak of military sophistication in the late 13th century.[8] The two principal elements in their construction were the great tower or keep, such as the White Tower, and the fortified enclosure, such as is provided by the outer wall of the Tower of London. During the 14th century, largely as a result of the decline of feudalism,[9] the construction of strong castles began to decline, in favour of more lightly fortified structures often described as fortified manor houses.[10] In the far north of England, where conditions remained unsettled, fortified buildings continued to be built as late as the 16th century, not only by the rich and powerful but by any with adequate means, as defence not against great armies, but against the notorious Border Reivers. Many took the form of the pele tower, a smaller, more modest version of the castle keep,[11] and many of these still survive, often incorporated in later buildings.

 
Pendennis Castle, Cornwall: a 16th-century Henrician Castle

Castles differed from earlier fortifications in that they were generally private fortified residences. Typically, a castle was the residence of a feudal lord, providing the owner with a secure base from which to control his lands,[12] and also a symbol of wealth and power. Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Age hillfort, provided public or communal defences,[13] as did medieval town or city walls. The many Roman forts of which ruins survive in Britain differed in being wholly military in nature; they were camps or strongholds of the Roman army. The Romans also built town or city walls in England, which can still be seen, for instance at Silchester.

By the 16th century the role of fortifications had changed once more with the development of artillery capable of breaching even thick stone walls. In the reign of Henry VIII, fears of invasion[14] led to the building of a series of new fortresses along the south coast of England,[15] known as the Device Forts or Henrician Castles. These were designed to use and to defend against artillery, and since they were not private residences, but national fortifications, they do not possess what architectural historians have come to see as the defining characteristics of a castle.[16] Nonetheless, they are visibly castle-like, being compact, with battlemented walls, squat turrets and sometimes a keep; and they were the last generation of fortresses in England to be known as castles, long before architectural historians began to argue that they should not be.[17] One of them, Pendennis Castle, was one of the last Royalist strongholds to fall to the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War—starvation forcing surrender after a siege of five months.[18]

 
Herstmonceux Castle, East Sussex

As the role of the castle as a fortress declined in the later medieval period, its role as a residence increasingly became the more important. Castles such as Herstmonceux were built with fortifications seemingly designed more for show than for strength,[19] implying a further evolution in the role and concept of the castle, becoming less a means of enforcing power but instead a symbol of its possession, a castle becoming a grand residence proclaiming the status of its owner. Once fortifications had become altogether redundant, it became increasingly rare in England for new buildings to be described as castles, in contrast to France, where country houses continued to be known as châteaux.

Once no longer needed as fortresses, castles – if they were not abandoned – were, over the centuries, adapted and modernised to make them more suitable for continued use as residences:[20] large windows were inserted in defensive walls, as at Lumley; outer walls were demolished or lowered to open up views from within, as at Raby; new residential ranges were built to improve and extend accommodation, as at Windsor. Some castles were restored after falling into ruin, like Bamburgh;[21] others, like Belvoir, were demolished and rebuilt, retaining little or none of the original structure.[22] In the 18th and 19th centuries especially, many castles underwent "improvements" by architects such as Anthony Salvin, and in this period a fashion developed for entirely new houses to be built in the style of castles, and to be known as castles.[23][24] Amongst these was Peckforton Castle, built by Salvin: a building so authentic in its recreation of a medieval castle that it has been described as possibly the last serious fortified home built in Britain.[25]

 
Peckforton Castle, Cheshire, with Beeston Castle in the distance

Scope and exclusions

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No list of castles in England is ever likely to be complete, because there will never be complete agreement in every case as to whether the remains of a building are those of a castle, whether a given place is the site of a castle, or whether a surviving building should be considered to be a castle.[26]

Perhaps because the castle has become the most familiar type of fortification, many sites of fortifications earlier than the 10th century have become known as castles. Most of these are Iron Age hill forts. Amongst the best known are Abbotsbury Castle, Barbury Castle, Bratton Castle, Cadbury Castle, Castle Dore, Chûn Castle, Liddington Castle, Maen Castle, Maiden Castle and Uffington Castle,[27] whilst many more appear in the List of hillforts in England. Others, such as Melandra Castle, Reculver Castle, Richborough Castle and Whitley Castle, are Roman forts, whilst Daw's Castle is a Saxon burh.[27] None of these is included in the present list unless it is also the site of a medieval castle, as is the case with, for instance, Portchester Castle, where an imposing castle was built within the surviving walls of the Roman fort.[28]

 
Portchester Castle, Hampshire: Roman walls and medieval keep

Nor are all medieval fortified sites included in the present list. The remains of town and city walls are excluded—most of these appear in the List of town walls in England and Wales. Also excluded are churches with defensive towers, such as Ancroft, Burgh by Sands, Edlingham, Garway, Great Salkeld and Newton Arlosh, as well as other fortified ecclesiastical sites such as Alnwick Abbey, Battle Abbey, Thornton Abbey, Wetheral Priory, Whalley Abbey and St Mary's Abbey, York. Some of the pele towers of Northern England are included, but the more modest fortified buildings known as bastles are not, though the distinction between them is not always altogether clear. Amongst fortified manor houses, those given the title of castle are included, whilst many others were more lightly fortified and are excluded. Amongst these are Baddesley Clinton, Cowdray House, Farnhill Hall, Hipswell Hall, Ightham Mote, Little Wenham Hall, Markenfield Hall and Walburn Hall.[29]

The list includes pele towers that became known as castles, or preserve a castle-like aspect. Many others, or their remains, survive much altered—incorporated in later country houses or farmhouses, and are excluded. Amongst these are: Aske Hall, Biddlestone RC Chapel, Bolling Hall, Bolton Old Hall, Boltongate Rectory, Causey Park House, Clennell Hall, Cliburn Hall, Corbridge Low Hall, Cowmire Hall, Craster Arms (Beadnell), Croglin Old Pele, Denton Hall, Dovenby Hall, Dunstan Hall, East Shaftoe Hall, Godmond Hall, Great Salkeld Rectory, Hardrigg Hall, Hepscott Hall, Hetton Hall, Hollin Hall, Hutton Hall (Penrith), Irton Hall, Johnby Hall, Killington Hall, Kirkoswald College, Levens Hall, Little Harle Tower, Nether Hall, Netherby Hall, Ormside Hall, Pockerley Pele, Preston Patrick Hall, Randalholme Hall, Rock Hall, Rudchester Hall, Sella Park, Selside Hall, Skelsmergh Hall, Smardale Hall, Thistlewood Farmhouse, Warnell Hall, Weetwood Hall and Witton Tower.[29]

In the post-medieval period, the distinction between true castles and later mock castles is blurred by the extent to which medieval castles were adapted and rebuilt. At Greystoke a new castle was built incorporating a medieval pele tower;[30] at Thurland a new castle was built from the ruins of the old;[31] at Belvoir the old castle was demolished and a new one built.[22] The building of mock castles might be seen as the logical conclusion of a process already apparent in castles such as Herstmonceux or Tattershall, where the castle-like aspect of the building was becoming more for show than for strength.[19]

 
Wentworth Castle: not a castle but a country house

Amongst post-medieval buildings in England that are known as castles, a few, such as Peckforton Castle, closely resemble medieval castles. Many others, such as Clearwell Castle, have some castle-like features, and some, like Mereworth Castle, bear no resemblance whatsoever to a castle. The list excludes buildings that neither look like castles, nor incorporate the remains of castles. Amongst these are Bolebroke Castle, Bovey Castle, Bruce Castle, Castle Ashby, Castle Howard, Clifton Castle, Highclere Castle, Mereworth Castle, New Wardour Castle, Sherborne Castle, Wentworth Castle, and Wisbech Castle.[32] Many other buildings with some castle-like features are also excluded. Amongst these are Acton Castle, Allerton Castle, Augill Castle, Avon Castle, Bell's Castle, Bolesworth Castle, Bude Castle, Castle Eden Castle, Castle Goring, Cave Castle, Cholmondeley Castle, Clearwell Castle, Cliffe Castle, Coates Castle, Creech Castle, Droskyn Castle, Edmond Castle, Enmore Castle, Ewell Castle, Farleigh Castle, Farley Castle, Fillingham Castle, Hatherop Castle, Headingley Castle, Highcliffe Castle, Hilfield Castle, Kenwith Castle, Kirby Knowle Castle, Knepp Castle, Luscombe Castle, Midford Castle, Mulgrave Castle, Otterburn Tower, Pentillie Castle, Reeve Castle, Ryde Castle, St. Clare Castle, Sibdon Castle, Sneaton Castle, Stanhope Castle, Studley Castle, Swinton Castle, The Citadel (Weston-under-Redcastle), Tregenna Castle, Vanbrugh Castle, Wadhurst Castle, Wattisham Castle, Whitehaven Castle, Whitstable Castle, Willersley Castle, and Willsbridge Castle.[32] Amongst those that have been demolished is Steephill Castle.

Artificial ruins and follies, often built as memorials or landscape features, are also excluded. Amongst these are Appley Tower, Black Castle, Bladon Castle, Blaise Castle, Bollitree Castle, Boston Castle, Braylsham Castle, Broadway Tower, Carr Hall Castle, Castlebourne, Clent Castle, Clopton Tower, Dinton Castle, Doyden Castle, Dunstall Castle, Durlston Castle, Fort Putnam, Hadlow Castle, Castle in Hagley Park Lawrence Castle, Long's Park Castle, Mow Cop Castle, Mowbray Castle, Pirton Castle, Radford Castle, Radway Tower, Ragged Castle (Badminton), Rivington Castle, Rodborough Fort, Ross Castle, Rothley Castle, Roundhay Castle, Sebergham Castle, Severndroog Castle, Shaldon Castle, Sham Castle (Bath), Sledmere Castle, Speedwell Castle, Stainborough Castle, Starlight Castle, Stowe Castle, Strattenborough Castle, Sundorne Castle, Toll House (Clevedon) and Wyke Castle.[32] Finally, the 16th-century Henrician Castles, whose design was closely inspired by medieval castles, are included, but later military fortifications—with just a few exceptions—are not.

 
Red Lion Tower, Haltwhistle

However carefully the criteria for including a building or site on this list are set out, borderline cases are inevitable. Many buildings known to incorporate northern pele towers in their fabric, but are no longer castle-like—such as the Red Lion Tower in Haltwhistle—have been excluded. On the other hand, Corby Castle, in which a pele tower survives wholly encased in a later building,[33] is included because it is known as a castle, and by implication continued to fulfil the role of one, at least in part. Kimbolton Castle is included as the site of a medieval castle, and because the present mansion has a castellated aspect in deference to the medieval castle it replaced.

Key

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Key
  Accessible open space
  Castle open to the public
  English Heritage
  Historic House open to the public
  Museum
  National Trust
NGS Private, grounds open under the National Gardens Scheme
Name Usually the name of the surviving building, but not always—for instance the remains of the historic Bampton Castle were incorporated in a later building known as Ham Court
Type Usually the type of castle represented by the predominant surviving fortified remains
Date Usually the dates of the principal building works relating to the surviving remains
Condition An indication as to what remains of the original castle structure
Image The building or site as it currently exists
Ownership
/ Access 		Brief information relating to the current ownership or use of the site, an icon signifying that the site is frequently open to the public

Bedfordshire

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See also: Map of castles in Bedfordshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

† Bedford Castle was demolished after a well-documented eight-week siege by Henry III, with around 2000 men, in 1224.[34]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Someries Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragmentary remains     Brick, unfinished, ruined gatehouse and chapel survive.[35]

Berkshire

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See also: Map of castles in Berkshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Donnington Castle Castle c. 1386 Fragment     Built by Richard Abberbury the Elder, destroyed during the English Civil War, gatehouse survives.[36]
Windsor Castle Keep and bailey 12th–19th centuries Intact   Royal palace Restored and extended by James Wyatt and Jeffry Wyattville, 1800–30.[37]

Bristol

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See also: Map of castles in Bristol

Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2]

Buckinghamshire

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See also: Map of castles in Buckinghamshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Boarstall Tower Fortified manor house c. 1312 Fragment     Moated site, gatehouse survives, altered in the 16–17th centuries, converted to house 20th century.[38]

Cambridgeshire

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See also: Map of castles in Cambridgeshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Buckden Palace Fortified manor house 13–15th century Fragment   Claretian conference centre Renamed Buckden Towers, partly demolished and remnants incorporated with a 19th-century house.[39]
Elton Hall Fortified manor house c. 1477 Fragment     Gatehouse survives, incorporated in building of 1662–1689, remodelled and extended in the 18–19th centuries.[40]
Kimbolton Castle Castellated house 17–18th century Intact   School Site of medieval castle, rebuilt and later remodelled by Sir John Vanbrugh 1707–10.[41]
Kirtling Tower Fortified manor house c. 1530 Fragment   NGS 16th-century gatehouse on supposed site of moated Saxon castle.[42]
Longthorpe Tower Tower house 1263–1300 Intact     Elaborate scheme of domestic medieval wall paintings.[43]
Northborough Castle Fortified manor house 1330–40 Fragment   Private Gatehouse and hall survive, with 16/17th-century alterations.[44]
Woodcroft Castle Quadrangular castle c. 1280 Habitable fragment   Private West range of original building survives, with alterations.[45]

Cheshire

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Main article: List of castles in Cheshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Beeston Castle Enclosure castle 13–14th century Ruins     Sited on crag high above Cheshire Plain, 19th-century outer gatehouse.[46]
Chester Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Fragment     Agricola tower sole feature of medieval castle to survive an 18th-century fire.[47]
Doddington Castle Tower house c. 1403 Substantially intact   Private Also known as Delves Hall. Building at Risk.[48]
Halton Castle Castle 13th century Fragmentary remains    
Duchy of Lancaster 		Commanding position, 13th-century tower, 18th-century courthouse, folly of c. 1800.[49]
Peckforton Castle Neo-romantic castle 1844–50 Intact   Hotel By Anthony Salvin, possibly the last serious fortified home built in Britain.[25]

County Durham

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See also: Map of castles in County Durham

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Auckland Castle Keep and bailey 12–16th century Rebuilt    
Church of England 		Mostly 16th-century, fragments remain of medieval castle, residence of the Bishop of Durham.[50]
Barnard Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Ruins     [51]
Bowes Castle Keep 12th century Fragmentary remains     Ruins of keep survive.[52]
Brancepeth Castle Keep and bailey 14–19th century Reconstructed   Private Substantial medieval portions, including 5 towers incorporated in 19th-century rebuilding.[53]
Durham Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Rebuilt   University College, Durham Much altered during continuous occupation since c. 1072.[54]
Lambton Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1820–8 Intact   Wedding venue / Earl of Durham Later additions demolished following subsidence.[55]
Lumley Castle Quadrangular castle c. 1392 Intact   Hotel / Earl of Scarbrough Altered c. 1580 and 1721.[56]
Mortham Tower Fortified manor house 14–16th century Intact   Private 15th-century tower, formerly in Yorkshire.[57]
Raby Castle Castle 12–14th century Intact    
Lord Barnard 		Altered in the 18–19th centuries.[58]
Raby Old Lodge Tower house 16th century Restored Holiday accommodation Probably built as a hunting lodge for the Neville family of Raby Castle.[59]
Scargill Castle Tower house 13–15th century Fragment   Private, farm Amongst farm buildings.[60]
Walworth Castle Sham castle c. 1600 Restored   Hotel South-west tower and adjoining wall possibly medieval.[61]
Witton Castle Castle c. 1410 Restored   Caravan site Extended in 1790–95. Used as a leisure centre for a caravan site.[62]

Cornwall

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See also: Map of castles in Cornwall

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Caerhays Castle Neo-romantic castle 1807–10 Intact     Built in 1808 by John Nash.[63]
Carn Brea Castle Sham castle 15–19th century Intact   Restaurant Possible medieval hunting lodge rebuilt in the 18–19th centuries.[64]
Ince Castle Semi-fortified house c. 1640 Intact   NGS House may have been held against the Roundheads in 1646.[65]
Launceston Castle Keep and bailey 11–13th century Ruins     [66]
Pendennis Castle Artillery fort 1540–98 Intact     Withstood 5-month siege in 1646.[18]
Pengersick Castle Fortified manor house c. 1510 Fragment     4-storey tower remains, with later building.[67]
Place House, Fowey Tower house 15–19th century Rebuilt   Private Original tower house defended against the French in 1475, subsequently strengthened, later rebuilt.[68]
Restormel Castle Shell keep 12–13th century Ruins     [69]
St Catherine's Castle Artillery fort 1538–40 Ruins     At mouth of River Fowey.[70]
St. Mawes Castle Artillery fort 1540–3 Intact     Position not defensible from land attack.[71]
St. Michael's Mount Fortified site 12–17th century Substantially intact     Castle and priory church comprise single building.[72]
Tintagel Castle Twin bailey 1227–33 Fragmentary remains     [73]
Trematon Castle Shell keep 12–13th century Ruins   Duchy of Cornwall [74]

Cumbria

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See also: Map of castles in Cumbria

