Wikipedia

Peki'in

Not to be confused with Beijing.

Peki'in (alternatively Peqi'in) (Hebrew: פְּקִיעִין) or Buqei'a (Arabic: البقيعة), is a Druze–Arab town with local council status in Israel's Northern District. It is located eight kilometres east of Ma'alot-Tarshiha in the Upper Galilee. In 2022 it had a population of 6,104.[1] The majority of residents are Druze (78%), with a large Christian (20.8%) and Muslim (1.2%) minorities.[3]

Peki'in
  • פְּקִיעִין‎
  • البقيعة
Local council
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Pqiˁin
 • Also spelledPeqi'in (official)
Peki'in is located in Northwest Israel
Peki'in
Peki'in
Peki'in is located in Israel
Peki'in
Peki'in
Coordinates: 32°58′27″N 35°19′53″E / 32.97417°N 35.33139°E / 32.97417; 35.33139
Grid position181/264 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Founded5000 BCE (Earliest settlement)
Area
 • Total
3,565 dunams (3.565 km2 or 1.376 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
6,104
 • Density1,700/km2 (4,400/sq mi)
Ethnicity
[1]
 • Arabs99.98%
 • Jews and others0.02%
Name meaningThe little valley (between mountains)[2]

The Jewish community of Peki'in maintained a presence since at least the 16th century with a short interruption during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt.[4] Most Jews in Peki'in did not return to the village after the violence, and call themselves the Hadera [city] Diaspora. The Zinatis are the only family who returned, and it is currently represented by one elderly member, Margalit Zinati, residing in the village.[5][6]

History

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Chalcolithic

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Potsherds and ossuaries of the Chalcolithic period were found in the village, and a burial site close by, making a 100 dunams (25 acres) settlement a possibility.[7] The village Baca in Josephus' The Jewish War[8] is thought to be Peki'in.[9][10][11] According to Josephus it marked the border between the kingdom of Herod Agrippa II, and Tyre.

DNA findings

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A 2018 study[12] conducted by scholars from Tel-Aviv University, the Israel Antiquities Authority and Harvard University had discovered that 22 out of the 600 people who were buried in Peki'in cave from the Chalcolithic Period were of both local Levantine and Zagrosian[13] ancestries, or as phrased in the paper itself: "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation,” the scientists concluded that the homogeneous community found in the cave could source ~57% of its ancestry from groups related to those of the local Levant Neolithic, ~26% from groups related to those of the Anatolian Neolithic, and ~17% from groups related to those of the Iran Chalcolithic.".[14] The scholars noted that the Zagros genetic material held "Certain characteristics, such as genetic mutations contributing to blue eye color, were not seen in the DNA test results of earlier Levantine human remains...The blue-eyed, fair-skinned community didn't continue, but at least now researchers have an idea why. "These findings suggest that the rise and fall of the Chalcolithic culture are probably due to demographic changes in the region".[14]

Identification with ancient Peki'in

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Old Synagogue in Peki'in

A set of Jewish traditions is associated with a certain Peki'in, often appearing in writing under the names Baka, Paka and Peki'in, near Lod. According to the Talmud, Rabbi Joshua ben Hananiah ran a Beth Midrash, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his son Rabbi Elazar ben Shimon, hid in a cave from the Romans for 13 years,[15][16] and Shimon bar Yochai went on to teach at the city. However, the mis-identification of Rabbinic Peki'in with Peki'in-Buqei'a is of Ottoman time,[17] and other sites in the vicinity of Rehovot have also been suggested. The first writing where the name Peki'in undoubtedly refers to this village is from a 1765 Hebrew travel book.[18]

Crusader and Mamluk periods

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In the Crusader era, Peki'in was known under the name of Bokehel.[19] Together with several other villages in the area, it was part of the lordship of St. George, one of the largest in the Acre area. In the 12th century it was held by Henry de Milly, after his death it was inherited by his three daughters.[20][21]

Henry de Milly's third and youngest daughter, Agnes of Milly, married Joscelin III. In 1220 their daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben, Count of Henneberg, sold their land, including "one third of the fief of St. George", and "one third of the village of Bokehel", to the Teutonic Knights.[22] During this era the village was connected by a road to Castellum Regis.[23]

The presence of a Druze community in the village in the early Mamluk period is attested by the geographer Shams al-Din al-Dimashqi (1257–1327).[24]

Ottoman period

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Zinati House

Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 with the rest of the Levant region, Peki'in's Jewish population was recorded at 33 households in 1525, and experienced a rise, drop, stabilization and another rise before 1596.[25] It is said some Kohanitic families emigrated from Kafr 'Inan, possibly in the late 16th century.[26] The Almani family probably came from the village Alma.[27] Peki'in also appeared in the 1596 tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Akka of the Liwa of Safad. It had a population of 77 households and 7 bachelors who were all Muslims, in addition to 79 Jewish households.[4]

The villagers paid taxes on occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives, a press for olives or grapes, and jizya.[4] A tax on silk spinning (dulab harir), which was levied in 1555 on six villages surrounding Mount Meron, rated highest in Peki'in.[28] A silk industry is also attested by an account from 1602,[29] and by several old mulberry trees in the village.

