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Sikhism in the United States

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American Sikhs form the country's sixth-largest religious group.[1] While the U.S. Census does not ask about religion,[2] 70,697 Americans (or 0.02% of the total population) declared Sikh as their ethnicity in the 2020 census.[3] The U.S. Census Bureau cites the 2008 American Religious Identification Survey's estimate of the adult Sikh American population at 78,000.[4] The Pew Research Center estimated the Sikh American adult population to be 140,000 and the total population at 200,000 in 2012 while the World Religion Database at Boston University estimated the American Sikh population to be at 280,000 in 2012.[4][5] Sikh organizations like the Sikh Coalition and American Sikh Congressional Caucus estimate the Sikh American population to be as high as 1,000,000, but do not provide any sources for these figures;[6][7][5] 500,000 nevertheless remains the most cited Sikh American population size.[8][15] With 1% of Asian Americans being Sikh, and 90.7% of Sikh Americans being Asian American, the American Sikh population can be estimated at around 200,000–300,000 in 2021.[16][17][18] The largest Sikh populations in the U.S. are found in California (52%), New York (11%), and Washington (6%).[19]

Sikhism in the United States United States
A gurdwara in Evergreen, San Jose, California.
Total population
~280,000–500,000
0.08% of the total American population (2020 est.)
Languages
American English • Punjabi
American Spanish • Indian English • Hindi • Urdu • Sindhi
Related ethnic groups

Sikhism is a religion, originating from medieval India (predominantly from the Punjab region of modern-day India and Pakistan) which was introduced into the United States during the 19th century. While most American Sikhs are Punjabi, the United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism.[20] Sikh men are typically identifiable by their unshorn beards and turbans (head coverings), articles of their faith. Following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, and subsequent other terrorism related activities by Islamic groups, Sikhs have often been mistaken as Muslims or Arabs, and have been subject to several hate crimes, including murders.[21][22] Sikh temples have also been targets of violence due to being mistaken for mosques. A 2012 shooting at a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin garnered national and international attention, with then President Obama ordering flags to be half-staffed at all federal buildings.

History

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First immigrants

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The Stockton gurdwara, the oldest in the U.S., opened on October 24, 1912.[23]

Sikhs have lived in the United States for more than 130 years. The first Sikh immigrants to the United States started to arrive in the second half of the 19th century, when poor economic conditions in British India drove many Indians to emigrate elsewhere. Most Sikh immigrants to the United States came from the province of Punjab and came to the U.S. to work on agricultural farms in California, travelling via Hong Kong to Angel Island.[24]

In the years just after 1900, hundreds of Sikhs had arrived to work in the lumber mills of Bellingham, Washington. In 1907, 400–500 white men, predominantly members of the Asiatic Exclusion League, attacked the Sikhs' homes in what is now known as the Bellingham riots. This quickly drove the East Indian immigrants out of the town.[25][26][27]

Some Sikhs worked in lumber mills of Oregon or in railroad construction and for some Sikhs it was on a railway line, which allowed other Sikhs who were working as migrant laborers to come into the town on festival days.[28][unreliable source?]

A big effect on Sikh migration to the western states occurred during World War I and World War II, where Sikhs were recruited by the British Indian Army to serve for them. Sikhs fought bravely during these wars and began to live in England after their serving period. Among the Sikhs who already lived in America prior to the wars, many Sikhs joined them, mainly during World Wars I and II. Among those who served in the US military include Bhagat Singh Thind in World War I.

The first Sikh gurdwara established in the U.S. was the Gurdwara Sahib Stockton, in Stockton, California, which was established in 1912 by Wasakha Singh Dadehar and Jawala Singh.[29]

Discrimination after the September 11 attacks

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Sikhs of America parade float at the 2016 Martin Luther King Day parade in Midtown Houston
 
Houston Sikh Community at the 2016 Martin Luther King Day parade in Midtown Houston

As a result of the September 11 attacks, some Sikh Americans have become subject to discrimination, often from individuals who mistakenly believe that they are Arab or Muslim.

Balbir Singh Sodhi, a gas station owner, was killed on September 15, 2001, due to being mistaken for a Muslim. In a 2011 report to the United States Senate, the Southern Poverty Law Center reported several assaults and incidents of arson at Sikh temples after September 11. All were labeled as hate crimes that resulted from the perpetrators' misconceptions that their targets were Muslim.[30] In August 2012, a Sikh temple in Oak Creek, Wisconsin, was the site of a shooting, leading to six Sikh individuals being killed.[31] On May 7, 2013, an elderly Sikh man was attacked with an iron bar in Fresno, California, in a possible hate crime.[32] On September 21, 2013, Prabhjot Singh, a Sikh professor was attacked in Harlem, New York, by a group of 20-30 men who branded him as "Osama bin Laden" and Terrorist".[33]

A 2007 survey of Sikh students by the Sikh Coalition found that three out of four male students interviewed "had been teased or harassed on account of their religious identity."[34] In 2014, the Sikh Coalition released a national report on the bullying of Sikh children in American schools. The report found that 55.8% of Sikh students surveyed in Indianapolis reported being bullied, while 54.5% of Sikh students surveyed in Fresno, California, reported being bullied.[35] According to the surveys, Sikh students wearing turbans are twice as likely to be bullied as the average American child.

Converts

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In the 1960s, due to increased Indian immigration and rising interest in Indian spirituality in the American counterculture, a number of non-Punjabi Americans began to enter 3HO. Prominent in this trend was Yogi Bhajan, leader of the Sikh-related movement 3HO (Healthy, Happy, Holy Organization), whose Los Angeles temple was the first to introduce non-Punjabi Americans to Sikhism.[20]

Demography

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Generation status

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Most American Sikhs are immigrants.

Sikh American generation status (2020)
Generation status 2020[36]
Pop. %
First generation 163,992 58.5%
Second generation 100,638 35.9%
Third generation or more 15,979 5.7%
Total 280,329 0.08%

Occupations

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Bhagat Singh Thind v. United States

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A gathering of British veterans who served in the Union Army during the American Civil War; a Sikh is present among them (c. 1917)
 
A Sikh-American U.S. Army officer (2010)
Main article: Sikhism in the United States military

Sikhs have served in the United States military at least as far back as the early 20th century, when one Bhagat Singh Thind, who though not a citizen joined the United States Army and served in World War I. Thind requested citizenship at the end of the war, being granted and revoked twice, before finally being naturalized in 1936.[37] Far larger numbers of Sikhs served in World War II, and all American wars following.

The ability of observant Sikhs to serve in the American military has, since 1985, been compromised by a discontinuation of exemptions to uniform standards which previously allowed Sikhs to maintain their religiously mandated beards and turbans while in uniform.[38] As of 2010, a Sikh doctor, Kamaljeet S. Kalsi, and dentist, Tejdeep Singh Rattan, are the only Sikh officers to be permitted to serve in uniform with beard and turban.[39] In addition, Simranpreet Lamba was permitted to enlist, with exemption to wear his turban and beard, in 2010 due to his knowledge of Punjabi and Hindi.[40]

Military

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In the federal appeals court in Washington, a preliminary injunction allowed two Sikh men to enter the military recruit training wearing a turban as it was considered an article of religion. The military recruits Milaap Singh Chahal and Jaskirat Singh sued the Marine Corps in April 2022 due to violation of the first amendment which allows the freedom of religion. The branch that they were a part of declined full religious exemption.[41]

Policing

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In 2016, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) began to allow turbans, subject to standards compatible with unimpeded performance of duty.[42] In 2015, Sandeep Dhaliwal became the first Deputy Sheriff in Texas to wear a turban on duty (Harris County Sherriff’s Office). He was shot and killed from behind in 2019 while conducting a routine traffic stop on the Copperbrook subdivision in Houston Texas.[43]

In 2019, the Houston Police Department changed their rules to allow beards and turbans, joining 25 other law enforcement agencies.[44]

Professionals

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Many Sikhs started life in America working in lumber mills, mines, and as farm laborers, with many eventually becoming landowners. Many early Sikh immigrants were restaurant owners. In 1956, Dalip Singh Saund became the first Asian Indian-born person to be elected to the United States House of Representatives.