Castles of which only earthworks, vestiges or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Appleby Castle Keep and bailey 12–17th century Restored   Private Restored in the 17th century by Lady Anne Clifford.[75]
Armathwaite Castle Tower house 15th century Intact   Private Incorporated in later buildings.[76]
Arnside Tower Tower house 15th century Ruins   Private Freestanding tower house.[77]
Askerton Castle Castle 14–16th century Restored   Private, farm Altered by Anthony Salvin.[78]
Beetham Hall Fortified manor house 14th century Partly ruined   Private [79]
Bewcastle Castle Courtyard castle 14–15th century Fragmentary ruins     Sited within Roman fort.[80]
Bewley Castle Fortified manor house 13–14th century Fragmentary ruins Private Once a residence of the Bishops of Carlisle.[81]
Blencow Hall Fortified house 15–16th century Intact   Holiday accommodation Altered in 1590.[82]
Brackenburgh Old Tower Pele tower 14–15th century Substantially intact Private Adjoining large 19th-century house.[83]
Brackenhill Tower Tower house 1586 Intact Holiday accommodation Restored 21st century.[84]
Branthwaite Hall Pele tower 14–15th century Intact   Private 17th-century additions.[85]
Brough Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Ruins     Restored in 1659–62 by Lady Anne Clifford.[86]
Brougham Castle Keep and bailey 13–14th century Ruins     Converted into country house in 17th century by Lady Anne Clifford.[87]
Brougham Hall Fortified manor house 13–19th century Ruins   Crafts centre Ruins of 19th-century house incorporating remains of earlier building.[88]
Broughton Tower Pele tower 14th century Intact   School Incorporated in later building.[89]
Burneside Hall Tower house 14th century Ruins   Private [90]
Carlisle Castle Keep and bailey 12–15th century Substantially intact     Converted to barracks 19th century.[91]
Catterlen Hall Tower house 15th century Intact   Private Later additions.[92]
Clifton Hall Pele tower 16th century Substantially intact     Used as a farm building until 1973.[93]
Cockermouth Castle Enclosure castle 13–14th century Partly restored   Private 19th-century additions.[94]
Corby Castle Tower house 13th century Rebuilt   Private Concealed within a Georgian Mansion House.[33]
Dacre Castle Tower house 14th century Restored   Private Restored in the 17th and 19th centuries.[95]
Dalston Hall Fortified house 15th century Intact   Hotel Later additions.[96]
Dalton Castle Pele tower 14th century Restored     Remodelled c. 1704 and 1856.[97]
Drawdykes Castle Tower house 14th century Intact Private, farm Original tower with early Classical Revival facade.[98]
Drumburgh Castle Tower house 14th century Habitable   Private Converted into farmhouse.[99]
Egremont Castle Castle 12th–13th century Ruins     [100]
Gleaston Castle Enclosure castle 14th century Fragmentary remains   Private Abandoned late 15th century.[101]
Greystoke Castle Castle 14–19th century Rebuilt   Wedding venue Rebuilt incorporating parts of 14th-century building, remodelled in 1840 by Anthony Salvin.[102]
Harbybrow Tower Pele tower 15th century Ruin Private Adjoining 19th-century farmhouse.[103]
Hayton Castle Tower house 14–15th century Substantially intact Private Castle converted to house.[104]
Hazelslack Tower Pele tower 14th century Ruins   Private Near Arnside.[105]
Howgill Castle Tower house 14th century Substantially intact Private Altered and remodelled in the 17–18th century.[106]
Hutton-in-the-Forest Pele tower 14–19th century Intact     Large country-house extensions.[107]
Hutton John Pele tower 14th century Intact     Later alterations and additions.[108]
Ingmire Hall Pele tower 16–20th century Rebuilt   Private apartments Incorporated in large, mostly 19th-century mansion.[109]
Isel Hall Tower house 14–15th century Intact     Later additions.[110]
Kendal Castle Ringwork 12–14th century Fragmentary remains     [111]
Kentmere Hall Pele tower 14th century Intact   Private [112]
Kirkandrews Tower Pele tower 16th century Intact   Private [113]
Linstock Castle Tower house 12–13th century Substantially intact Private Altered and remodelled in the 17–20th century.[114]
Lowther Castle Neo-romantic castle 1806–14 Ruins     Shell of a 19th-century castle by Smirke, on site of medieval hall.[115]
Middleton Hall Fortified manor house 14th century Habitable   Private Altered and extended in the 15–19th centuries.[116]
Millom Castle Castle 14th century Ruins     16–17th-century farmhouse built into ruins.[117]
Muncaster Castle Tower house 13–14th century Restored     Remodelled by Anthony Salvin, home of Tom Fool, 16th-century jester.[118]
Naworth Castle Keep and bailey 13–16th century Restored   Wedding venue
Earl of Carlisle 		Altered and restored in the 18th and 19th centuries.[119]
Newbiggin Hall Fortified house 15–16th century Intact   Private Remodelled by Anthony Salvin.[120]
Pendragon Castle Tower house 12–14th century Fragmentary remains     [121]
Penrith Castle Castle 14–15th century Fragmentary remains     [122]
Piel Castle Castle 14–15th century Ruins     Also known as Fouldrey Castle.[123]
Prior's Tower, Carlisle Pele tower 15th century Intact   Church of England Part of the Deanery, alongside later buildings.[124]
Rose Castle Quadrangular Castle 15–16th century Restored   Church of England Converted to private house 17th century, residence of the Bishop of Carlisle until 2011.[125]
Scaleby Castle Tower house 13–15th century Partly ruined   Private Incorporated with later house.[126]
Sizergh Castle Tower house 14–16th century Restored     Altered in the 18–20th centuries.[127]
Toppin Castle Sham castle 19th century Intact   Private Imitation tower house.[128]
Ubarrow Hall Pele tower Medieval Substantially intact   Private Alongside later building, reduced in height.[129]
Wharton Hall Fortified manor house 14–17th century Partly restored   Private [130]
Whitehall, Mealsgate Tower house 14–15th century Substantially intact Holiday accommodation Alterations by Anthony Salvin.[131]
Workington Hall Tower house 14–18th century Ruins   Local authority Inhabited until 1929, requisitioned by the army in the Second World War and since allowed to fall into ruin. Also known as Curwen Hall.[132][133]
Wray Castle Neo-romantic castle 1840–7 Intact     [134]
Wraysholme Tower Tower house 15th century Substantially intact   Private, farm Used as barn and cow-house, adjoining a 19th-century house.[135]
Yanwath Hall Pele tower 15th century Intact   Private Adjoining later building.[136]

Derbyshire

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See also: Map of castles in Derbyshire

Castles of which only earthworks, vestiges or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Bolsover Castle Castle 12–17th century Rebuilt     Castle rebuilt as a 17th-century mansion.[137]
Codnor Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragmentary remains     [138]
Elvaston Castle Castellated house 17–19th century Derelict   Derbyshire County Council Built in 1633, remodelled by James Wyatt in 19th century, now within country park. Building at Risk.[139]
Haddon Hall Fortified manor house 14–15th century Intact     Altered in the 16–17th centuries, restored in the 1920s.[140]
Mackworth Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragment   Private Ruined gatehouse adjoining farm.[141]
Peveril Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Ruins     Commanding position above ravine.[142]
Riber Castle Sham castle 1868 Ruins   Private School 1892–1930.[143]
Wingfield Manor Fortified manor house 15th century Ruins     Abandoned in the 18th century.[144]

Devon

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See also: Map of castles in Devon

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2][145]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Affeton Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragment   Private Gatehouse of house sacked during English Civil War, with 19th-century alterations.[146]
Berry Pomeroy Castle Enclosure castle 15th century Ruins     Very late castle, designed to defend against artillery.[147]
Bickleigh Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Restored   Wedding venue Incorporated in later buildings.[148]
Compton Castle Fortified manor house 14–16th century Restored     Used as farm after 1750, restored 20th century.[149]
Dartmouth Castle Castle 1481 Restored     Converted to artillery castle 1509–47.[150]
Castle Drogo Neo-romantic castle 1911–1930 Intact     By Edwin Lutyens.[151]
Gidleigh Castle Keep c. 1300 Ruins     [152]
Hemyock Castle Enclosure castle c. 1380 Fragmentary remains   Private [153]
Kingswear Castle Artillery fort 1491–1502 Intact   Landmark Trust [154]
Lydford Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Ruins     [155]
Marisco Castle Keep and bailey c. 1243 Restored     Restored in 1643.[156]
Okehampton Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Fragmentary remains     [157]
Plympton Castle Motte and bailey 12th century Fragmentary remains     [158]
Powderham Castle Fortified manor house 14–16th century Restored    
Earl of Devon 		Remodelled in the 18th and 19th centuries.[159]
Rougemont Castle (Exeter) Castle 11–12th century Fragments   Wedding venue Medieval fragments survive with later buildings.[160]
Salcombe Castle Artillery fort 1540s Ruins     Refortified in 1643–45.[161]
Tiverton Castle Quadrangular castle 14th century Partly habitable     16th-century house built within the castle.[162]
Totnes Castle Shell keep 11–14th century Ruins     Well-preserved keep on high motte.[163]
Watermouth Castle Neo-romantic castle 1825–45 Intact   Theme park [164]

Dorset

edit
See also: Map of castles in Dorset

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Brownsea Castle Castellated house 16–19th century Intact     Incorporates part of a 16th-century Henrician Castle.[165]
Christchurch Castle Motte and bailey 12–14th century Fragmentary remains     Hall house known as Constable's House survives, with rare Norman chimney.[166]
Corfe Castle Keep and bailey 11–13th century Extensive ruins     Besieged and slighted during the English Civil War.[167]
Lulworth Castle Sham castle c. 1610 Restored     Hunting lodge, gutted by fire 1929.[168]
Pennsylvania Castle Neo-romantic castle 1800 Intact   Private On the Isle of Portland, built for John Penn to designs by James Wyatt.[169]
Portland Castle Artillery fort 1539 Intact     Private residence 1816–70.[170]
Rufus Castle Castle 15th century Ruins   Private Also known as Bow and Arrow Castle.[171]
Sandsfoot Castle Artillery fort 16th century Ruins     [172]
Sherborne Old Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Ruins     Replaced by 16–17th century house, which became known as Sherborne Castle.[173]
Woodsford Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Habitable   Landmark Trust [174]

East Riding of Yorkshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in East Riding of Yorkshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Paull Holme Tower Tower House 15th century Ruins   Private Originally part of larger house, roofless.[175]
Skipsea Castle Motte and Bailey 11th century Earthworks     Well-preserved earthworks.[176]
Wressle Castle Quadrangular castle 1390 Ruins   Private, farm South range remains, inhabited until gutted by fire in 1796.[177]

East Sussex

edit
See also: Map of castles in East Sussex

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Bodiam Castle Quadrangular castle c. 1385 Ruins     Wide moat.[178]
Camber Castle Artillery fort c. 1540 Ruins     "Dismantled" 1642 after sea receded.[179]
Hastings Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Fragmentary ruins    
Local Authority 		Ruined by 1399.[180]
Herstmonceux Castle Fortified mansion 15th century Restored   Queen's University at Kingston Brick, interior dismantled in 1777, restored 20th century, former home of Royal Greenwich Observatory, now Study Centre.[181]
Lewes Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Ruins     Unusual in having two mottes[182]
Pevensey Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Ruins     Castle built within surviving walls of Roman fort of Saxon Shore.[183]
Rye Castle (Ypres Tower) Tower House c. 1250 Intact     Originally called Baddings Tower.[184]

Essex

edit
See also: Map of castles in Essex

Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2]

† Pleshey Castle is a good example of a motte-and-bailey castle: only earthworks and a medieval brick bridge remain.[185]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Colchester Castle Tower keep 11th century Intact    
Local authority 		Reduced in height in 17th century.[186]
Hadleigh Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragmentary remains     [187]
Hedingham Castle Tower keep 1130–40 Substantially intact     Castle demolished in the 17th century except for keep, well-preserved interior despite fire of 1954.[188]
Walden Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Fragmentary remains     Remains of keep.[189]

Gloucestershire

edit
Main article: List of castles in Gloucestershire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Berkeley Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Intact     Largely unaltered until the 1920s, when interior modernised by 8th Earl of Berkeley.[190]
Beverstone Castle Pentagonal castle 13–15th century Ruins   NGS 17th-century house built within ruins.[191]
St. Briavel's Castle Keep and bailey 13th century Habitable     Youth hostel.[192]
Sudeley Castle Quadrangular castle 15th century Restored     Restored as a country house in the 19th century.[193]
Thornbury Castle Fortified house c. 1511 Substantially intact   Hotel Restored in the 19th century.[194]

Greater London

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See also: Map of castles in Greater London

Castles of which no traces remain include:[2]

The table does not include The White House, a replica of a Polish palace in London.[195]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Tower of London Concentric castle 11–13th century Intact   Historic Royal Palaces White Tower built c. 1077–1100, curtain walls added in the 13th century, working portcullis.[196]
Manor Farm, Ruislip Motte-and-bailey castle 13th century Ruins   Public access