In 1754/5, Stephen Schultz discovered approximately ten Jewish families residing in Pek'in. Throughout the following century, the village received mentions from several Jewish visitors. In 1765, Rabbi Simcha, on behalf of Rabbi Joshua of Zlazitz, described the Jewish community as consisting of 50 householders who worked the fields and vineyards. The village's lands were fertile, featuring springs and Rashbi's old carob tree. Based on this information, Ben Zvi estimated the Jewish population of the village in 1765 to be around 250 people.[30] In 1824, Rabbi David d'Beit Hillel visited Peki'in and reported about 20 native-born Jewish families, most of whom owned flocks of sheep and goats, and they maintained a small synagogue.[30]

Based on Moses Montefiore's archives, in 1839, the Jewish community of Peki'in comprised long-established priestly families such as Zinati, Oudi, and Suli-Toma, alongside families who had migrated from other locations, including the Almani family from Alma, Tsror from Deir al-Qamar, and Shams from Hasbaya (the latter two in Lebanon).

 
View of Peki'in

In 1875, French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village and described it as: "The population at present number 600—Druzes, United Greeks, Schismatic Greeks, and a few Jewish families, who descend from the ancient inhabitants of the country. Every year in the summer several hundreds of Jews come here from Tiberias to pass the hot season. Most of these Jews came originally from Europe, and are happy in finding here the last indigenous scions of the ancient national stock. ... At Bukeiah, thanks to the two springs which issue from the hill-side, they cultivate on the slopes and almost to the bottom of the valley delicious gardens, watered by numerous streams. Here grow, on different terraces, kept up by great walls, probably ancient, fruit-trees of all kinds, such as citrons, oranges, pomegranates, figs, quinces, and mulberries. The vine flourishes marvelously, as is shown by the enormous trunks. The United Greeks have a little church, which I found shut; the Schismatic Greeks also have one which has replaced a much more ancient Christian sanctuary. Only a few cut stones and the trunk of a column remain of it.The Jews worship in a synagogue of modern date."[31]

In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "A good village, built of stone, containing a chapel and a synagogue. There are about 100 Moslems, 100 Christians, 100 Druzes, and 100 Jews. It is situated on the slope of the hill, with gardens, figs, olives, pomegranates, and arable land. There is a good spring in the village, and two springs near. This is the only place where Jews cultivate the ground. They say it has descended to them from their fathers from time immemorial."[32]

In November 1883, Laurence Oliphant visited Peki'in and observed a diverse population: 80 Druze families, 40 Greek Christians, and 20 Jewish families. The Jewish community totalled approximately 120 Jews, "who claimed to be the descendants of families who had tilled the land in this same locality prior to the destruction of Jerusalem and the subsequent dispersion of the race". The same year saw an outbreak of cholera, prompting wealthier Jews and rabbis from Safed and Tiberias to visit Peki'in, transforming it into a sanatorium. Oliphant wrote that the Druze had settled in Peki'in around 300 years earlier. He further noted discussions with Christian and Druze leaders regarding the Jewish families, who mentioned that historically, "more of the village lands belonged to them, but owing to the wars, pestilences, and other misfortunes which had overtaken the country at various times, their property had become diminished; indeed, there can be little doubt that the Druses themselves, when Fakr Eddin conquered this part of the country, appropriated some of it; so that now, ... the Jews are badly off."[33]

A population list from about 1887 showed el Bukei’a to have about 950 inhabitants; Druse, Jews and Christians.[34]

British Mandate period

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Jews of Peki'in, c. 1930
 
Peki’in 1940

In a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Al Buqai'a had a population of 652 residents; 70 Muslims, 63 Jews, 215 Christians and 304 Druse.[35] Of the Christians, 167 were Orthodox and 48 were Greek Catholic (Melchite).[36] In the 1931 census, El Buqei'a had a total population of 799; 71 Muslims, 52 Jews, 264 Christians and 412 Druse, in a total of 190 houses.[37]

In 1927, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi observed that the ancient Jewish community of Peki'in, once a majority, was struggling for survival as it dwindled in size and faced declining material conditions. Ben Zvi noted that Jewish homes were concentrated on one hill and described the community as diligent in both their work on the land and its cultivation. They adhered strictly to Jewish practices, including netilat yadayim, tefilin, and kashrut. Following the death of their last shohet, they abstained from eating meat for several months. Despite a period of emigration to Argentina, many returned with financial resources that they reinvested in their native village. The local Hebrew school had 25 pupils at that time, and aside from a few elders, the residents conversed fluently in Hebrew, albeit with a fellahin accent.[30]

The 1936 Arab revolt forced the Jews of Peki'in to leave their homes for safer parts of the country; only a few of them later returned.[38][39]

In the 1945 statistics, the population was 990; 100 Muslims, 370 Christians, and 520 "others", that is Druse,[40] owning 10,276 dunams, while Jews owned 189 dunams, and 3,731 was publicly owned, according to an official land and population survey.[41] Of this, 1,598 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,424 for cereals,[42] while 40 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[43]

State of Israel

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Druse women of Peki'in, 2011

In July 2006, Peki'in was hit by Katyusha rockets launched by Hezbollah, causing significant damage to homes and orchards.[44]

In October 2007, riots broke out after the installation of a cellular antenna due to concerns that such antennas have been linked to an increase in cancer. Riot police fired bullets and gas grenades, which further angered the residents, who burned down the house of a Jewish family living in the village.[45] In December 2007, the last Jewish family left the town after their car was torched.[46] Only Margalit Zinati, a descendant of a Mustarabim family, has remained there to keep alive the memory of the town's vanishing Jewish heritage.[38]

In 2011, the Israeli government approved an aid program of NIS 680 million ($184M) for housing, education and tourism upgrades in Peki'in and other Druze communities in northern Israel.[47]

Education and culture

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The Druze Youth Movement in Israel, Peki'in branch

The Druze Youth Movement in Israel, a movement with 19 branches around the country and a membership of 12,000, has its headquarters in Peki'in. The founder of the movement is Hamad Amar, an Israeli Druze member of the Knesset from Shfaram, who established it to pass on Druze heritage to the younger generation while developing a sense of national Israeli pride.[48]

Tourism

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According to Galib Kheir, head of the town's tourism department, about 60,000 tourists visit Peki'in each year. The tourist trade supports local restaurants and specialty shops. The town also has a hotel and youth hostel.[citation needed]

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 70
  3. ^ Peki'in 2019 (in Hebrew)
  4. ^ a b c Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192
  5. ^ Researchers race to document vanishing Jewish heritage of Galilee Druze village, Eli Ashkenaz, 25 July 2012, Haaretz, "Zinati, who was born in 1931, is the last link in the chain of a Jewish community that apparently maintained a continuous presence in Peki'in since the time of the Second Temple, when three families from the ranks of the kohenim, the priestly caste that served in the Temple, moved there. Since then, the only known break in the Jewish presence was during two years in the late 1930s, when the town's Jews fled the Arab riots of 1936–39. Most of them went to what they called the Hadera diaspora. But one family, Zinati's, returned home in 1940."
  6. ^ Jews and Muslims in the Arab World: Haunted by Pasts Real and Imagined, Jacob Lassner, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p.314, "...the small community of Peki'in in the mountains of the Galilee, not far from Safed, whose present-day residents could demonstrate that they were direct descendants of inhabitants of the village who had never gone into exile."
  7. ^ "Peqi'in". Hadashot Arkheologiyot / Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Israel Antiquities Authority. 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  8. ^ Josephus. The Jewish War. 3 §35..
  9. ^ Stern, Edna J.; Nimrod Getzov, עדנה שטרן, נמרוד גצוב (1 January 2006). "מנהגי הקבורה הפיניקיים בתקופה הרומית לאור החפירות ליד אל-כברי / Aspects of Phoenician Burial Customs in the Roman Period in Light of an Excavation near El-Kabri (Kabri)". 'Atiqot / עתיקות. 51. p. 120. ISSN 0792-8424. JSTOR 23464423.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Zangenberg, Jürgen; Attridge, Harold W.; Martin, Dale B. (2007). Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in Ancient Galilee: A Region in Transition. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 130-131. ISBN 9783161490446.
  11. ^ Mason, Steve, ed. (2001). Life of Josephus. Flavius Josephus: Translation and Commentary. Vol. 9. BRILL. p. 179. ISBN 978-9004117938.
  12. ^ Harney, Éadaoin; May, Hila; Shalem, Dina; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Sarig, Rachel; Stewardson, Kristin; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Patterson, Nick; Hershkovitz, Israel; Reich, David (2018). "Ancient DNA from Chalcolithic Israel reveals the role of population mixture in cultural transformation". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 3336. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05649-9. PMC 6102297. PMID 30127404.
  13. ^ DNA STUDY IN ISRAELI CAVE SHEDS LIGHT ON ORIGINS OF CHALCOLITHIC CULTURE
  14. ^ a b Anomalous blue-eyed people came to Israel 6,500 years ago from Iran, DNA shows
  15. ^ Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 33b
  16. ^ Visitors in the village are still shown a small cave by an old Carob tree, as according to legend, one has nourished the rabbis when they stayed there.
  17. ^ ברסלבי, י. (1959). "Summary of the Fourteenth Archaeological Convention, Safed, Sept.—Oct., 1958 / הכינוס הארצי הי"ד לידיעת הארץ: צפת והגליל העליון סוכות, תשי"ט". Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society / ידיעות החברה לחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה (in Hebrew). 23 (1–2). צמיחת המסורות של מירון ופקיעין [Development of the traditions of Meiron and Peki'in], pp. 92–94. ISSN 2312-007X. JSTOR 23730960.
  18. ^ Palestine. British Palestine Committee. 1918. p. 165. Its current Hebrew name, Peki'in, appears for the first time in 1765, in an account in Rabbi Simcha ben Joshua's book Ahavat Zion
  19. ^ Frankel, 1988, p. 265
  20. ^ Pringle, 1993, p. 80
  21. ^ Ellenblum, 2003, p. 167
  22. ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RHH, p. 248, No. 934 (38); cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 253, 264–5
  23. ^ Strehlke, 1869, p. 120, no.128; cited in Ellenblum, 2003, pp. 43-44
  24. ^ Falah 1975, p. 36.
  25. ^ Abraham David (24 May 2010). To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel. University of Alabama Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-8173-5643-9.
  26. ^ Braslavski (1 July 1933). "Kefar Hanania / כפר חנניה: על יסוד פרטים שנאספו בשעת סיור". Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society / ידיעות החברה העברית לחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה (in Hebrew). 1 (2). p. 20. ISSN 2312-0096. JSTOR 23718865.
  27. ^ Ben-Zvi, Y. (1979). Rappel, Joel (ed.). תולדות ארץ ישראל (in Hebrew). p. 489. OCLC 37604188. Alma's Jewish population had dwindled during the 16th century, and was gone by the mid 18th.
  28. ^ Rhode, Harold (1982). The Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD thesis). Columbia University. See p. 145 for the silk tax, and p. 5 for the date.
  29. ^ Avi-Yonah, Michael; Braslavi (Braslavski), Joseph (2008). "Peki'in". Encyclopedia Judaica. Retrieved 10 October 2014 – via Jewish Virtual Library.
  30. ^ a b c Ben-Zvi, Itzhak (1967). שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת [She'ar Yeshuv] (in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. pp. 19–30, 46–50.
  31. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 78–79, as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1881, p. 197
  32. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, pp. 196-197
  33. ^ Oliphant, Laurence (1887). Haifa, or Life in Modern Palestine. London. pp. 107–112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  34. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 191
  35. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p.36
  36. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  37. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 100
  38. ^ a b Researchers race to document vanishing Jewish heritage of Galilee Druze village, Eli Ashkenaz, 25 July 2012, Haaretz, "Zinati, who was born in 1931, is the last link in the chain of a Jewish community that apparently maintained a continuous presence in Peki'in since the time of the Second Temple, when three families from the ranks of the kohenim, the priestly caste that served in the Temple, moved there. Since then, the only known break in the Jewish presence was during two years in the late 1930s, when the town's Jews fled the Arab riots of 1936–39. Most of them went to what they called the Hadera diaspora. But one family, Zinati's, returned home in 1940."
  39. ^ Ben Dror, Elad (January 2016). "The Jewish–Arab Conflict and the Disintegration of the Ancient Jewish Community in the Village of Peqi'in ". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies.
  40. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
  41. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  42. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
  43. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
  44. ^ Nowhere to shelter, Haaretz
  45. ^ Dozens injured in Galilee clashes, 10.30.07, Ynet
  46. ^ Last Jewish Family Leaves Peki'in, Ynetnews, 2007
  47. ^ Cabinet approves NIS 680M for Druze, Circassian towns
  48. ^ Hasten, Josh (16 May 2013). "Setting the Example". The Jerusalem Post.

Bibliography

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