Today, many Sikhs are well represented in white-collar positions such as lawyers, doctors, engineers, accountants, and businesspeople. They are considered to be a successful ethnic group in line with most of the Indian community. The community has a higher level of education, as over 53% have received a bachelor's degree compared to 40% of the general population. This is also reflected in terms of income as over 75% of the community earns over $50,000 and over two-thirds of the population have incomes over $100,000.[45][17]

Elected officials

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  • Dalip Singh Saund served three terms in the United States House of Representatives between 1957 and 1963. He was the first Asian American and the first person of a non-Abrahamic faith to serve in Congress.
  • Preet Didbal was elected to the position of mayor of Yuba City, California in 2017. She is the first Sikh woman to serve as a city mayor in United States history.[46]
  • Balvir Singh was elected to the Burlington County Board of Chosen Freeholders, New Jersey on November 7, 2017. He became the first Asian-American to win a countywide election in Burlington County and the first Sikh-American to win a countywide election in New Jersey.[47]
  • City planner Satyendra Huja was elected mayor of Charlottesville, Virginia in January 2012.[48]
  • Amarjit Singh Buttar was elected in December 2001 to the Vernon, Connecticut Board of Education and won re-election in 2011.[49]
  • Ravinder Bhalla was elected mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey in November 2017. He is also the first Sikh mayor to wear a turban.
  • Satwinder Kaur became the first Sikh elected to the City Council of Kent, Washington in November 2017.
  • Manka Dhingra of Washington became the first Sikh woman elected to a state legislature in November 2017.[50]
  • Pargat S. Sandhu was elected as mayor of Galt, California on Dec 3, 2019. He became the first Sikh to be elected for City Council and Mayor for the city of Galt.
  • In November 2020, California's Sutter County and Stanislaus County became the first two America to elect turbaned Sikh supervisors (Karm Bains and Mani Grewal, respectively).[51][52]

Geographical distribution

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Main article: Punjabi Americans § Geographical distribution
 
Members of the Sikh community of Somerville, Massachusetts

Over half of American Sikhs live in California. Most of California's Sikh population live in NorCal, especially in the Central Valley and the Bay Area. The nation's largest Sikh population is in California's Central Valley, where Punjabi is the third most spoken language after only English and Spanish.[53] Sikhs can found across the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, but the largest concentrations can be found in the valley's largest cities (Sacramento in the Sacramento Valley and Stockton, Fresno, and Bakersfield in the San Joaquin Valley), and in smaller communities associated with the farming of almonds, peaches, walnuts, and plums. There are also significant concentrations of Sikh Americans in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and in the Bay Area near San Jose, California and Fremont, California.

In the Sacramento Valley, Yuba City and Live Oak have prominent Sikh populations, with the first Sikh arriving in Yuba City in 1906.[54] In 2020, Yuba City was home to around 10,000 Sikhs (~15% of the city's population), while Live Oak was home to around 700 Sikhs (~8% of the city's population), with most of these being Sikhs.[57] Sutter County, California as a whole is home to around 11,000 Sikhs (~11% of the county population); this makes Sutter County the most proportionally Sikh county in America.[57] Down south in the San Joaquin Valley, Livingston is home to around 2,500 Sikhs (~17% of the city's population); Livingston is the most proportionally Sikh municipality in America.[57]

The New York metropolitan area also has a significant Sikh American presence. Around 19,000 Sikhs live in New York City, with around 18,000 in Queens.[57] The Richmond Hill neighborhood of Queens is often referred to as "Little Punjab" due to its large Punjabi population. In 2020, the stretch of 101st Avenue between 111th and 123rd streets in Richmond Hill was renamed Punjab Avenue (ਪੰਜਾਬ ਐਵੇਨਿਊ) and the stretch of 97th Avenue between Lefferts Boulevard and 117th Street was renamed Gurdwara Street.[58][59] Outside of the city, the suburbs of Hicksville in Long Island and Carteret in Central Jersey have significant Punjabi populations. In 2020, Carteret was home to around 3,000 Sikhs (~12% of the borough's population) while Hicksville was home to around 2,000 (~5% of the hamlet's population).[57]

