User:ButtahDawg/sandbox

Background

The first connections between Sikhs and Canada were facilitated by nineteenth century British imperialism. Charles Metcalfe married a Sikh woman while served as a British East India Company representative to Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire in 1809; he would later serve as Governor General of the Province of Canada from 1843 to 1845. The East India Company annexed most of the Punjab after the Second Anglo-Sikh war in 1849, incorporating the territory and its inhabitants into the colonial empire. Following annexation, child Maharaja Duleep Singh was converted to Christianity and exiled to Scotland, his son Victor Duleep Singh likely became the first person of Sikh ancestry in Canada when stationed in Halifax, Nova Scotia from 1888 to 1890 as a member of the staff of General Sir John Ross, commander of British forces in Canada.

Sikhs were designated as a martial race and preferentially recruited into British Indian Army as a consequence of Sikh support of British forces during the Indian rebellion of 1857. The Sikh Regiment amrithdari jats In 1867, inaugural Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald mused in a letter to Henry James Sumner Maine about "an army of Sikhs" being sent to capture California in case of an Anglo-American war. Many of these Sikh soldiers were recruited by their British officers to serve as policeman in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, and Fiji, where sizeable Sikh populations had emerged by 1900.

Early immigration (1897-1908)

The earliest recorded instance of practicing Sikhs in Canada occurred in 1897, when a group of Sikh officers

Rapid growth (1984-present)

Sikhism by country (2001−2021)

Country	2001		2021		Change (2001-2021)		Change in %
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	±	+%	+%
Canada	278,410	0.94%	771,790	2.12%	493,380	177%	1.2%
United Kingdom	336,149	0.57%	535,517	0.8%	199,368	59%	0.2%
Australia	17,437	0.09%	210,400	0.83%	192,963	1107%	0.7%
New Zealand	5,199	0.14%	53,406	1.07%	48,207	927%	1.0%

Sikh diaspora, Sikhism in the United States, Sikhism in Canada (vancouver), Sikhism in the United Kingdom, Sikhism in Australia, Sikhism in New Zealand.

Punjabi diaspora, Punjabi Americans, Punjabi Canadians (punjabi market), British Punjabis, Punjabi Australians, Punjabi New Zealanders.

Indian diaspora, Indian Americans (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indian_Americans_by_location), Indian Canadians (in vancouver, british columbia, toronto area), British Indians, Indian Australians, Indian New Zealanders.

South Asian diaspora, South Asian Americans, South Asian Canadians, British South Asians, South Asian Australians, South Asian New Zealanders.

Asian diaspora, Asian Americans, Asian Canadians, British Asians, Asian Australians, Asian New Zealanders.

histories of the usa, can, uk, aus, nz

Anjali kaur https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1910/abstract/supplement-ca.pdf https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2002/demo/POP-twps0056.pdf https://usa.ipums.org/usa/resources/voliii/pubdocs/1920/Vol3/41084484v3.pdf https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2005/demo/POP-twps0076.pdf https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/population-volume-2/33973538v2p1ch6.pdf https://escholarship.org/content/qt6kh4w04h/qt6kh4w04h_noSplash_1e9f9f3923c9993914dc48cb5fbc2846.pdf

Sikh diaspora

Overview

Sikhism emerged in the Punjab region in the 15th century, and despite being a universal religion, remains a faith with a relative homogeneous group of adherents; today, 99% of Sikhs are Punjabi, with 60% being Punjabi Jats. As a result, the vast majority of Sikhs reside in Indian Punjab and neighboring districts, having migrated out of Pakistani Punjab during the 1947 partition. Most Sikhs outside of Punjab or its neighboring districts are Punjabis who migrated post-Partition, specifically Punjabi Jats who migrated to the rural Terai of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and Punjabis from mercentile castes who migrated to major urban centers in North India, especially Delhi. Additionally, there are millions of Sikhs outside India, mostly Punjabis who migrated in the past two centuries. The term Sikh diaspora thus refers to those Punjabi Sikhs outside of the Punjab and especially those outside South Asia.

Guru Nanak traveled across the Middle East and South Asia to preach his faith, but Sikhism did not establish a significant foothold outside Punjab, where the emergence of Sikhs as a significant political force in the eighteenth century strengthened the faith. However, the spread of Punjabi traders and soldiers across Central Asia, the Middle East, and South Asia helped disseminate Sikhism. The British took over the Sikh Empire in 1849, and while efforts to use Sikhs as unpaid labor like other Indians in the Caribbean and Africa failed due to rebellions, the designation of Jat Sikhs of a martial race led to high voluntary recruitment into the British Army. This eventually extended to police forces in Hong Kong, Singapore, Fiji, Shanghai, and Malaysia. Some of these Sikhs migrated as businessmen to Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hawaii, while others traveled to the West Coast of Canada and the United States to work in railroad construction, lumber mills, and agriculture in the first two decades of the early 20th century. Sikhs became the first major South Asian group in the United States and Canada, forming 85% of South Asian Americans and 95% of South Asian Canadians during the first half of the twentieth century, although migration slowed to a trickle by 1920 in the face of bitter racism and restrictionary legislation. Other Sikhs, went to Australia as Ghans and hawkers and to New Zealand as dairy farmers. Thousands of Ramgharia Sikhs migrated to East Africa to help build railways. Migration to the British metropole was limited to a small number of Bhat Sikh peddlers. By India's independence in 1947, there were tens of thousands of Sikhs in the Far East and East Africa each, around 2,000 Sikhs in the U.S. and Canada each, and smaller populations in Britain, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America.

After independence, there was a massive migration of Sikhs to England between 1947 and 1981 to fill postwar blue-collar labor shortages. Other Sikhs came from Afghanistan, the Far East, and East Africa following these regions’ independence and ensuing persecution of Sikhs. By the 1970s and 1980s, the growing British Sikh population faced racism, industrial decline, and exclusionary immigration laws, while immigration laws were relaxed in the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, leading to Sikh migration patterns shifting to these countries, especially Canada. This migration has greatly accelerated in recent years, as Punjab continues to face economic stagnation, corruption, and a spiraling drug crisis. Other Sikh migration in recent years has been to Southern Europe, especially Italy, as well as to the Gulf Arab states, especially the UAE. In contrast with an Indian Sikh population of 21 million (1.7% of Indians), there are nearly a million Canadian Sikhs (2.1% of Canadians), over half a million British Sikhs (0.8% of British), nearly a quarter of a million Sikhs in the United States and Australia each (<0.1% of Americans and 0.8% of Australians), and nearly 50,000 New Zealander Sikhs (0.9% of New Zealanders).

The Sikh diaspora has played a pivotal role in activism, from the Ghadar Party's historic contributions to the Indian independence movement a century ago to agitation for an independent Sikh homeland today. Sikh diasporic culture has been rich from the 1980s Asian underground of England, to the modern-day Brampton Renaissance in Canada. Sikh political power has been notable in Canada. The global Sikh community continues to influence and contribute to the cultural and political landscapes of their adopted countries and the Punjabi homeland through individual efforts and groups such as gurdwaras.

Culture

https://www.thejuggernaut.com/punjabi-music-goes-global-diljit-dosanjh-ap-dhillon https://www.reddit.com/r/punjabimusic/comments/1ez01ck/why_british_punjabi_music_is_dying_while_canadian/ https://ca.billboard.com/music/punjabi-music https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/30/world/canada/juno-awards-karan-aujla.html https://www.thecanadianpressnews.ca/entertainment/punjabi-music-is-taking-the-world-by-storm-and-its-new-sound-is-based-in/article_a38067f8-5858-55c0-ba16-5b66634a1b70.html https://www.therevolverclub.com/blogs/the-revolver-club/when-uk-punjabi-music-ruled-our-playlists sidhu, with jazzy b and fateh as predecessors

External links

ghadar bakshish dhillon Kartar Dhillon https://www.saada.org/item/20110717-240 schawa singh https://www.saada.org/item/20110805-288 henry gladstone https://www.saada.org/item/20110719-241 shocked to see sikhs doing labor, https://www.saada.org/item/20111101-444 goreh logue

In the early 20th century, there were two early Sikh pioneers residing in Tonga who came from the Garhshankar tehsil of the Punjab.

https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34369/chapter-abstract/291510384?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://academic-oup-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/edited-volume/34369 https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1772/1817/7290 https://archive.org/details/the-sikhs-of-the-punjab/page/n285/mode/2up https://www.npr.org/2024/11/02/nx-s1-5157929/sikhs-march-across-california-urging-protections-against-threats-from-india-on-u-s-soil

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/drug-superlab-rcmp-bust-1.7369846 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/drug-superlab-rcmp-bust-falkland-1.7371488 1922 census of Palestine 408 sikhs sikh agriculture california early 20th century Jat article e https://escholarship.org/content/qt2q10n4bh/qt2q10n4bh.pdf https://escholarship.org/content/qt6kh4w04h/qt6kh4w04h_noSplash_1e9f9f3923c9993914dc48cb5fbc2846.pdf https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/jats#:~:text=Jats%20in%20the%20Indian%20Punjab%20are%20mostly%20Sikh%20(c.,elements%20in%20their%20ritual%20life. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=histsp Sikhs joined army for citizenship in USA , contrast to Canada https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0055 declining Sikh proportions

https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/community-historians-unearth-photo-of-legendary-sikh-figure-in-1912-victoria-parade-9619656 https://www.timescolonist.com/local-news/community-historians-unearth-photo-of-legendary-sikh-figure-in-1912-victoria-parade-9619656 https://canadiansikhheritage.ca/2017/10/26/bagga-singh/ https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.5315763 https://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/asa-the-sagalife-of-the-lumber-legend/ https://salish-current.org/2023/06/23/with-hard-earned-acceptance-sikh-community-flourishes-on-both-sides-of-border/ https://thediscourse.ca/cowichan-valley/sikh-history-in-cowichan-paldi https://seekingwisdomblog.wordpress.com/2021/05/03/first-gurdwara-a-sikh-place-of-worship-in-north-america/ https://hastingsmillmuseum.ca/blog/f/east-indian-labour-migrants-in-early-20th-century-bc-sawmills https://pressbooks.pub/unionzindabad/chapter/golden-sikhs/ https://goldenbcmuseums.com/first-sikh-temple-in-north-america/ https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/sikh-heritage-month-the-south-asian-pioneers-of-fraser-mills

https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/36072/1/WRAP_THESIS_Tatla_1993.pdf https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/id/eprint/36072/1/WRAP_THESIS_Tatla_1993.pdf 

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/british-columbians-our-governments/our-history/historic-places/documents/heritage/sachp_context_study-final.pdf https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/journalism/letters-to-the-family-5.htm https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/1cmpqax/sikhi_in_thailand_a_very_assimilated_culture_do/ Thailand cs Malaysia https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-19-1981/singhrye.pdf Philippines https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/artlg_0.pdf https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29704/1/10752676.pdf https://defygravitycampaign.utoronto.ca/news-and-stories/utm-establishes-canadas-first-endowed-chair-in-sikh-studies/ https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/default/files/sitefiles/journals/volume19/no1/2-NeeruSharma19_1.pdf https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20041011-punjabi-origin-farmers-realise-the-great-american-dream-by-dint-of-hard-work-resilience-789214-2004-10-10 charanjeet singh uc berkeley illionis https://www.instagram.com/reels/DACTQ7GSjeS/ https://www.sacbee.com/news/local/article292803139.html https://vancouver.skyrisecities.com/news/2017/11/recalling-canadas-first-sikh-temple.29780 https://www.sfu.ca/davidlamcentre/news-events/past-events/2018/kitsilano-walking-tour.html https://montecristomagazine.com/community/kitsilano%E2%81%A0-crunchy-history-lifestyle-conscious-neighborhood https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.6804405 Sukh Kaur https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/30033938.pdf

https://www.bristol.ac.uk/media-library/sites/history/documents/dissertations/2018,%20Jones.pdf 

https://escholarship.org/content/qt5m70z2g5/qt5m70z2g5_noSplash_6fe7d3e2c130aa27b2d47400b52be2e7.pdf https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom/passage https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=eELOYVcbmKVHJmwp&v=TjYH9FbHqSw&feature=youtu.be https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/jameo2/in_the_1930s_in_london_jewish_wholesalers_were/ Irwin singh braich https://eacpm.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/State-GDP-Working-Paper_Final.pdf https://www.reddit.com/r/punjab/comments/1flv2k9/why_has_punjabs_gdp_share_been_in_decline_since/ https://www.reddit.com/r/ClassicDesiCool/comments/10e0axb/comment/j8820el/ https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1772/1817/7290 https://books.google.com/books?id=izucEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&source=kp_read_button&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&gboemv=1#v=onepage&q&f=false https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/07/17/332380449/how-turbans-helped-some-blacks-go-incognito-in-the-jim-crow-era https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/1fouklu/redefined_concepts_of_sikhi_by_guru_nanak_thoughts/ https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/1fp05vc/is_it_disingenuous_to_allow_both_literal_and/ https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/rsfjss/4/5/81.full.pdf https://gothamist.com/food/looking-for-great-punjabi-food-in-nyc-look-no-further-than-richmond-hill-in-queens https://books.google.com/books?id=kIA-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA343&focus=viewport&output=html_text#c_top https://www.nypl.org/events/exhibitions/community-showcases/punjabi-deli-jagdeep-raina https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2019/punjabi-deli-new-yorks-favorite-rest-stop/ https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/book-review-robber-noblemen-a-study why did sikhs move frok kitsilano to doith vancouver https://placesthatmatter.ca/location/punjabi-market/ https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.3231557 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indo-canadians-fight-to-vote-testimony-to-resolute-determination-says-moe-sihota-1.3090184 https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/wally-oppal-s-100-year-old-mother-a-symbol-for-b-c-s-south-asian-community-1.3087289 https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/history/sikh-south-asian-history-vancouver-3655889 https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2019/08/02/Punjabi-Market-Vancouver-Past-Present-Future-50-Anniversary/

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-sikh-immigrants-history-1.4832501 https://www.heritagecalgary.ca/heritage-calgary-blog/sikhheritagemonth

https://www.reddit.com/r/CanadianBornDesis/comments/1dnuruc/who_are_some_canadian_desis_that_inspire_you/ https://www.reddit.com/r/CanadianBornDesis/comments/1em3943/til_canadas_pamela_rai_was_the_first_woman_of/ Alexis Grewal https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/ex-google-executive-reveals-how-sikhs-are-mistaken-for-bengalis-in-malaysia-explains-fascinating-reason-5448908 Growing Sikh Community Celebrates 505th Anniversary of Founder's Birth Canadian farm workers union

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https://www.reddit.com/r/ABCDesis/comments/1104cqk/was_looking_at_statistics_canada_data_on/ https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2309298.pdf https://www.reddit.com/r/CanadianBornDesis/comments/1dnuruc/who_are_some_canadian_desis_that_inspire_you/ https://www.reddit.com/r/askvan/comments/1fd75jz/comment/lmed68t/ https://sikhri.org/articles/60-million-untouchable-sikhs-a-dangerous-proposal Brown munde working class https://www.reddit.com/r/ABCDesis/comments/17ui9t5/comment/k9bkkq0/

https://www.reddit.com/search/?q=Sikh+lumber+&type=comment&cId=7aea0bb7-3cc7-44fd-acb4-dfcde1694127&iId=f0c75200-d108-4894-8356-e52cb92e6cd2 https://www.reddit.com/r/abbotsford/comments/10v1md2/comment/j7t0kgu/ Hindu flats https://www.reddit.com/r/100yearsago/comments/vlq0hz/june_27_1922_hindu_saves_another/ https://www.reddit.com/r/badhistory/comments/1dl19av/comment/l9nx9nd/ british columbia limber https://www.reddit.com/r/ABCDesis/comments/1104cqk/was_looking_at_statistics_canada_data_on/ https://hastingsmillmuseum.ca/blog/f/east-indian-labour-migrants-in-early-20th-century-bc-sawmills https://goldenbcmuseums.com/first-sikh-temple-in-north-america/ https://bcanuntoldhistory.knowledge.ca/1900/canadas-first-sikh-temple satchel already Stevengoose4 Gangs of Vancouver: Meninder Dhaliwal Killing the Latest Chapter in Canada's Bloody Gang Wars (thequint.com) https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180326/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/cpma.html udham singh mexican wife https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66909368 https://www.theguardian.com/media/article/2024/jul/20/satnam-lost-his-arm-and-was-allegedly-left-to-die-on-the-roadside-this-is-the-horror-of-exploitation-on-italian-farms?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Other meloni https://www-jstor-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/stable/3638433?seq=18 https://archive.org/details/otheronepercenti0000chak/mode/2up

https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1772/1817/7290 https://bcanuntoldhistory.knowledge.ca/1900/canadas-first-sikh-temple afghan sikhs Sajjan https://nationalpost.com/opinion/rahim-mohamed-harjit-sajjans-disastrous-tenure-as-defence-minister-haunts-us-still tens of thousands from Canada and from India, https://www.equitassociety.ca/?page_id=16924 https://humanities.wustl.edu/news/diasporic-quest-power-jagmeet-singh-hybrid-whiteness-and-genocide https://globalnews.ca/news/10565562/nsicop-report-singh-alleged-colluders-traitors/amp/ gondek sohi https://www.nsicop-cpsnr.ca/reports/rp-2024-06-03/special-report-foreign-interference.pdf

https://www.ipolitics.ca/opinions/analysis-shows-sikh-donors-preferred-liberals-over-past-four-years https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/does-sikh-canadian-political-engagement-inoculate-community-against-indian-government https://angusreid.org/religion-and-vote/ https://vancouversun.com/opinion/columnists/douglas-todd-why-sikhs-are-so-powerful-in-canadian-politics https://korematsu.blogspot.com/2007/11/sikhs-are-becoming-hoosiers-in.html https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-68792093 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/siva-singh-fights-white-australia-policy-for-right-to-vote/12097822 https://muse.jhu.edu/article/702891 https://www.kalw.org/podcast/crosscurrents-podcast/2020-01-28/i-aint-here-for-no-reason-stories-of-sikh-american-resilience https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom/community-and-religion https://escholarship.org/content/qt2q10n4bh/qt2q10n4bh_noSplash_35c357976439e77c0245e712eed559c1.pdf https://dhi.ucdavis.edu/2022-2023-cultivation/punjabi-farmers-sacramento-valley https://www.hcn.org/issues/53-3/south-agriculture-despite-discrimination-and-drought-punjabi-americans-farm-on-california/ https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/industry/manufacturing/rai-tightens-grip-on-sugar-3886706 https://www.tuko.co.ke/business-economy/496733-harban-singh-amrit-profile-safaricom-landlord-properties/ https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/scripting-success-punjab-to-kenya-513929 http://www.sikhsinhockey.com/Default.aspx?id=593309 https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/how-kairon-made-punjabis-offer-gold-blood-in-1962-100706 https://books.google.com/books?id=CQjJEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT96&lpg=PT96&dq=why+is+there+a+punjabi+region+in+every+metro+area+in+canada+but+not+america&source=bl&ots=xAnkBYs4m2&sig=ACfU3U1j7O8U5jIYKgMVSd1yrc0Nx1ifFg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi3r8mk8LuGAxWbM1kFHdBnB4Y4ChDoAXoECAUQAw#v=onepage&q=why%20is%20there%20a%20punjabi%20region%20in%20every%20metro%20area%20in%20canada%20but%20not%20america&f=false https://thewire.in/rights/driven-by-desire-to-work-abroad-punjabi-youth-risk-everything-even-death https://salish-current.org/2023/06/23/with-hard-earned-acceptance-sikh-community-flourishes-on-both-sides-of-border/ Harjit singh strippergate Grewal tapes doman scandal https://www.pressreader.com/canada/the-province/20120503/281479273427698 https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/music/diljit-dosanjh-vancouver-concert-bc-connection https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/04/29/india-assassination-raw-sikhs-modi/ https://angusreid.org/who-could-be-prime-minister-president/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/india-wait-canada-details-nijjar-killing-1.7194360 https://www.theindianpanorama.news/opinion/mission-politics-started-from-mission-in-bc/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nijjar-brar-singh-bishnoi-sikh-india-1.7197121 https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/14/canada-sikhs-india-organized-crime-hit-squads https://canadianimmigrant.ca/people/entrepreneur-immigrants/jagjit-sangheras-slice-of-success-with-pizza-factory

https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/british-columbians-our-governments/our-history/historic-places/documents/heritage/sachp_context_study-final.pdf punjabi market 50s https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2024/05/04/preserving-sikh-canadian-heritage-and-culture https://www.vox.com/world-politics/24160779/inside-indias-secret-campaign-to-threaten-and-harass-americans https://www.wltribune.com/news/bc-historian-explores-south-asian-indigenous-relations-7316566 https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/hari-sharma/hari-sharma-1960-1970/gian-singh-sandhu-2/ https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/pclp-phase-1/amarjit-singh-heer/ https://thebcreview.ca/2018/10/10/359-from-punjab-to-williams-lake/ https://www.mycariboonow.com/56345/news/because-we-are-girls-to-premiere-sunday-in-williams-lake/

https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nijjar-brar-singh-bishnoi-sikh-india-1.7197121 https://www.reddit.com/r/CanadaPolitics/comments/1cpu32a/fourth_man_arrested_and_charged_in_killing_of/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/may/14/canada-sikhs-india-organized-crime-hit-squads https://www.reddit.com/r/vancouver/comments/v0i9ly/main_st_49th/?rdt=56053 https://www.reddit.com/r/vancouver/comments/aa6w60/punjabi_market_1970_main_and_50th_ave/ https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/03/15/opinion/truth-behind-story-engulfing-canadas-sikh-politicians https://angusreid.org/religion-and-vote/

http://sikhs.org/100th/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/india-wait-canada-details-nijjar-killing-1.7194360 sikh gala https://sikhfoundationcanada.com/gala/ 3 leaders at parade

https://edmontonjournal.com/opinion/columnists/paula-simons-new-appeal-court-justice-ritu-khullar-a-reluctant-role-model ritu khullar sikg chief justiceo f laberta sikh global village https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nijjar-killing-arrests-made-1.7192807?s=08 sbs punjabi bbc cbc omni hockey sikh heritage month

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-sikh-immigrants-history-1.4832501 williams lake: rathor, virk, palbinder k shergill

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17448727.2017.1315521?scroll=top&needAccess=true https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/515053/uncovering-the-history-of-the-sikhs-who-fought-with-the-anzacs-in-wwi https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/chinese/515082/remembering-the-asian-troops-who-fought-at-gallipoli https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_race_riots_of_1907 https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/articles/religionbyhousinghealthemploymentandeducationenglandandwales/census2021#religion-by-housing-health-employment-and-education-england-and-wales-census-2021-data Sahib Khalsa Tulsa Philippines Al Jazeera 82 percent Def atma Khalsa Gurujot Khalsa

https://amp.abc.net.au/article/103604354 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210039701 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210019801&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.1&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2 https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/rt-td/ethno-religion-eng.cfm https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/04/26/sikh-american-tradition-resilience/ 90% https://www.nationalobserver.com/2018/03/15/opinion/truth-behind-story-engulfing-canadas-sikh-politicians

sikh100 https://learning.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/pathways/punjabi-experience-british-columbia/look/?view=read https://canadiansikhheritage.ca/ https://shmc.ca/shmc-timeline-english royalbcmuseum.bc.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2022-04%2FThe-Log-that-Built-BC-community-consultation-report.pdfA https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/asa-johal-biography-1.5315763 https://www.timescolonist.com/life/new-paldi-museum-celebrates-punjabi-sikh-history-7246142 https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/pclp-phase-1/ https://blog.douglascollege.ca/2023/03/02/the-complicated-history-of-paldi-b-c-s-earliest-multicultural-community/ https://www.cheknews.ca/this-week-in-history-punjabi-canadian-legacy-project-390201/ https://www.wineenthusiast.com/culture/okanagan-indian-winemakers/ https://heritageabbotsford.ca/sikh_history_month_2021/

dalip saund westmorland cleanup

https://www.darpanmagazine.com/magazine/spotlight/asa-the-sagalife-of-the-lumber-legend/ https://www.khabar.com/magazine/cover-story/the-sikhs-in-north-america

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnder_Basran mayor of williams lake Webmail email forwarding Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life history of canadian sikhs including 20s reunification, malwa doaba differences https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-house-of-badal https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-constitutional-moment-at-anandpur Kulvir Paul Dhariell dhaliwal, abc, cbc, abc, globe and mail satjiv chahil 56 red turban kalasingha indra Devi, la gurdwara, jaswant dhami, illegal turban removed and also Indiana bus, speed of Sikh martial arts due to diaspora, Sikh Armenia, warrior stereotype madho Singh Olympics gulab Kaur Philippines, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41683041 https://www.spatialhistory.net/cities/2019/11/the-raj-abroad-comparing-indians-in-british-service-in-rangoon-and-shanghai/ https://academic.oup.com/book/31904/chapter-abstract/267576192?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://www.historic-shanghai.com/sikhs-in-shanghai/

• Indian Diaspora, Official Government of India Website
• Sikh NRI Online, Info pertaining to Sikh NRIs Worldwide
• History of Sikh Diaspora in Canada and USA
• Sikh Global Village - Latin America

https://brill.com/view/journals/jmh/9/1/article-p27_002.xml?ebody=article%20details mota singh, makhan singh sikh who fought for kenyan indepencen, safari, hockey https://www.facebook.com/kenyankalasingha/posts/pfbid0NLMTvZw4EyCnFKmLwqxo7v8PQYjzvdBXPdJkQsGPYgdCFwa9TrKP65hEQnm7tL9wl, kalasingha, red turban, bindra, nalwa Sunnyvale vs fremont https://pressprogress.ca/canadian-intelligence-says-india-likely-used-clandestine-activities-to-interfere-with-canadas-2021-federal-election/ https://www.thestar.com/politics/federal/jagmeet-singh-was-warned-about-potential-threat-against-his-life-inquiry-hears/article_b5f44184-f0fe-11ee-af4e-a798ec39fd18.html

https://www.instagram.com/p/C5hFyretkGF/ sikh activism 60s in uk influences by guru

look at sikhism by country list Crop doverseciation issue Language access photos of sikhs in wars and in 20th century west

ocean spray, kettle chips Shocked to see sikhs doing labor, kpu 33%, south slope johal sajjan

sikh usa history https://old.reddit.com/r/ABCDesis/comments/1aydcae/whats_the_connotations_attached_to_sikhs_in_the_us/krv1xwo/ https://www.thenation.com/article/society/the-divided-indian-american-political-landscape/https://www.saada.org/item/20120113-581

https://www.antihate.ca/ron_banerjee_investigated_police_advocating_genocide

Sukhpaul Bal, president of the B.C. Cherry Association ocean spray leader https://twitter.com/ChiefManak/status/1553110916551417857 athletes in big five: robin bawa manny malhotra jujhar khaira arshdeep bains https://www.whitecapsfc.com/news/badwal-pro-contract canada night punjabi 209,000 viewers vs 1.46 million english in dec 2017 https://reason.com/2020/01/05/indian-immigrants-are-saving-canadian-hockey/ https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/hockey-night-punjabi-representation/ wwe wrestlers foreign heel jinder mahal, sikh games ina ustralia nj

punjabi market komagata maru place punjab avenue southall sikh temple st etc, update immigration act 1917

https://old.reddit.com/r/Judaism/comments/1ajntfd/sikhs_protecting_the_jewish_quarter_in_jerusalem/ The reported population was 757,182, including the military and persons of foreign nationality. The division into religious groups was 590,890 Muslims, 83,794 Jews, 73,024 Christians, 7,028 Druze, 408 Sikhs, 265 Baháʼís, 156 Metawalis, and 163 Samaritans.[2] battle of the admin box

philippines moneylenders 50000 https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/2/3/the-sikh-kitchen-that-feeds-manilas-moneylenders https://www.reddit.com/r/Philippines/comments/1ai9e5y/the_sikh_kitchen_that_feeds_manilas_moneylenders/ https://www.reddit.com/r/Sikh/comments/ghjhpq/sikhs_in_panama_await_payment_for_their_work_on/?rdt=35367 panama argentina "plan c" in early 20th centuyry https://www.reddit.com/media?url=https%3A%2F%2Fi.redd.it%2Fsikh-worker-at-the-panama-canal-1914-v0-hwp6s5oetdx91.jpg%3Fs%3D4aaf109828d29db872becc139b6d807dad316f72 https://pcmc.domains.uflib.ufl.edu/object-of-the-day/hindoo-sic-laborers-waiting-for-paychecks/

https://voiceonline.com/mps-gathered-in-bc-as-national-liberal-sikh-caucus-set-priorities-for-2024/ sikh liberal caucus, also sikh usa caucus

https://www.propublica.org/article/sikhs-in-america-hate-crime-victims-and-bias

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/i-am-so-happy-to-be-here-1.5057490 increasing popularity of donkey route and increasing difficulty of student visa https://www.newindianexpress.com/web-only/2023/Dec/20/udta-punjabi-dunki-donkey-routes-and-the-restless-young-who-wish-to-flee-the-state-2643020.html

https://brownhistory.substack.com/p/born-on-the-columbia-river-the-origins https://www.instagram.com/p/C2U8ZD9xNtQ/ sikh opinion during rebellion 1857 https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/new-canadian-immigration-rules-marriages-punjab-9130901/ A study on overseas migration from Rural Punjab: Trends, Causes, and Consequences,” by Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) from 1990 to 2022

https://indiacurrents.com/a-union-of-sikh-japanese-and-mexican-americans/ Civil Rights in America: Racial Desegregation of Public Accommodations National Park Service (punjabi ontario ca) https://www.terracestandard.com/news/a-legacy-to-be-proud-of-video-project-to-highlight-sikh-history-in-terrace-6068707

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2024/01/20/nikki-haley-never-racist-book/72280548007/

https://shmc.ca/shmc-timeline-english https://www.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/history-of-south-asians-in-canada/ https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-exhibit-marks-100-years-since-policy-change-allowed-south-asian-women-to-join-their-husbands-in-canada-1.5389923https://web.archive.org/web/20110506005216/http://vahms.org/education/sikh-canadian-history/ Before the Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute, Duncan and the whole Cowichan Valley were a thriving lumber centre in British Columbia.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-temple-celebrates-100-years-of-tolerance-1.5194810

sikh diaspora, usa, canada, list, indian/south asian americans, canadians, diaspora, detrioit Balwinder sahni kunustoria, india apple warning government hacking, bbc, delhi builders, spoony places, sukhdool gill cow https://globalnews.ca/news/10206722/south-asian-extortion-threats-b-c-ontario-alberta/, legion ina swiss Racial classification of Indian Americans

https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2021/02/19/judi-singh-a-black-south-asian-musician-from-1950s-70s-edmonton/ Judi Singh

https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/06/29/religion-in-india-tolerance-and-segregation/ 76% of indian sikhs are keshdhari

jus reign turban episode 2018 british sikh report https://britishsikhreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/British-Sikh-Report-2018.pdf 35% of british sikhs are keshdhari (46% of men and 22% of women); 50% of british sikh men wear dastar while 3% of women do; 10% of sikhs took amrit https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016413/1910-09-14/ed-1/seq-8/#date1=1900&index=18&rows=20&words=California+Hindu&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1913&proxtext=hindu+california&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 decline in acceptances by 1910 https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22phrase%22%3A%22%5C%22sikh+family%5C%22%22%7D%7D&limit=500&ns0=1&offset=0&search=%22sikh+family%22 add adminstrative divisions of thailand, fiji, ireland, nepal to sikhism by country

khatris on silk road and sikhs across south asia https://scroll.in/article/1054557/who-are-the-dakhani-sikhs-in-the-southern-states-of-india-and-how-have-they-personalised-sikhism (jats hyderabad https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Feb/01/hyderabad-sikhs-serene-haven), ukraine, historical concentration in punjab, 2/3 jat (khalsa, other sects in dehradun sindh). -> end of sikh empire, initial diaspora was royalty exiled to singapore nepal and england, while attempts to use sikhs as unpaid labor failed, the designation of sikhs as a martial race led to high voluntary recruitment. jats in army become police in hong kong, singapore, fiji, shanghai, zambia, christmas island, malaysia. some migrated from far east to thailand, australia (https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/siva-singh-fights-white-australia-policy-for-right-to-vote/12097822 voting rights fight and first gurdwara https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-20/trail-of-sikh-australian-stories-celebrated/9672780 wrestling title and heritage trail), nz (https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-legacy-the-life-of-baram-waryam-singh-ark-1883-7-th-june-1950-m-k-bola/20261994 fifth generation dairy farmers), canada, usa (1899 https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1899-04-06/ed-1/seq-2/#date1=1899&index=0&rows=20&words=Maru+Nippon+Sikhs&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1899&proxtext=sikh+nippon+maru&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1 https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom), panama, argentina, japan. backlash to sikh migration in west, "tide or turbans" and "dusky peril", komagata maru and bellingham riots. https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/strange-hindu-murders-us-west-coast-early-20th-century laws against migration australia 1901 canada 1908 us 1917, burley, idaho (https://www.saada.org/item/20111216-552) vancouver bellingham everett seattle marysville live oak fair oaks riots and harnam singh race murder (https://www.saada.org/item/20110727-256 https://www.saada.org/item/20110727-250) https://www.historylink.org/File/21247. sikhs amongst the first in west, 85% of indian americans and 95% of south asian canadians from 1910s to 1940s. sikhs in usa assimilate imperial https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/contributions/religion/stockton-temple/ https://www.appeal-democrat.com/news/california-sikhs-are-driving-a-separatist-movement-india-calls-them-terrorists/article_df9907d2-e58b-11ee-8f01-dfbe9239d5d4.html (https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180326/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/cpma.html

https://www.pbs.org/rootsinthesand/geography.html https://pluralism.org/assimilation-california-farmers https://guides.lib.berkeley.edu/echoes-of-freedom/laborers-to-landowners https://pioneeringpunjabis.ucdavis.edu/timeline/1899-1922/ saada https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/12802/files/2398866/download?verifier=3O4ZeLNjDoPvtjvdgyamqeu1ze3o5QUwZXqX0Ypn&wrap=1 https://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/1772/1817/7290https://latina.com/im-indian-and-im-mexican-and-im-100-american-californias-punjabi-mexican-communities/  https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/punjabi-sikh-mexican-american-community-fading-into-history/2012/08/13/cc6b7b98-e26b-11e1-98e7-89d659f9c106_story.html https://escholarship.org/content/qt2q10n4bh/qt2q10n4bh.pdf https://www.eater.com/2019/4/23/18305011/punjabi-mexican-migration-roti-quesadilla-el-rancherohttps://www.jstor.org/stable/352595 https://www.jstor.org/stable/3743757https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhadi_(music)#/media/File:Canadian_Sikh_Dhadhi_Jatha_photographed_in_British_Columbia._Canada,_ca.1905.jpg https://books.google.com/books?id=m13bEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270&lpg=PT270&dq=disappearance+of+sikhs+from+imperial+valley&source=bl&ots=35T4TZKkot&sig=ACfU3U2uAPvJi_qDXyXVSuAtHY2zFHkZAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwib7uLF3q6DAxXDMlkFHT08Ajc4HhDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=disappearance%20of%20sikhs%20from%20imperial%20valley&f=false https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-29/didar-singh-bains-the-peach-king-obit https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-29/didar-singh-bains-the-peach-king-obit) largest celery grower: https://www.immigrant-voices.aiisf.org/933-from-punjab-india-to-angel-island/ https://www.sikhfoundation.org/AngelIsland.html https://valariekaur.com/2022/04/angel-island-visit/ https://escholarship.org/content/qt4sx6f2c1/qt4sx6f2c1_noSplash_d4b56166d3730f8beff187eb7cb5e5c2.pdf?t=odebae saada goreh logue vs reality https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20041011-punjabi-origin-farmers-realise-the-great-american-dream-by-dint-of-hard-work-resilience-789214-2004-10-10  https://www.utsa.edu/ovations/vol10/story/punjabi-mexicans.html https://escholarship.org/content/qt6kh4w04h/qt6kh4w04h_noSplash_1e9f9f3923c9993914dc48cb5fbc2846.pdf?t=od8 n85 https://escholarship.org/content/qt23964278/qt23964278_noSplash_63c3e9bbcf9790377668ddd70ed7aace.pdf?t=od8uy0 https://escholarship.org/content/qt7c24p2q6/qt7c24p2q6_noSplash_843f02c432b10d213c9a76b20178bb29.pdf?t=od8v05sacda chronicling america hawaii https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali#20th_century wassan singh oklahoma governor https://www.saada.org/tides/article/the-american-yoga-scare-of-1927 utah and two in california, punjabi mexicans include dA teja in yuba city to mayor of el centro, hawaii (https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1908-08-11/ed-1/seq-1/#date1=1907&index=3&rows=20&words=Sikh&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=sikh&y=16&x=22&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1)otherwise stay not all sikhs abroad were soldiers. ghans in australia, mercentile khatris go to silk road and afghanistan, ramgarhias east africa railroads, bhat sikhs to uk

https://www.instagram.com/p/CuaOfBDSM3Y/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== the decolonization of the british empire dramatically affected sikh demographics. in south asia, partition creates diaspora, rural sikhs go to indian punjab while urban sikhs go to north indian cities across hindi belt. partition turmoil (post partition pakistan sikh emogaphics: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/11/25/khalistan-to-tourism-dollars-pakistans-love-hate-ties-with-its-sikhs, jat vs khatri identity: https://scroll.in/article/1059579/the-sikh-next-door-a-rich-study-of-a-complex-community-as-it-grows-in-space-time-representation) and postwar shortages lead to sikh migration from punjab to uk, myth of reutnr https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17448727.2021.2010962?tab=permissions&scroll=top&role=tab&aria-labelledby=reprints-perm. relaxation of immigration laws around 1945 (https://khalsachronicle.substack.com/p/the-political-legacy-of-sirdar-jj) allow sikh canadians and americans to reunite families. decolonization of east africa in 1960s led to migration, primarily to uk. afghan sikhs also became refugees in the 1990s forming a diaspora in russia ukraine india uk us and canada. 40s to 60s migration to afghan, malaysia, singapore, hong kong (but then police), fiji, kenya, iran https://scroll.in/magazine/1012298/when-a-small-sikh-community-thrived-in-an-iranian-border-town https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evacuation_at_Hamid_Karzai_International_Airport_210824-M-AU949-0168.jpg Punjab recovered rapidly from the PArtition, but a series of factors led sikh migration to only accelerate The Green Revolution in the 1960s transformed Punjab into Indias breadbasket. while indian economy suffered from low rate of growth, punjab outgrew india and had highest gdp per capita of any indian state from the states formation in 1966 until 1995. however, opposition to indira gandhi's authoritarian regime, disagreement over sociopolitical issues, and the Indian Army's storming of Sikhism's holiest shrine provoked the assassination of Indira Gandhi by her sikh bodyguards (and ensuing anti-Sikh pogroms outside Punjab) and triggered a violent insurgency in Punjab which was brutally crushed by the Indian government through operations criticized as violating human rights. In recent decades, India has emerged as one of the fastest growing major economies, but Punjab has lagged behind due to the effects of the insurgency, central government mistreatment, and corruption and poor leadership in the state government. Between 1995 and 2021, Punjab fell from first to fourteenth place in GDP per capita amongst the 28 indian states, due to ..., although it still has the highest rural income due to strong agricultural secotr, but lack of opportunity for wealthy jat sikhs is concerning. additionally, punjabs agricultural sector still in crisis due to farmer debt crisis and suicides, lack of diversification due to msp and higher fertilizer/pesticide use which ruins fertility, rice->depleted aquifer, pesticide use -> water pollution and birth defects/cancer, stubble burning -> air pollution. . which has led to an epidemic of drug abuse (65.5% addicted to drugshttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5787955/ 16th in population but 1st in drug cases https://indianexpress.com/article/express-exclusive/untold-story-in-punjabs-drug-crisis-steady-uptick-in-number-of-women-booked-9078271/ alcholism and highest rates amongst indian states for drug usage ), and an impetus for sikh migration. tensions over these issues played a prominent role in the eruption of 2020-21 indian farmers protests and the subsquent rise of ... till some refugees https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/india-refugee-modi-1.6983416, canada usa, sikh vs indian identity in census and in caucus, https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/12/24/they-can-kill-us-fear-and-sikh-resilience-in-canada-city-amid-india-spat bishnoi https://old.reddit.com/r/CanadaPolitics/comments/199ye2l/extortions_targeting_south_asian_home_builders_in/ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/30/india-punjab-children-uranium-pollution

https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/kabul-canada-delhi-india-afghan-sikh-forced-to-move-9082863/ afghan https://theprint.in/india/few-jobs-bad-pay-so-why-should-we-stay-behind-punjab-youngsters-rush-for-ielts-migration/837041/ following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 (as well as riots (mlk, malcolm x, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_Kingdom#Public_houses , chaggar southall national front, smethvick, 1981 handsworth riots), murders (chaggar, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-58627849, https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0jxdjxdzpeo, avtar jouhl, palvinder and satnam gill), and pritam kaur chapatis, virignity test, and decline of industry british sikh report 2018 n the 1970s with the collapse of manufacturing industries, the traditional bastions of employment for male immigrants, particularly in the Midlands and the North of England, resulted in higher rates of male unem- ployment and anecdotally increased mental ill health and alcoholism amongst Sikh men. Ironically, it opened up opportunities for women to go out in to the workplace and achieve some form of financial independence.) response: malcolm, iwa, activism, tarsem sandhu gss sagar, bussing https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-38689839 motorcycle helmet sikh migration switched to canada and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora. following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 sikh migration switched to canada (forestry decline) and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora. following further relaxation in 1960s and tightening of british laws in 1962-1981 sikh migration switched to canada and america; between 2001 and 2011 canada eclipsed uk as home to largest sikh diaspora and australia eclispes usa. in recent decades, migration from the punjab to us has waned (9/11 balbir sodhi, profiling, sukhjit khaljala oak creek indianapolis others, rise in activism (coaltion, saldef, jakara)o to grespond and track hate cimres and punjabi speaers), but migration to canada has only accelerated while australia and new zealand have also emerged as major targets of sikh migration. illegal migration to us (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/03/india-undocumented-immigrants/) and uk https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/real-life-dunki-haryana-punjab-agents-donkey-route-us-america-uk-canada-immigration-agents-2467571-2023-11-26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_flight https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/migrate/illegal-immigration-from-india-to-us-surged-in-last-2-months-doubled-in-2021-22/articleshow/96617647.cms https://www.news18.com/world/american-dream-149000-indians-tried-to-enter-us-illegally-between-2019-and-2023-7584871.html https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/more-indians-coming-to-uk-illegally-in-boats/articleshow/100024107.cms?from=mdr half of el centro https://americanturban.com/2017/12/20/visiting-sikh-detainees-in-an-american-immigration-detention-facility/ https://americanturban.com/2011/07/20/the-sikh-diaspora-sikh-history-doesnt-end-in-india/https://americanturban.com/2011/06/10/americas-hindu-crews-sikh-immigration-in-the-1900s/ also continental europe (italy) middle east (uae) sikh boom the largest sikh diaspora populations today are canada, uk, usa, australia. between 2001 and 2021, the canada population grew by, the australia population by, the uk population by, and the usa population by sikhs often form a higher proportion of indians in the west than an india; despite only making up 1.7% of the indian population in 2011, sikhs make up 34% of indo canadians, 21% of indian new zealanders, 21% of british indians, 21% of indian australians (https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/cultural-diversity-australia), and 5% of indian americans. while concentrated in the west high rates of migration have resulted in the continuous formation of new sikh populations, from professionals in seoul, south korea to farmers in tsnori, georgia. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/s-korea-acquits-2-indians-jailed-for-causing-oil-spill/story-wvnlSvJ1norSesEWsb5iQI.html many sikhs have also taken lower level occupations in italy, spain, and greece. (https://www.codastory.com/rewriting-history/indian-migrants-italy-pontine-marshes/ mafia, 2016 strike, smuggling) Happy,’ by Celina Baljeet Basra and other diasproic literatrue https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/books/review/happy-celina-baljeet-basra.html?searchResultPosition=1 student boom since 2010s https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/how-students-from-punjab-are-struggling-in-canada-542965 https://newlinesmag.com/spotlight/punjabi-students-in-canada-mobilize-to-fight-wage-theft/ https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/punjabi-women-are-gaining-leverage-in-the-marriage-market/ - dscussion of ielts becoming predominant form of sikh migration(https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/23/world/americas/canada-northern-college-indian-students.html https://thepointer.com/article/2023-12-31/brampton-s-sheridan-college-other-stakeholders-commit-to-better-supports-for-international-students-will-action-follow), and illegal; militancy and crime johal caste https://www.saada.org/tides/article/punjabi-sikh-and-dalit honor killing https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/punjabis-borrowed-inr-342-crores-pursue-dreams-abroad-study-reveals-shocking-statistics 2.4 billion student indsutry student boom shown through prince edward island https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035301&pickMembers%5B0%5D=2.6&pickMembers%5B1%5D=3.1&pickMembers%5B2%5D=4.1

reverse migration and decline in students? new rules in canzuk https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-68124559

sikh activism in diaspora, nijjar, india block social media inkquisitive sidhu sgpc etc https://twitter.com/ArshyMann/status/975837979053907968 https://www.canadaland.com/explainer-india-canada-sikhs-farmers-protest/#:~:text=And%20because%20Canada%20has%20one%20of https://twitter.com/ritumbra/status/1318938257586065408 https://www.sikhpa.com/brampton-shooting-latest-in-canadian-epidemic-of-indian-state-anti-sikh-terrorism/ https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/17/india-authorities-revoke-visa-privileges-diaspora-critics angad singh hrw, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68366859 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-59338245 https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56007451 https://thewire.in/tech/jack-dorsey-rajeev-chandrasekhar-twitter-takedown-india-farmers-protests https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/india-fifth-estate-video-story-1.7142721? sikh diaspora has played an important role in sikh religion and politics, from ghadar politics to modern activism, with gurdwaras playing an important role. desi pub, bhangra, asian underground (panjabi mc and dr zeus collab with snoop and jayz, pitbull with guru, diljit with sia jay sean and apache indian (crossover to english), jazzy b come from van to england), this dynamic has led to an output of creative arts from the diaspora, aisn underground to brampton renaissance vhttps://sites.lsa.umich.edu/sikh-formations-podcast/2023/01/15/the-brampton-renaissance-introduction-to-a-student-series-of-blog-posts-by-dr-sara-grewal-2/ panjabi mc jay sean especially music ap dhillon sidhu nav shubh. https://www.cbc.ca/music/the-future-is-so-promising-how-punjabi-canadian-hip-hop-artists-are-taking-over-the-world-1.6795920 https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=hQzRZJFfIP4 the first sikh congressman dalip saund 1956, followed by canada 1986 uk 1992. while no congressman since saund influence https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2007/06/22/clintons-ties-to-india-demand-scrutiny/ https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/opinion-la/story/2007-06-19/opinion-splitting-the-punjabi-difference-between-hillary-and-barack, there have been sikh mps/ministers in canada (including first non white defense minister and first non white party leader), uk, australia, nz. sikh political leaders have also emerged outside the west from leader of opposition singapore, minister malaysia, mayor manila, uganda mp, minister guyana. these politicians have played a prominent role in sikh activism https://thewire.in/rights/trafficked-sold-abused-then-rescued-from-iraq-punjabi-women-share-their-ordeal https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/matheson-secondary-surrey-1.5153707 surrey jack stereotype activism: darshan dhaliwal largest petrol retailer usa famrer protest https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/20041206-darshan-singh-dhaliwal-largest-petrol-retailer-in-us-789073-2004-12-05 https://www.thequint.com/south-asians/once-sent-back-from-airport-us-businessman-darshan-singh-dhaliwal-gets-pravasi-bharatiya-samman#read-more roles of largest grape cranberry almond farmers 10% of farmland

https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/strange-hindu-murders-us-west-coast-early-20th-century

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8GH9H1M richmond hill punjab avenue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table - colonial charters, Salutary neglect, french and indian wars, Treaty of Paris (1763), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies#Growing_dissent,

-US Declaration of Independence

- Treaty of Paris (1783)

- Louisiana Purchase

- Treaty of 1818

- Adams–Onís Treaty

- Texas Revolution, