This is a list of dams in the United States that have been removed as physical impediments to free-flowing rivers or streams. Dams are not included if they have instead failed, or if they have been decommissioned but not yet removed. Dam removal takes many forms, and some removals may leave structures behind or alter the natural course of a river.
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According to the non-profit advocacy organization American Rivers, 2,119 dams were removed in the United States between 1912 and 2023. The peak year was 2018, which saw 109 removals. Pennsylvania removed 390 dams in this period, more than any other state. Mississippi is the only state with no documented dam removals.[1]
Removals by watershed
editBoardman River
editThe 46-foot (14 m)[2] Brown Bridge Dam[broken anchor], 56-foot (17 m)[3] Boardman Dam[broken anchor], and 34-foot (10 m)[4] Sabin Dam[broken anchor] were removed from the Boardman River in Michigan as part of the Boardman River Dams Ecosystem Restoration Project after their hydropower was decommissioned in 2005.
Coastal Southern California
editProposed removals
edit
The 100 ft (30 m) privately owned Rindge Dam on Malibu Creek in the Santa Monica Mountains of California was built in 1924 and has been allowed to completely fill with sediment, making it functionally obsolete but still a potential hazard. Malibu Creek once supported the southernmost steelhead population in the world. But today, steelhead no longer occupy the creek.
The similar 1947 Matilija Dam near Ojai, California was built against the advice of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, among others, and also blocked steelhead trout spawning grounds. After being notched twice and largely silted up, 90% of its design capacity has been lost. As of 2013 stakeholders agree that the dam and its sediment be removed, but no funding source has been identified.[5]
Colorado River
editCompleted removals
editBuilt in 1916, the 25-foot (7.6 m)[6] Fossil Creek Dam supported hydroelectric power production on Fossil Creek, a tributary of the Salt River via the Verde River. The dam was removed in 2008 to restore flow, travertine deposition, and native fish populations.[7]
Proposed removals
edit
The 710 ft (220 m) Glen Canyon Dam has been proposed for removal because of the negative effects it has on the water quality and riparian habitat of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. In addition, the reservoir impounded behind it, Lake Powell has filled all of the canyons for up to 160 miles (260 km) above the dam. This lake, while providing recreational opportunities, has eliminated more than 160 miles (260 km) of habitat for endangered Colorado River fish species.
The reservoir also loses more than 6 percent of the total annual flow of the Colorado River to evaporation and seepage.[8] Advocates of dam removal such as the Glen Canyon Institute also cite these losses of stored water as reason to decommission the dam. If it were to be removed, it would dwarf any completed dam removal project in history.
Columbia River
editCompleted removals
editOn the South Fork Clearwater River, the Grangeville Dam was a 56-foot-tall (17 m), 440-foot-long (130 m) arched concrete hydroelectric dam constructed by the Washington Water Power Company in 1911. A wooden fish ladder had been installed but it collapsed in 1949. The dam was removed in the interest of fish passage and since the hydropower facilities had become obsolete. The dam was destroyed by dynamite at 6:35 PM on August 19, 1963, following two prior detonations that day which had failed to collapse the structure.[9] At the time, the dam was the largest ever to be removed, a record which stood for decades.[10]
In 1971 the 39 ft (12 m) tall Lewiston Dam was removed from the main stem of the Clearwater River just above its confluence with the Snake River. Built in 1927 as a hydroelectric facility, the dam lacked fish ladders and was rendered obsolete by the downstream Lower Granite Dam.
On the White Salmon River, the 123 ft (37 m) Condit Dam blocked access for Pacific Salmon and steelhead runs on 33 miles (53 km) of river. PacifiCorp proposed to remove the dam, rather than paying for fish passage upgrades. Removal was proposed in 2006, but actions from Skamania and Klickitat counties held up the process. In fall 2008, salmon were trucked up above to dam to allow them to spawn higher up the river. In October 2011, PacifiCorp contractors used explosives to blow a 15-foot (4.6 m) hole in the dam to drain its reservoir and allow young salmon to enter the Columbia River and head to sea.
The 21-foot (6.4 m) Milltown Dam lay the junction of the Clark Fork River and Blackfoot River in Montana. The dam held very high levels of toxic sediments from 100 years of mining and logging. Its 2008 removal improved water quality, trout habitat, and the general ecological condition of the watershed.[11]
On the Sandy River in Oregon, the 50-foot (15 m) tall Marmot Dam was removed by Portland General Electric in 2007. Its removal has been extremely successful at improving access for Pacific Salmon and steelhead to the upper Sandy River watershed up into the Mount Hood Wilderness.
Proposed removals
edit
Four dams along the lower Snake River, built and still operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers, serve as hydroelectric power sources as well as maintaining an inland port at Lewiston, Idaho for agricultural barge traffic. The four are candidates for removal because of millions of cubic yards accumulated behind the dams, which are raising water levels for riverside cities. They include: the 1975 100 ft (30 m) Lower Granite Dam, the 1970 98 ft (30 m) Little Goose Dam, the 1969 100 ft (30 m) Lower Monumental Dam, and the 1962 100 ft (30 m) Ice Harbor Dam.
Three million new cubic yards of sediment are deposited behind the lower four dams on the Snake River annually.[12] The city of Lewiston, Idaho and others along the Snake have built a system of levees maintained by the Army Corps of Engineers. The levees in Lewiston were designed to leave five feet between water levels and the top of the levees. As of 2011, two feet remained. As water levels continue to rise, either some of the dams must be removed or dredged, or the municipal levees will continue to be raised. The Corps admits that the amount of sediment in the riverbed is too great for dredging to be effective, and Lewiston community leaders are worried that higher levees will further cut the town off from its rivers.[13] The Corps began dredging behind Lower Granite Dam in 2015.[14]
Delaware River
editThe 6-foot (1.8 m) tall Cuddebackville Dam on the Neversink River was built in two portions dating from the 1820s (for water diversion into a canal) and 1915 (for hydroelectric power). The dam had been abandoned since 1945, and was removed in October 2004 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in a novel partnership with the Nature Conservancy. The removal benefited aquatic life in the area, specifically the Dwarf Wedge Mussel and the American Shad.
Elwha River
editThe Elwha Ecosystem Restoration project on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington started in 2012, and finished in 2014, the 108-foot (33 m) Elwha Dam and the 210-foot (64 m) Glines Canyon Dam were removed to restore stocks of Pacific Salmon and trout species to the Elwha River watershed. The removal of these blockades allows migratory salmon to travel past the dam sites and upriver, an event that has not occurred since the dams' creation in 1913. After spawning there, the salmon die and their carcasses decompose, releasing marine nutrients laid down in their bodies as they fed in the open ocean. This reintroduction provides a valuable research opportunity for interested parties.[15] Since the dam removal, reservoir beds that looked like moonscapes have returned to vibrant rich habitat. Within a year of the Elwha Dam removal, an increase in salmon-derived nutrients was documented in the American dipper.[16]
Kennebec River
editBuilt in 1837, the 24-foot (7.3 m) tall Edwards Dam on the Kennebec River in Maine blocked passage to Atlantic Salmon and American Shad. Its 1999 removal was the result of a landmark case in which a U.S. federal agency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, required the decommissioning and removal of a dam against the operator's wishes.
Klamath River
editAfter more than 20 years of advocacy from the Un-Dam the Klamath movement, the largest dam removal in history started,[17] the first of four dams – the Copco Number 2 Dam – was removed in fall 2023,[18] and the removal project was completed in August 2024.[19]
Penobscot River
editTwo dams have been removed as part of the Penobscot River Restoration Project: the Great Works Dam in 2012 and the Veazie Dam in 2013, each 20 feet (6.1 m) tall.[20]
Rogue River
editIn 2008, the 80-foot (24 m) tall Elk Creek Dam was removed from the Elk Creek tributary to the Rogue River.
Tuolumne River
editProposed removals
editO'Shaughnessy Dam in California was completed in 1923 and represented the first great environmental controversy in the US as it was constructed in a national park.[21] The debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision.[22]
St. Croix River
editProposed removals
edit
The two remaining dams on the Kinnickinnic River in River Falls, Wisconsin are being considered for removal in order to completely restore the Kinnickinnic River to its natural state.[24] The Kinnickinnic River, called the Kinni for short, is a 22-mile-long (35 km)[25] river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the WI DNR, indicating it is a "high quality" trout water that has sufficient natural reproduction to sustain populations of wild trout, at or near carrying capacity.[26] The Kinnickinnic is also designated as an Outstanding Resource Water (ORW) by the WI DNR both above State HWY 35, and below the Powell Falls Dam, however, the stretch of the Kinni through the City of River Falls is not included in this designation where the river is impounded into two reservoirs which do not support a fishery. This ORW designation indicates the Kinni provides outstanding recreational opportunities, supports valuable fisheries and wildlife habitat, has good water quality, and is not significantly impacted by human activities.[27] This designation indicates that the State of Wisconsin has determined the Kinnickinnic River warrants additional protection from the effects of pollution. These designations are intended to meet federal Clean Water Act obligations requiring Wisconsin to adopt an “antidegradation” policy that is designed to prevent any lowering of water quality – especially in those waters having significant ecological or cultural value.[27]
Local stakeholder organizations in the FERC relicensing process include the Friends of the Kinni, the Kiap-TU-Wish Chapter of Trout Unlimited, the Kinnickinnic River Land Trust, and the River Alliance of Wisconsin. Government agencies also serving as stakeholder organizations include the Wisconsin DNR, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service.
Completed removals by dam height
editThis list includes all known removals of dams greater than or equal to 65 feet (20 m) in height.
Planned and proposed removals
edit| Dam | Height | Expected year | Location | Watercourse | Watershed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matilija Dam | 198 ft (60 m) | Ojai, CA 34°29′N 119°19′W / 34.49°N 119.31°W |
Matilija Creek | Ventura River | |
| Rindge Dam | 100 ft (30 m) | 2025–2035 | Malibu Creek State Park, CA 34°03′53″N 118°41′56″W / 34.0646°N 118.699°W |
Malibu Creek | Santa Monica Bay |
| Dam | Height | Location | Watercourse | Watershed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glen Canyon Dam | 710 ft (220 m) | Coconino County, AZ 36°56′15″N 111°29′04″W / 36.9375°N 111.4844°W |
Colorado River | Colorado River |
| O'Shaughnessy Dam | 430 ft (130 m) | Yosemite National Park, CA 37°56′51″N 119°47′18″W / 37.9475°N 119.7883°W |
Tuolumne River | San Joaquin River |
| Ice Harbor Dam | 213 ft (65 m) | Franklin County and Walla Walla County, WA 46°14′59″N 118°52′48″W / 46.2496°N 118.88°W |
Snake River | Columbia River |
| Lower Monumental Dam | 152 ft (46 m) | Franklin County and Walla Walla County, WA 46°33′45″N 118°32′13″W / 46.5624°N 118.537°W | ||
| Little Goose Dam | 253 ft (77 m) | Columbia County and Whitman County, WA 46°35′15″N 118°01′34″W / 46.5875°N 118.0261°W | ||
| Lower Granite Dam | 181 ft (55 m) | Garfield County and Whitman County, WA 46°39′38″N 117°25′42″W / 46.6605°N 117.4283°W |
By state or territory
editAlabama
editCalifornia
editConnecticut
editDelaware
editFlorida
editGeorgia
editIdaho
editLouisiana
editMaine
editMaryland
editMassachusetts
editNew Hampshire
editNew Jersey
editNew York
editNorth Carolina
editNorth Dakota
editOhio
edit| Dam | Dam height | Watercourse | Removal completed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pinery Feeder Dam | Cuyahoga River | 2020 | [28] | |
| Brecksville Dam | 8 ft (2.4 m) |
Oregon
edit| Dam | Dam height | Watercourse | Removal completed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marie Dorian Dam | 8 ft (2.4 m) | Walla Walla River | 1997 | The dam blocked passage to Pacific Salmon and steelhead into the Blue Mountains from the Columbia Basin. |
Rhode Island
editSouth Carolina
editTennessee
editVermont
editVirginia
editWest Virginia
editWashington, D.C.
editWisconsin
editCompleted removals
edit| Dam | Watercourse | Removal completed | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Island Woolen Mill Dam | Baraboo River | 1972 | Opened 120 miles (190 km) of a Wisconsin River tributary to fish and wildlife.[29] |
| Reedsburg Woolen Mills Dam | 1973 | ||
| Wonewoc Dam | 1996 | ||
| Waterworks Dam | 1998 | ||
| Oak Street Dam | 2000 | ||
| LaValle Dam | 2001 | ||
| Linen Mill Dam | 2001 |
Planned removals
edit| Dam | River | Removal timeframe | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Junction Falls Dam | Kinnickinnic River | 2023–2040 | In 2018, River Falls, Wisconsin, approved the removal of two little-used dams in the city. This would return the Kinnickinnic River to a free-flowing state and restore the city's namesake falls.[30] |
| Powell Dam | 2025–2040 |
Wyoming
editReferences
edit- ^ "Saying Adios to 80 Dams in 2023 —". www.americanrivers.org. American Rivers. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
- ^ "Brown Bridge Dam Failure Report". michigan.gov. Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. June 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Boardman Dam in Grand Traverse County, MI". The Record. April 7, 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Sabin Dam in Grand Traverse County, MI". The Record. April 7, 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ Carlson, Cheri (3 March 2013). "Delayed plan to remove Matilija Dam near Ojai will get new studies". Ventura County Star. Retrieved 11 April 2016.
- ^ Springer, Abe; Ledbetter, Jeri. "Fossil Creek". azheritagewaters.nau.edu. Arizona Heritage Waters. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ Marks, Jane C.; Haden, George A.; O’Neill, Matthew; Pace, Cinnamon (November 2010). "Effects of Flow Restoration and Exotic Species Removal on Recovery of Native Fish: Lessons from a Dam Decommissioning". Restoration Ecology. 18 (6): 934–943. Bibcode:2010ResEc..18..934M. doi:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2009.00574.x. S2CID 21724032.
- ^ "Why Glen Canyon?". Glen Canyon Institute. Archived from the original on 3 July 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
- ^ Winter, Brian D. (April 1990). "A Brief Review of Dam Removal Efforts in Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ McCully, Patrick (1996). "Getting Old: Dam Aging and Decommissioning". International Rivers. Zed Books. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
- ^ "Milltown Dam & Reservoir". missoulacounty.us. Missoula County, MT. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ Barker, E. (2007, February 16). Corps of engineers gets earful about sediment problems. Lewiston Tribune.
- ^ "Why Restore Wild Salmon?" Save Our Wild Salmon. Retrieved 18 May 2011. <http://www.wildsalmon.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94&Itemid=62>.
- ^ "Dredging".
- ^ "Salmon Populations". Archived from the original on 2009-01-07. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
- ^ Crane, Misti (December 28, 2015). "River ecosystems show 'incredible' initial recovery after dam removal". phys.org. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
- ^ https://caltrout.org/news/october-23-2020-un-dam-the-klamath-river-day-of-action
- ^ "Work on Copco No. 2 Dam Removal Comes to a Close". Klamath River Renewal. 2 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
- ^ Ramirez, Rachel. "The largest dam removal project in the US is completed – a major win for Indigenous tribes". CNN.com. Retrieved 3 September 2024.
- ^ "Penobscot River Restoration Project". 25 September 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates". The Center for Legislative Archives. National Archives. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
- ^ Rogers, Paul (2012-09-30). "Hetch Hetchy controversy: Could Yosemite's 'second valley' be restored?". San Jose Mercury News.
- ^ Palmquist, Peter (2005). Pioneer Photographers from the Mississippi to the Continental Divide: A Biographical Dictionary, 1839-1865. Stanford University Press. pp. 146–147.
- ^ Pfueler, Phil (2015-01-22). "For River Falls, it's dam right…or wrong?". River Falls Journal.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed October 5, 2012
- ^ "Trout stream classifications - Wisconsin DNR".
- ^ a b "Use Designations - Wisconsin DNR".
- ^ "Dam Removal". Cuyahoga Valley National Park. National Park Service. December 14, 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
- ^ "Running Free, The Baraboo River Restoration Story" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-12-19.
- ^ Seitz, Grey (4 November 2022). "Federal funds could quicken Kinnickinnic River dam removal". stcroix360.com. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
External links
edit
Media related to Removed dams in the United States at Wikimedia Commons