Greater Manchester

edit
Main article: List of castles in Greater Manchester
See also: Map of castles in Greater Manchester

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Radcliffe Tower Tower house 1403 Fragment    
Local authority 		Ruinous tower formerly incorporated in timber house.[197]

Hampshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Hampshire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Calshot Castle Artillery fort 16th century Substantially intact     Altered in the 18–20th centuries, in use until 1961.[198]
Hurst Castle Artillery fort 16th century Substantially intact     Repaired and refortified in the 19th century.[199]
Netley Castle Artillery fort 16–19th century Rebuilt   Private Remodelled and extended in 1885–90.[200]
Odiham Castle Shell keep and bailey Early 13th century Fragmentary ruins    
Local authority 		Built by King John.[201]
Portchester Castle Keep and bailey 11–12th century Extensive ruins     Built within surviving walls of Roman fort of the Saxon Shore.[28]
Southampton Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Fragments     North bailey wall survives.[202]
Southsea Castle Artillery fort 16th century Rebuilt    
Local authority 		Altered several times.[203]
Winchester Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragment    
Local authority 		Great hall survives, reroofed in 1873.[204]
Wolvesey Castle Castle 12th century Ruins     [205]

Herefordshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Herefordshire

Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

† Ewyas Harold Castle is recorded in the Domesday Book and was probably built c. 1048.[206]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Brampton Bryan Castle Castle 13–14th century Ruins   Private Gatehouse survives.[207]
Clifford Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragments   Private Building at Risk.[208]
Croft Castle Quadrangular castle 14th century Rebuilt     Converted to a 16/17th-century house.[209]
Downton Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1774–78 Intact   Private Altered and extended in 1860–70.[210]
Eastnor Castle Neo-romantic castle 1811–20 Intact     By Robert Smirke.[211]
Goodrich Castle Concentric castle 12–13th century Ruins     Partly demolished during English Civil War.[212]
Hampton Court Fortified manor house 1427 Intact     Remodelled in 1830–40s.[213]
Kentchurch Court Fortified manor house 14th century Fragment     Medieval tower and gateway survive, remainder largely rebuilt by Nash 1795–1807.[214]
Kinnersley Castle Castle Medieval Rebuilt     16–17th-century house on the site of a medieval castle.[215]
Longtown Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Fragmentary ruins     Circular keep.[216]
Pembridge Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Partly habitable   Private Reconstructed 20th century.[217]
Snodhill Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Fragmentary ruins     [218]
Treago Castle Fortified manor house 15–16th century Restored   Private Altered in the 17–19th centuries.[219]
Wigmore Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Fragmentary ruins     Partly dismantled in 1643.[220]
Wilton Castle Castle 13th century Fragmentary ruins     Remains incorporated in a 19th-century house.[221]

Hertfordshire

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See also: Map of castles in Hertfordshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Berkhamsted Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragmentary remains     Double Moat.[222] Unoccupied since 1495.[223]
Hertford Castle Motte and bailey 11–12th century Fragments   Local authority 15th-century gatehouse survives, altered and extended in the 18–20th centuries.[224]

Isle of Wight

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See also: Map of castles in Isle of Wight

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Carisbrooke Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Substantially intact     Refortified in the 1590s as artillery fortress, former seat of the Governor of the Isle of Wight.[225]
Norris Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1800 Intact   Private Gothic Revival, by James Wyatt.[226]
Yarmouth Castle Artillery fort 1547 Substantially intact     Altered in the 17th century.[227]
West Cowes Castle Artillery fort 16–19th century Rebuilt   Royal Yacht Squadron Fragments of a 16th-century structure incorporated in a later building.[228]

Isles of Scilly

edit
See also: Map of castles in Isles of Scilly

Castles of which only vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Cromwell's Castle Artillery tower 1651 Substantially intact     [229]
Star Castle Artillery fort 1593 Intact   Hotel Important and complete example of Elizabethan fort.[230]

Kent

edit
See also: Map of castles in Kent

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Allington Castle Fortified house 13–14th century Restored   Wedding venue Restored in 1905–1929.[231]
Canterbury Castle Tower keep 12th century Ruins    
Local Authority 		Demolished in 1792.[232]
Chiddingstone Castle Neo-romantic castle 19th century Intact     17th-century building converted to a castle in the 19th century.[233]
Chilham Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Intact   NGS Keep survives with Jacobean house.[234]
Cooling Castle Keep and bailey 1380s Part ruined   Private Well-preserved gatehouse survives, barns used for events.[235]
Deal Castle Artillery fort 16th century Intact     Formerly residence of Captain of the Cinque Ports.[236]
Dover Castle Concentric castle 12–13th century Intact     Adapted for modern warfare 18–19th centuries.[237]
Eynsford Castle Castle 12th century Fragmentary ruins     [238]
Hever Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Restored     Restored early 19th century, working portcullis.[239]
Kingsgate Castle Neo-romantic castle 18–19th century Intact   Private apartments Built c. 1760, rebuilt late 19th century.[240]
Leeds Castle Castle 12–15th century Restored     Extensively rebuilt in 1822 and 1926.[241]
Leybourne Castle Castle 13th century Fragmentary ruins   Private 16th-century house partly incorporating ruins, rebuilt in 1931.[242]
Lullingstone Castle Semi-fortified house 1543–80 Fragment     16th-century gatehouse incorporated into a later house.[243]
Lympne Castle Fortified house 13–14th century Restored   Wedding venue Restored and extended in 1907–12.[244]
Otford Palace Fortified manor house 16th century Ruins    
Local Authority 		The palace was one of the chain of houses belonging to the archbishops of Canterbury.[245]
Penshurst Place Fortified manor house 14–15th century Fragment     Remodelled in the 19th century, single tower and stretch of wall survive from fortifications of c. 1400.[246]
Rochester Castle Tower keep 1127 Ruins     Keep 125 ft (38 m) high to top of turrets.[247][248]
St Leonard's Tower, West Malling Tower keep 1080 Ruins     [249]
Saltwood Castle Castle 12–14th century Part restored   Private [250]
Sandgate Castle Artillery fort 1539–40 Substantially intact   Private Altered in 1805–06.[251]
Scotney Castle Fortified manor house 1378–80 Fragment     Single surviving tower incorporated in later house.[252]
Sissinghurst Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Rebuilt     No fortifications remaining.[253]
Starkey Castle Manor house 14th century Fragment   Private Fine medieval hall-house remains from possibly fortified manor house.[254]
Stone Castle Tower 12th century Intact   Wedding venue Medieval tower incorporated in building of 1825.[255]
Sutton Valence Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Fragmentary remains     [256]
Tonbridge Castle Keep and bailey 11–13th century Fragment    
Local authority 		Gatehouse survives.[257]
Upnor Castle Artillery fort 1559–67, 1599–1601 Substantially intact     [258]
Walmer Castle Artillery fort 1539 Intact     Residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports from 18th century.[259]
Westenhanger Castle Fortified manor house c. 1343 Fragment   Wedding venue 18th-century farmhouse built within ruins.[260]

Lancashire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Lancashire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Ashton Hall Tower house 14–19th century Intact   Lancaster Golf Club Near Stodday, 14th-century tower incorporated into a later building.[261]
Borwick Hall Pele tower 14th century Intact   Outdoor education centre Incorporated in mainly 16th-century building.[262]
Clitheroe Castle Keep and bailey 11–12th century Ruins     [263]
Hornby Castle Keep 13th century Fragment   Private Keep rebuilt early 16th century, incorporated into an 18–19th-century house.[264]
Lancaster Castle Keep and bailey 11–12th century Intact    
Local authority 		Prison from 1745, 20th-century Shire Hall replaced medieval buildings, now Crown Court.[265]
Thurland Castle Fortified manor house 14–15th century Rebuilt   Private apartments Near Tunstall, ruins rebuilt in 1879–85.[31]
Turton Tower Pele tower 15th century Intact     Incorporated in later building.[266]

Leicestershire

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See also: Map of castles in Leicestershire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Ashby de la Zouch Castle Keep 12–15th century Fragmentary ruins     Fortified manor converted to castle in 1474, slighted during English Civil War.[267]
Belvoir Castle Neo-romantic castle 17–19th century Intact    
Duke of Rutland 		Rebuilt in 1655–68 incorporating fragments of medieval castle, remodelled in 1801–30.[22]
Kirby Muxloe Castle Quadrangular castle 1480–3 Fragmentary ruins     Unfinished.[268]
Leicester Castle Castle 12–13th century Fragments    
Local authority 		Great hall survives, much altered.[269]

Lincolnshire

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See also: Map of castles in Lincolnshire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

† Goltho Castle was built on the site of a Saxon fortified dwelling of c. 850, established by excavation.[270]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Bolingbroke Castle Enclosure castle 13–14th century Fragmentary ruins     Slighted after brief siege in 1643.[271]
Grimsthorpe Castle Country house 13th century Fragment     Remodelled in 18th and 19th centuries, retains a 13th-century south-east tower.[272]
Hussey Tower Tower house 14–15th century Ruins     [273]
Kyme Tower Castle 14th century Fragment   Private [274]
Lincoln Castle Keep and bailey 11–13th century Substantially intact    
Local Authority 		Double motte and bailey.[275]
Rochford Tower Fortified house 15–16th century Fragment   Private 2 miles east of Boston.[276]
Somerton Castle Quadrangular castle 1281–1305 Fragment   Private Single tower survives, adjoining a 17th-century building.[277]
Tattershall Castle Tower 1430s Intact     Brick tower built for Ralph Cromwell, restored in 1911–25 by Lord Curzon.[278]
Torksey Castle Semi-fortified house 16th century Fragmentary ruins   Private Slighted during English Civil War.[279]

Merseyside

edit
See also: Map of castles in Merseyside

Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Brimstage Hall Tower house c. 1398 Substantially intact   Crafts centre Tower incorporated in later building of 16th and 19th centuries.[280]
Leasowe Castle Sham castle 16–19th century Intact   Hotel Built in 1593, extended in 1600–42 and the 19th century.[281]