Outside of California and the New York metropolitan area, there are significant populations of Punjabi Sikhs in Washington, Indiana, Texas, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, Massachusetts and North Carolina. There is also a concentration of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism in Española, New Mexico.[60]

States and territories

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Sikh Americans by state or territory (2020)[19][55][56]
State or territory Sikh alone Sikh alone or in any combination Total Sikh population (DERIVED ESTIMATE)[61]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
  Alabama 29 0% 41 0% 163 0%
  Alaska 3 0% 4 0% 16 0%
  Arizona 403 0.01% 549 0.01% 2,177 0.03%
  Arkansas 22 0% 46 0% 182 0.01%
  California 25,037 0.06% 36,975 0.09% 146,614 0.37%
  Colorado 223 0% 334 0.01% 1,324 0.02%
  Connecticut 260 0.01% 359 0.01% 1,424 0.04%
  Delaware 69 0.01% 88 0.01% 349 0.04%
  District of Columbia 7 0% 19 0% 75 0.01%
  Florida 421 0% 595 0% 2,359 0.01%
  Georgia 390 0% 548 0.01% 2,173 0.02%
  Hawaii N/A N/A 0 0% 0 0%
  Idaho 8 0% 11 0% 44 0%
  Illinois 840 0.01% 1,283 0.01% 5,087 0.04%
  Indiana 1,283 0.02% 1,718 0.03% 6,812 0.1%
  Iowa 33 0% 61 0% 242 0.01%
  Kansas 99 0% 174 0.01% 690 0.02%
  Kentucky 25 0% 46 0% 182 0%
  Louisiana 56 0% 86 0% 341 0.01%
  Maine N/A N/A 23 0% 91 0.01%
  Maryland 734 0.01% 1,012 0.02% 4,013 0.06%
  Massachusetts 452 0.01% 600 0.01% 2,379 0.03%
  Michigan 981 0.01% 1,465 0.01% 5,809 0.06%
  Minnesota 74 0% 115 0% 456 0.01%
  Mississippi 77 0% 116 0% 460 0.02%
  Missouri 75 0% 131 0% 519 0.01%
  Montana 0 0% 4 0% 16 0%
  Nebraska 4 0% 7 0% 28 0%
  Nevada 147 0% 282 0.01% 1,118 0.04%
  New Hampshire 14 0% 36 0% 143 0.01%
  New Jersey 2,715 0.03% 3,888 0.04% 15,417 0.17%
  New Mexico 18 0% 37 0% 147 0.01%
  New York 5,587 0.03% 7,943 0.04% 31,496 0.16%
  North Carolina 206 0% 361 0% 1,431 0.01%
  North Dakota N/A N/A 0 0% 0 0%
  Ohio 569 0% 887 0.01% 3,517 0.03%
  Oklahoma 42 0% 48 0% 190 0%
  Oregon 204 0% 285 0.01% 1,130 0.03%
  Pennsylvania 759 0.01% 1,098 0.01% 4,354 0.03%
  Puerto Rico N/A N/A 0 0% 0 0%
  Rhode Island N/A N/A 3 0% 12 0%
  South Carolina 42 0% 97 0% 385 0.01%
  South Dakota 0 0% 1 0% 4 0%
  Tennessee 48 0% 73 0% 289 0%
  Texas 1,918 0.01% 2,718 0.01% 10,777 0.04%
  Utah 62 0% 92 0% 365 0.01%
  Vermont 3 0% 3 0% 12 0%
  Virginia 1,157 0.01% 1,713 0.02% 6,792 0.08%
  Washington 3,002 0.04% 4,367 0.06% 17,316 0.22%
  West Virginia 6 0% 7 0% 28 0%
  Wisconsin 185 0% 356 0.01% 1,412 0.02%
  Wyoming N/A N/A 3 0% 12 0%
  United States 48,321 0.01% 70,697 0.02% 280,329 0.08%