Norfolk

edit
See also: Map of castles in Norfolk

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

† The surviving motte of Thetford Castle is one of the highest in England,[282] about 80 ft (24 m) high.[283]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / access Notes
Baconsthorpe Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragmentary ruins     [284]
Burgh Castle Motte and bailey 12th century No visible remains     / Norfolk Archaeological Trust Site of medieval motte and bailey castle within surviving walls of Roman fort of Saxon Shore.[285]
Caister Castle Quadrangular castle 1432–46 Fragmentary ruins     Moated, largely brick, built by John Fastolf, a relatively intact 90 ft (27 m) tower remains.[286]
Castle Acre Castle Motte and bailey 11–12th century Fragmentary remains     English Heritage Extensive earthworks.[287]
Castle Rising Castle Keep c. 1138 Ruins     English Heritage/Lord Rising [288]
Claxton Castle Castle 14–15th century Fragmentary ruins   Private [289]
Norwich Castle Keep c. 1095–1110 Intact     Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service Prison during 18–19th centuries.[290]
Oxburgh Hall Fortified manor house c. 1482 Intact     National Trust 18th- and 19th-century additions.[291]
Weeting Castle Fortified manor house 12th century Fragmentary ruins     [292]

Northamptonshire

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See also: Map of castles in Northamptonshire

Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

† Fotheringhay Castle was the scene of the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587.[293]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Astwell Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Fragment   Private, farm Gatehouse survives alongside a 17th-century house.[294]
Barnwell Castle Rectangular castle c. 1266 Ruins   Private [295]
Rockingham Castle Motte and bailey 13–19th century Rebuilt     13th century gatehouse survives, largely rebuilt in the 16th century, remodelled in 1660 and by Anthony Salvin in 19th century.[296]
Thorpe Waterville Castle Castle 14th century Fragment   Private Great hall with fine open roof survives, altered for use as a barn.[297]

Northumberland

edit
See also: Map of castles in Northumberland

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Alnham Vicars Pele Pele tower 14th century Restored   Private [298]
Alnwick Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Restored    
Duke of Northumberland 		Remodelled by Robert Adam and Anthony Salvin.[299]
Aydon Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Intact     Converted to farmhouse 17th century.[300]
Bamburgh Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Restored    
Lord Armstrong 		Ruinous by 1704, extensively restored in 1894–1904.[21]
Barmoor Castle Tower house 14–19th century Rebuilt   Private 19th-century mansion incorporating remains of a 14th-century building.[301]
Beaufront Castle Neo-romantic castle 1836–1841 Intact   Private 19th-century mansion on the site of a 15th-century tower house.[302]
Bellister Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragmentary remains   Private Ruins adjoining a 17th-century house.[303]
Belsay Castle Tower house 1439–60 Intact     Later ruined building attached.[304]
Berwick Castle Castle 12–13th century Fragmentary remains     [305]
Bitchfield Castle Pele tower 14th century Restored Private Incorporated in later mansion.[306]
Blenkinsop Castle Tower house 14th century Ruins   Private Incorporated into a 19th-century house.[307]
Bothal Castle Castle 14th century Rebuilt   Private Extensively restored in the 19th century.[308]
Bywell Castle Castle 15th century Fragments   Private Gatehouse survives.[309]
Callaly Castle Pele tower 14–15th century Intact   Private apartments Incorporated in later country house.[310]
Cartington Castle Pele tower and extensions 14–15th century Fragmentary remains   Private [311]
Chillingham Castle Quadrangular castle 1344 Intact     Altered in the 17–19th centuries, restored after 1982.[312]
Chipchase Castle Tower house 14th century Intact     Incorporated in Jacobean house, altered in the 18–19th centuries.[313]
Cocklaw Tower Tower house 14–15th century Shell   Private, farm Near Wall.[314]
Cockle Park Tower Tower house c. 1517 Substantially intact   Newcastle University [315]
Corbridge Vicar's Pele Pele tower 1318 Intact     Re-roofed in 1910.[316]
Coupland Castle Tower house 16–17th century Restored   Private Later additions.[317]
Craster Tower Pele tower 14–15th century Intact Holiday accommodation Incorporated in later building.[318]
Crawley Tower Pele tower 14th century Ruins   Private A cottage was built within the walls in the 18th century.[319]
Cresswell Castle Pele tower 15th century Ruin   18th century-parapet.[320]
Dilston Castle Tower house 15th century Ruins     Altered in the 16–17th century, later buildings demolished.[321]
Dunstanburgh Castle Keep and bailey 14th century Fragmentary ruins     Spectacular coastal setting.[322]
Edlingham Castle Keep and bailey 14th century Fragmentary ruins     [323]
Elsdon Tower Pele tower 16th century Intact   Private Altered, rectory until 1960, restored in the 1990s.[324]
Embleton Tower Pele tower 14th century Intact   Private 19th-century vicarage attached.[325]
Etal Castle Castle 14th century Fragmentary ruins     [326]
Featherstone Castle Castle 14th century Intact   Private 14th-century tower, three further towers added in the 18–19th century.[327]
Ford Castle Quadrangular castle 14th century Substantially intact   Private Converted into mansion in the 17th century.[328]
Halton Castle Tower house 13–14th century Intact   Private Attached to later house.[329]
Harbottle Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Fragmentary ruins    
Northumberland National Park 		Captured by Robert Bruce in 1318.[330]
Haughton Castle Tower house 13–14th century Restored   Private Altered in the 18–19th centuries.[331]
Hexham Moot Hall and Old Gaol Fortified towers 14–15th century Intact     Probably once connected by bailey wall, AD1415 list of castles has "Turris de Hexham".[332][333]
Horsley Tower, Longhorsley Pele tower 16th century Intact   Private [334]
Langley Castle Tower house c. 1350 Restored   Hotel Restored in the 1890s.[335]
Lemmington Hall Tower house 15th century Restored   Wedding venue Incorporated in later house.[336]
Lindisfarne Castle Artillery fort 16th century Restored     Remodelled by Edwin Lutyens 1901.[337]
Mitford Castle Keep and bailey 11–13th century Fragmentary ruins     [338]
Morpeth Castle Castle 1342–9 Fragments   Landmark Trust Only gatehouse and a section of wall remain.[339]
Norham Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Ruins     Keep remodelled in 1422–25, partly rebuilt in 1513–15.[340]
Preston Tower, Ellingham Pele tower c. 1400 Fragment     South wall remains, with two of the original four turrets.[341]
Prior Castell's Tower Tower house 15–16th century Substantially intact     [342]
Prudhoe Castle Castle 12–14th century Ruins     [343]
Shilbottle Tower Pele tower 15th century Restored   Private Incorporated into a vicarage.[344]
Shortflatt Tower Pele tower 14–15th century Restored Wedding venue Incorporated in later house.[345]
Thirlwall Castle Tower house 14th century Fragmentary ruins    
Northumberland National Park 		Built with stone from Hadrian's Wall.[346]
Warkworth Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Ruins     [347]
Whittingham Tower Pele tower 13–14th century Restored   Private Converted for use as almshouses in 1845.[348]
Whitton Tower Pele tower c. 1386 Intact Holiday accommodation Near Rothbury, well-preserved.[349]
Willimoteswick Castle Fortified manor house 16th century Ruins   Private, farm Incorporates remains of earlier building, largely rebuilt in 1900.

North Yorkshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in North Yorkshire

Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Ayton Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragment    
Local authority 		[350]
Barden Tower Castle 15th century Ruins     [351]
Bolton Castle Quadrangular castle 14th century Ruins     Besieged and slighted during English Civil War.[352]
Cawood Castle Quadrangular castle 1374–88 Fragments   Landmark Trust Largely demolished in 1750, gatehouse survives.[353]
Clifford's Tower Keep 13th century Restored     Reduced in height 1596.[354]
Crayke Castle Tower house 15th century Restored   Private 18th- and 19th-century additions and alterations.[355]
Danby Castle Quadrangular castle 14th century Fragmentary ruins   Private, farm Partly used as farm buildings.[356]
Gilling Castle Tower house 14th century Intact St. Martin's Ampleforth School 16th- and 18th-century additions and alterations.[357]
Hazlewood Castle Castle 13–18th century Rebuilt   Hotel Altered in the 18th and 20th centuries, formerly Carmelite retreat centre.[358]
Hellifield Peel Tower house 14–15th century Restored   Hotel Restored 2005.[359]
Helmsley Castle Castle 12–13th century Fragmentary ruins     Severely slighted in 1645.[360]
Hornby Castle Courtyard castle 14–15th century Restored   Private Converted to country house by John Carr, 18th century.[361]
Knaresborough Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Fragmentary ruins    
Duchy of Lancaster 		[362]
Marmion Tower Fortified manor house 15th century Fragment     Surviving gatehouse of Tanfield Castle.[363]
Middleham Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Ruins     [364]
(Old) Mulgrave Castle Enclosure castle 12–13th century Fragmentary ruins    
Marquess of Normanby 		Superseded by 18–19th-century castellated mansion also known as Mulgrave Castle.[365]
Nappa Hall Fortified manor house 1459 Intact   Private Enlarged in the 17th century, little altered since.[366]
Pickering Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Ruins     [367]
Ravensworth Castle Castle 14th century Fragmentary remains   Private [368]
Richmond Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Ruins     Keep 100 ft (30 m) high.[369]
Ripley Castle Tower house 15–16th century Rebuilt     Extended in 1783–36 in Gothic Revival style.[370]
Scarborough Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Ruins     [371]
Sheriff Hutton Castle Quadrangular castle 1382 Fragmentary ruins   Private [372]
Skelton Castle Castellated house 13–19th century Intact   Private 18–19th-century house incorporates remains of medieval castle.[373]
Skipton Castle Castle 12–17th century Restored     Partly demolished in 1649, rebuilt in 1657–58.[374]
Snape Castle Castle 15–18th century Partly ruined   Private Mostly reconstructed in the 17th century.[375]
South Cowton Castle Tower house 15th century Restored   Private Altered in the 19th century, farmhouse.[376]
Spofforth Castle Fortified manor house 13–15th century Fragmentary ruins     [377]
Whorlton Castle Castle 14–16th century Fragmentary ruins     Remains of gatehouse.[378]
Wilton Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1810 Intact   Private apartments By Smirke on site of medieval castle.[379]

Nottinghamshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Nottinghamshire

Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Halloughton Manor House Pele tower 14th century Intact   Private Attached to later building.[380]
Newark Castle Castle 12–14th century Ruins     / Newark District Council Gatehouse, part of curtain wall and a tower remain.[381]
Nottingham Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Fragmentary remains    
Nottingham City Council 		Demolished in 1651, later mansion on site, a much-restored 14th-century gatehouse remains.[382]

Oxfordshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Oxfordshire

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Bampton Castle Quadrangular castle c. 1315 Fragment   Private Parts of gatehouse and curtain wall survive in later house, Ham Court.[383]
Broughton Castle Fortified manor house 14–15th century Intact     Remodelled in the 15–18th centuries.[384]
Hanwell Castle Castellated house 15–16th century Fragment   Private Large surviving tower of unfortified building.[385]
Oxford Castle Motte and bailey 11–12th century Fragment   Hotel Motte and the unusual, possibly Saxon, St. George's Tower.[386]
Rotherfield Greys Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Fragment     Towers and section of wall survive, close to Greys Court.[387]
Shirburn Castle Quadrangular castle c. 1378 Rebuilt   Private Originally stone, largely rebuilt in brick c. 1720, remodelled in the 19th century.[388]
Wallingford Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragmentary remains     Slighted in 1652, impressive earthworks remain.[389]

Rutland

edit
See also: Map of castles in Rutland

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Oakham Castle Motte and bailey 12–13th century Fragment     / Rutland County Council Aisled great hall built in 1180–1190 survives.[390]

Shropshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Shropshire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Acton Burnell Castle Fortified manor house 13th century Ruins     Shell, used as a barn in the 18th century.[391]
Alberbury Castle Castle 13th century Fragmentary remains     [392]
Bridgnorth Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Fragmentary remains     Slighted in 1645.[393]
Broncroft Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Intact   Private Renovated in the 19th century.[394]
Cheney Longville Castle Fortified manor house 14–17th century Part habitable   Private Building at Risk.[395]
Clun Castle Keep and bailey 13th century Fragmentary remains     Ruins of keep built onto side of motte.[396]
Hopton Castle Keep and bailey 14th century Ruins     [397]
Ludlow Castle Keep and bailey 11–14th century Ruins    
Earl of Powis 		One of the great Welsh border castles.[398]
Moreton Corbet Castle Keep 12th century Fragmentary remains     Adjoining ruins of a 16th-century building.[399]
Quatford Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1830 Intact   Private Nearby are earthwork remains of the medieval Quatford Castle.[400]
Red Castle Castle 13th century Fragmentary remains.     Overgrown, feature of Hawkstone Park landscape garden. Building at Risk.[401]
Rowton Castle Sham castle 18–19th century Intact   Hotel On site of medieval castle, remodelled in 1809–12 by George Wyatt.[402]
Shrewsbury Castle Castle 12th century Rebuilt    
Shropshire Council 		Restored and extended in 1642, altered c. 1790 by Telford.[403]
Stokesay Castle Fortified manor house 13–14th century Intact     Restored in the 19th century.[404]
Wattlesborough Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragment   Private Near Rowton, keep/tower survives, adjoining Wattlesborough Hall.[405]
Whittington Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Fragments    
Local community 		Gatehouse towers survive.[406]

Somerset

edit
Main article: List of castles in Somerset
See also: Map of castles in Somerset

Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Banwell Castle Neo-romantic castle c. 1848 Intact   Restaurant Architect not known.[407]
Beckington Castle 17th century Rebuilt   Company HQ Medieval remains incorporated in later building.[408]
Dunster Castle Castle 13–19th century Rebuilt     Existing house dates largely from c. 1571, with 18–19th-century alterations.[409]
Farleigh Hungerford Castle Enclosure castle 14–15th century Ruins     On high ground above the River Frome.[410]
Newton St Loe Castle Fortified manor house 14th century Fragment   Bath Spa University Large tower and gatehouse, altered in the 16–17th century.[411]
Nunney Castle Quadrangular castle 1373 Ruins     Towers originally had conical roofs, north wall collapsed in 1910.[412]
Stogursey Castle Motte and bailey 11–12th century Fragmentary remains   Landmark Trust 17th-century house built within the remains of the castle.[413]
Sutton Court Fortified manor house 14–15th century Fragment   Private apartments Short length of embattled wall and a tower survive, incorporated in large house, restored in the 19th century.[414]
Taunton Castle Shell keep 13th century Restored     Now houses the Museum of Somerset, Castle Hotel incorporates remains of an outer gatehouse.[415]
Walton Castle Sham castle 1615–20 Restored   Private Restored as private house 20th century.[416]
Wells Bishop's Palace Fortified palace 13–15th century Substantially intact    
Church of England 		Adjacent to cathedral, residence of the Bishop of Bath and Wells.[417]

South Yorkshire

edit
Main article: Castles in South Yorkshire
See also: Map of castles in South Yorkshire

Castles of which only earthworks, fragments or nothing remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Conisbrough Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Ruins     Cylindrical keep, castle ruinous before English Civil War, so escaped slighting.[418]
Tickhill Castle Motte and bailey 11–14th century Fragmentary remains   Duchy of Lancaster Ruined gatehouse and parts of curtain walls remain.[419]

Staffordshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Staffordshire

Castles of which little or nothing remains include:[2]

[420]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Alton Castle Castle 12–13th century Fragmentary remains   Youth centre Cliff-top position, site partly occupied by a 19th-century building.[421]
Caverswall Castle Enclosure castle c. 1275 Substantially intact   Private Moated, walls and towers reduced in height, a 17th-century mansion built within.[422]
Chartley Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragmentary remains   Private Altered in 13th century to form enclosure castle, abandoned by 1485.[423]
Eccleshall Castle Castle 14th century Fragmentary remains   Private Remains partly incorporated into house of c. 1695, rebuilt in the 19th century.[424]
Stafford Castle Motte and bailey 11–12th century Earthworks     / Stafford Borough Council Medieval keep partly rebuilt in the 19th century, then partly demolished.[425]
Stourton Castle Castle 14–15th century Fragment   Private Remains incorporated in later buildings.[426]
Tamworth Castle Shell keep 11–13th century Rebuilt    
Local authority 		Largely rebuilt in the 16–18th centuries.[427]
Tutbury Castle Motte and bailey 12–15th century Fragmentary ruins     Slighted in 1647–48, a 19th-century folly stands on the motte.[428]

Suffolk

edit
See also: Map of castles in Suffolk

Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Bungay Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Fragmentary remains     / Bungay Castle Trust Abandoned c. 1365.[429]
Clare Castle Motte and bailey 11th century Fragmentary remains     Motte 53 ft (16 m) high.[430]
Eye Castle Motte and bailey 11th century Fragmentary remains     Motte over 40 ft (12 m) high.[431]
Framlingham Castle Enclosure castle 12th century Ruins     Used as a poor house in the 17–19th centuries.[432]
Mettingham Castle Fortified manor house c. 1342 Fragmentary remains   Private Gatehouse survives.[433]
Orford Castle Keep 1165–73 Ruins     Unique polygonal keep survives.[434]
Wingfield Castle Castle c. 1385 Fragment   Private South curtain wall, gatehouse and east drawbridge survive, with a 16–17th-century house.[435]

Surrey

edit
See also: Map of castles in Surrey

Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Farnham Castle Keep and bailey 12th century Substantially intact     Shell keep replaced earlier keep part buried, part remodelled in the 17th century.[436]
Guildford Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Ruins    
Local authority 		Tower keep survives, roofless since c. 17th century.[437]

Tyne and Wear

edit
See also: Map of castles in Tyne and Wear

Castles of which little remains include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Hylton Castle Tower house c. 1400 Ruins     Large gatehouse tower, incorporated into an 18th-century house, since demolished.[438]
Newcastle Castle Keep and bailey 1172–77 Restored     / Newcastle City Council Keep and gatehouse survive.[439]
Old Hollinside Fortified manor house 13th century Ruins   On slope overlooking River Derwent.[440]
Ravensworth Castle Quadrangular castle 14–19th century Ruins   Private Two towers of medieval castle survive, amidst ruins of later building. Building at Risk.[441]
Tynemouth Castle Enclosure castle 13–14th century Ruins     Built to enclose and protect the priory, modified as artillery castle 16th century.[442]

Warwickshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Warwickshire

Castles of which only earthworks or vestiges remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Astley Castle Fortified manor house 13–14th century Shell   Landmark Trust Altered 15–19th centuries, hotel prior to fire in 1978. Modern living space constructed within shell, winner of Stirling Prize 2013.[443]
Kenilworth Castle Keep and bailey 12–14th century Ruins     Altered in the 16th century, slighted in 1650.[444]
Maxstoke Castle Quadrangular castle 14–15th century Substantially intact   NGS Moated, domestic buildings of 15–19th centuries within curtain walls.[445]
Warwick Castle Castle 13–15th century Intact     Guy's tower rises 128 ft (39 m), 17th-century residential block, remodelled by Anthony Salvin after fire.[446]

West Midlands

edit
See also: Map of castles in West Midlands

Castles of which little or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Dudley Castle Keep and bailey 700 AD or 1070/1 Ruins    
Dudley Zoo 		Slighted in 1647, then rebuilt and inhabited until destroyed by fire in 1750, partly restored in the 19th century.[447]

West Sussex

edit
See also: Map of castles in West Sussex

Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Amberley Castle Castle 1377–82 Partly habitable   Hotel Remodelled in the 16th century and later, incorporates a 12th-century manor, working portcullis.[448]
Arundel Castle Keep and bailey 12–13th century Heavily restored    
Duke of Norfolk 		Remodelled in 1791–1815 and 1890–1903.[449]
Bramber Castle Keep and bailey 11–12th century Fragmentary remains     Commanding position, earthworks and fragment of wall remain.[450]
Halnaker House Fortified manor house 13–14th century Ruins   Private Altered in the 18th century, fell into ruin 1880s, replaced by later house of same name.[451]
(Old) Knepp Castle Keep and motte 1214 Ruins   Private 11th century motte, with keep added in 1214. Mostly demolished in 1726.[452]

West Yorkshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in West Yorkshire

Castles of which only earthworks or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Dobroyd Castle Sham Castle 1866–9 Intact   Activity centre By John Gibson.[453]
Harewood Castle Tower house 14th century Ruins   Private Shell of tower, substantially intact, within Harewood House estate.[454]
Pontefract Castle Enclosure castle 12–13th century Fragmentary remains    
Local authority 		Royal castle, withstood three sieges during English Civil War, afterwards dismantled.[455]
Sandal Castle Motte and bailey 12th century Fragmentary remains     Well-preserved earthworks, excavated site with visitor centre.[456]

Wiltshire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Wiltshire

Castles of which only little or no traces remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Devizes Castle Neo-romantic castle 19th century Intact   Private apartments Present building begun 1842 on site of important medieval castle built in 1080.[457]
Longford Castle Sham castle 1591 Intact   Earl of Radnor Remodelled in the 18th century.[458]
Ludgershall Castle Ringwork 11–13th century Fragmentary remains     Remains of a tower and extensive earthworks.[459]
Old Sarum Castle Motte and bailey 11–13th century Fragmentary remains     On site of Iron Age hill fort.[460]
Old Wardour Castle Castle c. 1393 Ruins     Remodelled in the 16–17th centuries, superseded by Palladian building known as New Wardour Castle.[461]

Worcestershire

edit
See also: Map of castles in Worcestershire

Castles of which only earthworks remain include:[2]

Name Type Date Condition Image Ownership / Access Notes
Caldwall Castle Fortified manor house 15–16th century Fragment   Private Single surviving tower, in Kidderminster, Caldwall or Caldwell.[462]
Hartlebury Castle Fortified manor house 15th century Rebuilt    
Church of England 		15th-century remains incorporated in later buildings, residence of Bishop of Worcester until 2007, houses Worcestershire County Museum.[463]
Holt Castle Castle 14–19th century Intact   Wedding venue Medieval tower incorporated in later buildings.[464]
Worcester Castle Castle 13–14th century Fragment   Church of England Edgar Tower, now the entrance to College Green, may incorporate the remains of a castle gatehouse.[465]

See also

edit

References

edit
Key to sources
  • BLB – British Listed Buildings website (retrieved March 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
  • PSC – Pastscape website (retrieved September 2011; last accessed 5 October 2012)
  1. ^ Brown (1962), p.16.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw King (1983).
  3. ^ Brown (1962), p.24.
  4. ^ Brown (1962), p.43.
  5. ^ Brown (1962), p.50.
  6. ^ Brown (1962), p.84
  7. ^ Higham & Barker (1992), pp.194–198.
  8. ^ Brown (1962), p.95.
  9. ^ Brown (1962), p.221.
  10. ^ Brown (1962), p.129.
  11. ^ Brown (1962), p.131.
  12. ^ Brown (1962), p.172.
  13. ^ Brown (1962), p.15.
  14. ^ Elton (1991), p.154.
  15. ^ Harrington (2007), p.8.
  16. ^ Brown (1962), p.128.
  17. ^ Harrington (2007), p.2.
  18. ^ a b "Pendennis Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  19. ^ a b Brown (1962), p.146.
  20. ^ Creighton & Higham (2003), p.64.
  21. ^ a b "Bamburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  22. ^ a b c "Belvoir Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  23. ^ Thompson (1987), pp.161–163.
  24. ^ Impey & Parnell (2000), pp.118–121.
  25. ^ a b "Peckforton Castle" Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  26. ^ Renn (1984) pp.277–278. See King (1988), p.173 for how some people criticised the inclusion of Henry VIII's artillery forts in King's index of castles, Castellarium Anglicanum.
  27. ^ a b "PastScape - information on England's archaeology and architecture". pastscape.org.uk. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Portchester Castle" Archived 2015-06-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  29. ^ a b "Gatehouse; a Comprehensive Listing of the Medieval Fortifications of England and Wales". gatehouse-gazetteer.info. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  30. ^ "Greystoke Castle " Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  31. ^ a b "Thurland Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  32. ^ a b c "British Listed Buildings". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
  33. ^ a b "Corby Castle " Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  34. ^ "Bedford Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  35. ^ "Someries Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  36. ^ "Donnington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  37. ^ "Windsor Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  38. ^ "Boarstall Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  39. ^ "Buckden Palace" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  40. ^ "Elton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  41. ^ "Kimbolton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  42. ^ "Kirtling Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  43. ^ "Longthorpe Tower" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  44. ^ "Northborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  45. ^ "Woodcroft Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  46. ^ "Beeston Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  47. ^ "Chester Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  48. ^ "Delves Hall" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  49. ^ "Halton Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  50. ^ "Auckland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  51. ^ "Barnard Castle" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  52. ^ "Bowes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  53. ^ "Brancepeth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  54. ^ "Durham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  55. ^ "Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  56. ^ "Lumley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  57. ^ "Mortham Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  58. ^ "Raby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  59. ^ "Lambton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  60. ^ "Scargill Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  61. ^ "Walworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  62. ^ "Witton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  63. ^ "Caerhays Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  64. ^ "Carn Brea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  65. ^ "Ince Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  66. ^ "Launceston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  67. ^ "Pengersick Castle" Archived 2012-09-27 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  68. ^ "Place House" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  69. ^ "Restormel Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  70. ^ "St. Catherine's Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  71. ^ "St. Mawes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  72. ^ "St. Michael's Mount" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  73. ^ "Tintagel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  74. ^ "Trematon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  75. ^ "Appleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  76. ^ "Armathwaite Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  77. ^ "Arnside Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  78. ^ "Askerton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  79. ^ "Beetham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  80. ^ "Bewcastle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  81. ^ "Bewley Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  82. ^ "Blencow Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  83. ^ "Brackenburgh Old Tower" Archived 2012-10-03 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  84. ^ "Brackenhill Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  85. ^ "Branthwaite Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  86. ^ "Brough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  87. ^ "Brougham Castle" Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  88. ^ "Brougham Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  89. ^ "Broughton Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  90. ^ "Burneside Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  91. ^ "Carlisle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  92. ^ "Catterlen Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  93. ^ "Clifton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  94. ^ "Cockermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  95. ^ "Dacre Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  96. ^ "Dalston Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  97. ^ "Dalton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  98. ^ "Drawdykes Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  99. ^ "Drumburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  100. ^ "Egremont Castle Listing".
  101. ^ "Gleaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  102. ^ "Greystoke Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  103. ^ "Harbybrow Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  104. ^ "Hayton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  105. ^ "Hazelslack Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  106. ^ "Howgill Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  107. ^ "Hutton-in-the-Forest" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  108. ^ "Hutton John" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  109. ^ "Ingmire Hall" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  110. ^ "Isel Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  111. ^ "Kendal Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  112. ^ "Kentmere Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  113. ^ "Kirkandrews Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  114. ^ "Linstock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  115. ^ "Lowther Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  116. ^ "Middleton Hall" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  117. ^ "Millom Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  118. ^ "Muncaster Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  119. ^ "Naworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  120. ^ "Newbiggin Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  121. ^ "Pendragon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  122. ^ "Penrith Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  123. ^ "Piel Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  124. ^ "Prior's Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  125. ^ "Rose Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  126. ^ "Scaleby Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  127. ^ "Sizergh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  128. ^ "Toppin Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  129. ^ "Ubarrow Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  130. ^ "Wharton Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  131. ^ "Whitehall, Allhallows" Archived 2012-01-19 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  132. ^ Emery (1996), p.256.
  133. ^ "Workington Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  134. ^ "Wray Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  135. ^ "Wraysholme Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  136. ^ "Yanwath Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  137. ^ "Bolsover Castle" Archived 2015-06-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  138. ^ "Codnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  139. ^ "Elvaston Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  140. ^ "Haddon Hall" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  141. ^ "Mackworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  142. ^ "Peveril Castle" Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  143. ^ "Riber Castle" Archived 2010-09-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  144. ^ "Wingfield Manor" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  145. ^ Higham (1988), p.143.
  146. ^ "Affeton Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  147. ^ "Berry Pomeroy Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  148. ^ "Bickleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  149. ^ "Compton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  150. ^ "Dartmouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  151. ^ "Castle Drogo" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  152. ^ "Gidleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  153. ^ "Hemyock Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  154. ^ "Kingswear Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  155. ^ "Lydford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  156. ^ "Marisco Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  157. ^ "Okehampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  158. ^ "Plympton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  159. ^ "Powderham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  160. ^ "Rougemont Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  161. ^ "Salcombe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  162. ^ "Tiverton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  163. ^ "Totnes Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  164. ^ "Watermouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  165. ^ "Brownsea Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  166. ^ "Christchurch Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  167. ^ "Corfe Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  168. ^ "Lulworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  169. ^ "Pennsylvania Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  170. ^ "Portland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  171. ^ "Rufus Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  172. ^ Historic England. "Sandsfoot Castle (1020062)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  173. ^ "Sherborne Old Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  174. ^ "Woodsford Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  175. ^ "Paull Holme Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  176. ^ "Skipsea Castle" Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  177. ^ "Wressle Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  178. ^ "Bodiam Castle" Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  179. ^ "Camber Castle" Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  180. ^ "Hastings Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  181. ^ "Herstmonceux Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  182. ^ "Lewes Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  183. ^ "Pevensey Castle" Archived 2015-05-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  184. ^ "Ypres Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  185. ^ "Pleshey Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  186. ^ "Colchester Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  187. ^ "Hadleigh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  188. ^ "Hedingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  189. ^ "Walden Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  190. ^ "Berkeley Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  191. ^ "Beverstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  192. ^ "St. Briavel's Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  193. ^ "Sudeley Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  194. ^ "Thornbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  195. ^ "About Us – Our History | the White house". Archived from the original on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  196. ^ "White Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  197. ^ "Radcliffe Tower" Archived 2008-05-24 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  198. ^ "Calshot Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  199. ^ "Hurst Castle" Archived 2016-06-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  200. ^ "Netley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  201. ^ "Odiham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  202. ^ "Southampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  203. ^ "Southsea Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  204. ^ "Winchester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  205. ^ "Wolvesey Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  206. ^ "Ewyas Harold Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  207. ^ "Brampton Bryan Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  208. ^ "Clifford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  209. ^ "Croft Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  210. ^ "Downton Castle" Archived 2012-01-29 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  211. ^ "Eastnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  212. ^ "Goodrich Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  213. ^ "Hampton Court" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  214. ^ "Kentchurch Court" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  215. ^ "Kinnersley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  216. ^ "Longtown Castle" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  217. ^ "Pembridge Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  218. ^ "Snodhill Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  219. ^ "Treago Castle" Archived 2016-03-12 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  220. ^ "Wigmore Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  221. ^ "Wilton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  222. ^ "Defending the Castle". Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  223. ^ "Berkhamsted Castle" Archived 2012-09-29 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  224. ^ "Hertford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  225. ^ "Carisbrooke Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  226. ^ "Norris Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  227. ^ "Yarmouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  228. ^ "West Cowes Castle" Archived 2016-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  229. ^ "Cromwell's Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  230. ^ "Star Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  231. ^ "Allington Castle" Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  232. ^ "Canterbury Castle" Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  233. ^ "Chiddingstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  234. ^ "Chilham Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  235. ^ "Cooling Castle" Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  236. ^ "Deal Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  237. ^ "Dover Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  238. ^ "Eynsford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  239. ^ "Hever Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  240. ^ "Kingsgate Castle" Archived 2011-11-13 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  241. ^ "Leeds Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  242. ^ "Leybourne Castle" Archived 2012-04-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  243. ^ "Lullingstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  244. ^ "Lympne Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  245. ^ "Otford Palace 1" Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine "Otford Palace 2" Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  246. ^ "Penshurst Place" Archived 2012-01-28 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  247. ^ Brown (1962), p.69.
  248. ^ "Rochester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  249. ^ "St. Leonard's Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  250. ^ "Saltwood Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  251. ^ "Sandgate Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  252. ^ "Scotney Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  253. ^ "Sissinghurst Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  254. ^ "Starkey Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  255. ^ "Stone Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  256. ^ "Sutton Valence Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  257. ^ "Tonbridge Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  258. ^ "Upnor Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  259. ^ "Walmer Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  260. ^ "Westenhanger Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  261. ^ "Ashton Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  262. ^ "Borwick Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  263. ^ "Clitheroe Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  264. ^ "Hornby Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  265. ^ "Lancaster Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  266. ^ "Turton Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  267. ^ "Ashby de la Zouch Castle" Archived 2015-12-16 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  268. ^ "Kirby Muxloe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  269. ^ "Leicester Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  270. ^ "Goltho Castle" Archived 2012-10-08 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  271. ^ "Bolingbroke Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  272. ^ "Grimsthorpe Castle" Archived 2012-10-01 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  273. ^ "Hussey Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  274. ^ "Kyme Tower" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  275. ^ "Lincoln Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  276. ^ "Rochford Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  277. ^ "Somerton Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  278. ^ "Tattershall Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  279. ^ "Torksey Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  280. ^ "Brimstage Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  281. ^ "Leasowe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  282. ^ Brown (1962), p.59.
  283. ^ "Thetford Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  284. ^ "Baconsthorpe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  285. ^ "Burgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  286. ^ "Caister Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  287. ^ "Castle Acre Castle" Archived 2016-02-01 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  288. ^ "Castle Rising Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  289. ^ "Claxton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  290. ^ "Norwich Castle" Archived 2010-12-30 at Wikiwix PSC.
  291. ^ "Oxburgh Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  292. ^ "Weeting Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  293. ^ "Fotheringhay Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  294. ^ "Astwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  295. ^ "Barnwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  296. ^ "Rockingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  297. ^ "Thorpe Waterville Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  298. ^ "Alnham Vicars Pele" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  299. ^ "Alnwick Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  300. ^ "Aydon Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  301. ^ "Barmoor Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  302. ^ "Beaufront Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  303. ^ "Bellister Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  304. ^ "Belsay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  305. ^ "Berwick Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  306. ^ "Bitchfield Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  307. ^ "Blenkinsop Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  308. ^ "Bothal Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  309. ^ "Bywell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  310. ^ "Callaly Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  311. ^ "Cartington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  312. ^ "Chillingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  313. ^ "Chipchase Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  314. ^ "Cocklaw Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  315. ^ "Cockle Park Tower" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  316. ^ "Corbridge Vicar's Pele" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  317. ^ "Coupland Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  318. ^ "Craster Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  319. ^ "Crawley Tower" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  320. ^ "Cresswell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  321. ^ "Dilston Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  322. ^ "Dunstanburgh Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  323. ^ "Edlingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  324. ^ "Elsdon Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  325. ^ "Embleton Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  326. ^ "Etal Castle" Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  327. ^ "Featherstone Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  328. ^ "Ford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  329. ^ "Halton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  330. ^ "Harbottle Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  331. ^ "Haughton Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  332. ^ "Hexham Moot Hall" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  333. ^ "Hexham Old Gaol" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  334. ^ "Horsley Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  335. ^ "Langley Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  336. ^ "Lemmington Hall" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  337. ^ "Lindisfarne Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  338. ^ "Mitford Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  339. ^ "Morpeth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  340. ^ "Norham Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  341. ^ "Preston Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  342. ^ "Prior Castell's Tower" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  343. ^ "Prudhoe Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  344. ^ "Shilbottle Tower" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  345. ^ "Shortflatt Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  346. ^ "Thirlwall Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  347. ^ "Warkworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  348. ^ "Whittingham Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  349. ^ "Whitton Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  350. ^ "Ayton Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  351. ^ "Barden Tower" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  352. ^ "Bolton Castle" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  353. ^ "Cawood Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  354. ^ "Clifford's Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  355. ^ "Crayke Castle" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  356. ^ "Danby Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  357. ^ "Gilling Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  358. ^ "Hazlewood Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  359. ^ "Hellifield Peel" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  360. ^ "Helmsley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  361. ^ "Hornby Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  362. ^ "Knaresborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  363. ^ "Marmion Tower" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  364. ^ "Middleham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  365. ^ "Old Mulgrave Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  366. ^ "Nappa Hall" Archived 2012-01-18 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  367. ^ "Pickering Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  368. ^ "Ravensworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  369. ^ "Richmond Castle" Archived 2012-04-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  370. ^ "Ripley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  371. ^ "Scarborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  372. ^ "Sheriff Hutton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  373. ^ "Skelton Castle" Archived 2011-01-09 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  374. ^ "Skipton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  375. ^ "Snape Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  376. ^ "South Cowton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  377. ^ "Spofforth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  378. ^ "Whorlton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  379. ^ "Wilton Castle" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  380. ^ "Halloughton Manor House" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  381. ^ "Newark Castle" Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  382. ^ "Nottingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  383. ^ "Bampton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  384. ^ "Broughton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  385. ^ "Hanwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  386. ^ Blair (1998), p.137.
  387. ^ "Greys Court" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  388. ^ "Shirburn Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  389. ^ "Wallingford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  390. ^ "Oakham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  391. ^ "Acton Burnell Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  392. ^ "Alberbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  393. ^ "Bridgnorth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  394. ^ "Broncroft Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  395. ^ "Cheney Longville Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  396. ^ "Clun Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  397. ^ "Hopton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  398. ^ "Ludlow Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  399. ^ "Moreton Corbet Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  400. ^ "Quatford Castle" Archived 2012-01-20 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  401. ^ "Red Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  402. ^ "Rowton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  403. ^ "Shrewsbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  404. ^ "Stokesay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  405. ^ "Wattlesborough Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  406. ^ "Whittington Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  407. ^ "Banwell Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  408. ^ Buildings of England, Somerset: South & West (1958) ISBN 978-0-300-09644-6.
  409. ^ "Dunster Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  410. ^ "Farleigh Hungerford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  411. ^ "Newton St Loe" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  412. ^ "Nunney Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  413. ^ "Stogursey Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  414. ^ "Sutton Court" Archived 2012-10-04 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  415. ^ "Taunton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  416. ^ "Walton Castle" Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  417. ^ "Wells Bishop's Palace" Archived 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine BLB.
  418. ^ "Conisbrough Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  419. ^ "Tickhill Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  420. ^ "Geograph:: Newcastle Under Lyme Castle Remains © Brian Deegan". geograph.org.uk. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  421. ^ "Alton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  422. ^ "Caverswall Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  423. ^ "Chartley Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  424. ^ "Eccleshall Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  425. ^ "Stafford Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  426. ^ "Stourton Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  427. ^ "Tamworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  428. ^ "Tutbury Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  429. ^ "Bungay Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  430. ^ "Clare Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  431. ^ "Eye Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  432. ^ "Framlingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  433. ^ "Mettingham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  434. ^ "Orford Castle" Archived 2012-09-30 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  435. ^ "Wingfield Castle" Archived 2012-10-07 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  436. ^ "Farnham Castle" Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  437. ^ "Guildford Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  438. ^ "Hylton Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  439. ^ "Newcastle Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  440. ^ "Old Hollinside" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  441. ^ "Ravensworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  442. ^ "Tynemouth Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  443. ^ "Astley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  444. ^ "Kenilworth Castle" Archived 2012-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  445. ^ "Maxstoke Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  446. ^ "Warwick Castle" Archived 2009-02-06 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  447. ^ "Dudley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  448. ^ "Amberley Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  449. ^ "Arundel Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  450. ^ "Bramber Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  451. ^ "Halnaker House" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  452. ^ "Heritage Gateway - Results". Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  453. ^ "Dobroyd Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  454. ^ "Harewood Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  455. ^ "Pontefract Castle" Archived 2012-03-10 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  456. ^ "Sandal Castle" Archived 2012-09-26 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  457. ^ "Devizes Castle" Archived 2015-10-05 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  458. ^ "Longford Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  459. ^ "Ludgershall Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  460. ^ "Old Sarum Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  461. ^ "Old Wardour Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  462. ^ "Caldwall Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  463. ^ "Hartlebury Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  464. ^ "Holt Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.
  465. ^ "Worcester Castle" Archived 2012-10-09 at the Wayback Machine PSC.

Bibliography

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edit
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