Counties

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Sikh Americans by county (2020)[19][55][56]
County State Sikh alone Sikh alone or in any combination Total Sikh population (DERIVED ESTIMATE)[62]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
Fresno   California 3,603 0.36% 5,297 0.53% 21,004 2.08%
Queens   New York 3,110 0.13% 4,456 0.19% 17,669 0.73%
San Joaquin   California 2,758 0.35% 4,026 0.52% 15,964 2.05%
Sacramento   California 2,595 0.16% 4,015 0.25% 15,920 1%
Alameda   California 2,582 0.15% 3,689 0.22% 14,628 0.87%
Santa Clara   California 2,200 0.11% 3,078 0.16% 12,205 0.63%
King   Washington 2,003 0.09% 2,900 0.13% 11,499 0.51%
Sutter   California 1,990 2% 2,812 2.82% 11,150 11.19%
Kern   California 1,395 0.15% 2,207 0.24% 8,751 0.96%
Nassau   New York 1,432 0.1% 2,137 0.15% 8,474 0.61%
Los Angeles   California 1,117 0.01% 1,710 0.02% 6,781 0.07%
Stanislaus   California 1,058 0.19% 1,595 0.29% 6,325 1.14%
Middlesex   New Jersey 1,122 0.13% 1,553 0.18% 6,158 0.71%
Contra Costa   California 839 0.07% 1,304 0.11% 5,171 0.44%
Merced   California 699 0.25% 1,027 0.37% 4,072 1.45%
Placer   California 536 0.13% 859 0.21% 3,406 0.84%
Harris   Texas 606 0.01% 836 0.02% 3,315 0.07%
Orange   California 555 0.02% 781 0.02% 3,097 0.1%
Riverside   California 433 0.02% 671 0.03% 2,661 0.11%
San Bernardino   California 409 0.02% 630 0.03% 2,498 0.11%
Collin   Texas 427 0.04% 618 0.06% 2,451 0.23%
Solano   California 452 0.1% 614 0.14% 2,435 0.54%
Fairfax   Virginia 436 0.04% 571 0.05% 2,264 0.2%
Wayne   Michigan 359 0.02% 558 0.03% 2,213 0.12%
Bergen   New Jersey 417 0.04% 553 0.06% 2,193 0.23%
Maricopa   Arizona 393 0.01% 543 0.01% 2,153 0.05%
Johnson   Indiana 403 0.25% 534 0.33% 2,117 1.31%
Loudoun   Virginia 343 0.08% 524 0.12% 2,078 0.49%
Cook   Illinois 328 0.01% 520 0.01% 2,062 0.04%
Snohomish   Washington 313 0.04% 492 0.06% 1,951 0.24%
Total   United States 48,321 0.01% 70,697 0.02% 280,329 0.08%

Places

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Sikh Americans by census-designated place (2020)[19][55][56]
CDP State Sikh alone Total Sikh population (DERIVED ESTIMATE)[63]
Pop. % Pop. %
New York   New York 3,293 0.04% 19,104 0.22%
Fresno   California 2,369 0.44% 13,743 2.54%
Yuba City   California 1,757 2.51% 10,193 14.54%
San Jose   California 1,467 0.14% 8,511 0.84%
Bakersfield   California 1,352 0.34% 7,843 1.94%
Sacramento   California 966 0.18% 5,604 1.07%
Kent   Washington 952 0.7% 5,523 4.04%
Union City   California 803 1.14% 4,659 6.64%
Fremont   California 799 0.35% 4,635 2.01%
Stockton   California 794 0.25% 4,606 1.44%
Manteca   California 681 0.82% 3,951 4.73%
Elk Grove   California 602 0.34% 3,492 1.98%
Carteret   New Jersey 530 2.09% 3,075 12.14%
Tracy   California 479 0.52% 2,779 2.99%
Los Angeles   California 444 0.01% 2,576 0.07%
Livingston   California 417 2.94% 2,419 17.07%
Turlock   California 379 0.52% 2,199 3.02%
Greenwood   Indiana 370 0.58% 2,147 3.36%
Hicksville   New York 363 0.83% 2,106 4.8%
Hayward   California 343 0.21% 1,990 1.22%
Ceres   California 321 0.65% 1,862 3.78%
Clovis   California 310 0.26% 1,798 1.5%
Vineyard   California 289 0.66% 1,677 3.82%
Antelope   California 286 0.59% 1,659 3.4%
Lathrop   California 283 0.99% 1,642 5.72%
Indianapolis (balance)   Indiana 264 0.03% 1,532 0.17%
Fairfield   California 251 0.21% 1,456 1.21%
Roseville   California 233 0.16% 1,352 0.91%
Kerman   California 229 1.43% 1,329 8.3%
Modesto   California 206 0.09% 1,195 0.55%
Santa Clara   California 205 0.16% 1,189 0.93%
Auburn   Washington 198 0.23% 1,149 1.32%
Milpitas   California 167 0.21% 969 1.21%
Mountain House   California 165 0.67% 957 3.91%
Newark   California 155 0.33% 899 1.89%
Fowler   California 152 2.27% 882 13.16%
Phoenix   Arizona 149 0.01% 864 0.05%
Dublin   California 148 0.2% 859 1.18%
San Diego   California 144 0.01% 835 0.06%
Fontana   California 143 0.07% 830 0.4%
Renton   Washington 142 0.13% 824 0.77%
Rocklin   California 136 0.19% 789 1.1%
San Ramon   California 135 0.16% 783 0.93%
Selma   California 131 0.53% 760 3.08%
Folsom   California 126 0.16% 731 0.91%
Live Oak   California 124 1.36% 719 7.9%
Jersey City   New Jersey 119 0.04% 690 0.24%
Hercules   California 115 0.44% 667 2.56%
SeaTac   Washington 115 0.37% 667 2.12%
Total   United States 48,321 0.01% 280,329 0.08%

Notable Sikh Americans

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1900s

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  • Kartar Kaur Dhillon, political activist and supporter of the Ghadar Party
  • Bhagat Singh Thind, first turbaned soldier in United States Army; plaintiff in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, involving an important legal battle over the rights of Indians to obtain U.S. citizenship
  • Dalip Singh Saund, First Asian Pacific American member of Congress and politician serving in the United States House of Representatives for California's 29th district, 1957–1963
  • J.J. Singh, Punjabi-American businessman and political activist
  • Spoony Singh, Canadian-American Founder of the Hollywood Wax Museum
  • Narinder Singh Kapany, Indian-American Physicist and Sikh art Collector

2000s

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Academics

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  • Naunihal Singh, American political scientist and professor of national security affairs.
  • Arjun Singh Sethi, Civil rights writer, political rights writer, human rights lawyer, and adjuct professor of law

Activism

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  • Valarie Kaur, American activist, documentary filmmaker, lawyer, educator, and founder of the Revolutionary Love Project.
  • Simran Jeet Singh, American educator, writer, activist and Executive Director for the Aspen Institute’s Religion & Society Program

Business

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  • Ajay Banga, Indian-American business executive and president of the World Bank Group. (1981-present)
  • Gurbaksh Chahal, Internet Entrepreneur (1998-present)
  • Sant Singh Chatwal, Indian-American hotelier and businessperson (1975-present)
  • Vikram Chatwal, American hotelier and actor (2006-present)

Entertainment

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Law Enforcement

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Military

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  • G. B. Singh, Indian-American author and officer in the United States Army

Politics

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  • Harpreet Singh Sandhu, American politician and community activist from Richmond, California (2007–2008)
  • Harmeet Dhillon, American lawyer and Republican Party Official (2008-present)
  • Kash Gill, Mayor of Yuba City, California (2009-2010) and (2013-2014)
  • Preet Bharara, Indian-born American lawyer and former federal prosecutor who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York (2009-2017)
  • Manka Dhingra, American attorney, Democratic politician who is represents the Party 45th legislative district, on Seattle's Eastside in King County (2017-present) and the first Sikh state senator of Washington
  • Preet Didbal, Mayor of Yuba City, California (2017-2018)
  • Balvir Singh, American teacher and Democratic politician from Burlington Township, New Jersey, serving on the Burlington County Board of County Commissioners (2018-present)
  • Gurbir Grewal, American attorney and prosecutor, served the sixty-first attorney general of the State of New Jersey (2018-2021) and serving as the Director of the Division of Enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission (2021-present)
  • Ravinder Bhalla, American civil rights lawyer, politician, and the 39th mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey (2018-present)
  • Daleep Singh, American economic advisor serving as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Markets (2016-2017) and United States Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economics (2021-2022)
  • Uttam Dhillon, American attorney, serving as the Acting Administrator of the Drug Enforcement Administration (2018-2020)
  • Sabrina Singh, American political administrator serving as the Special Assistant to the President and Deputy Press Secretary for Vice President Kamala Harris in the Biden administration (2021-2022) and the Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary in the Department of Defense (2022-present)
  • Mani Grewal, Utah, Sikh Activist, served Utah State Boards including Multicultural Commission, Workforce Services and Investment Board, helped Governor draft Sikh Proclamation, celebrated Vaisakhi at the Utah Capitol Building and design a Sikh Float in the 24th July Parade of the Pioneers.

Religious Services

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Why Pew Research Center typically can't report the views of smaller U.S. religious groups". www.pewresearch.org. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
  2. ^ "Does the Census Bureau have data for religion?". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Asian Indian Was The Largest Asian Alone Population Group in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 - Section 1: Population - Table 75: Self-Described Religious Identification of Adult Population: 1990, 2001, and 2008 (page 61)" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  5. ^ a b "How Many U.S. Sikhs?". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  6. ^ "About Sikhs". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  7. ^ "H. RES. 275 - 118th Congress (2023-2024)". United States Congress. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Sikhism Reporter's Guide". Sikh Coalition. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  9. ^ "The Sikh Community Today". Harvard University. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Today there are well over 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  10. ^ "American Sikhs are targets of bigotry, often due to cultural ignorance". Religion News Service. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Scholars and government officials estimate the Sikh American population to number around 500,000.
  11. ^ "Sikhs in America:A History of Hate". ProPublica. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are an estimated 500,000 Sikhs living in the U.S., many in New York and California.
  12. ^ "April 2022: Sikh Awareness and Appreciation Month". State of Michigan Office of the Governor. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Sikhism is the fifth largest religion in the world, and, today, there are more than 30 million Sikhs worldwide and an estimated 500,000 Sikh Americans;
  13. ^ "Want to know about Sikhism?". WUWM. Retrieved 28 March 2023. There are more than 500,000 Sikhs in the United States.
  14. ^ "A Brief Introduction to Sikhism". WTTW. Retrieved 28 March 2023. Despite its relatively recent arrival in Chicago, Sikhism is the world's fifth-largest religion, with 25 to 30 million adherents around the globe and an estimated 500,000 in America today.
  15. ^ [9][10][11][12][13][14]
  16. ^ "Asian Americans: A Mosaic of Faiths". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  17. ^ a b "2020 National Sikh American Survey: Key Findings". Sikh American Legal Defense and Education Fund. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  18. ^ "DP05ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
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  57. ^ a b c d e In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion.[19][55][56]
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  61. ^ In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion
  62. ^ In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion
  63. ^ In the 2021 Canadian census, 194,640 Canadians declared Sikh as their ethnicity while 771,790 Canadians declared Sikh as their religion. Using this, the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion can be approximated using the number of Americans with Sikh as their religion

Further reading

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Further information: Indian Americans § Further reading
  • Atkinson, David C. The burden of white supremacy: Containing Asian migration in the British empire and the United States (U North Carolina Press, 2016).
  • Hawley, John Stratton, and Gurinder Singh Mann. Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America (State University of New York Press, 1993).
  • Kurien, Prema. "Shifting US racial and ethnic identities and Sikh American activism." RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 4.5 (2018): 81–98. online
  • Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley, and Stacy Brady. The Guru's Gift: An Ethnography Exploring Gender Equality with North American Sikh Women (Mayfield Publishers, 2000).
  • Mann, Gurinder Singh et al. Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America (Oxford University Press, 2008).
  • Sidhu, Dawinder S., and Neha Singh Gohil. Civil Rights in Wartime: The Post-9/11 Sikh Experience (Ashgate, 2009).
  • Stabin, Tova. "Sikh Americans." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2014), pp. 179–192. Online
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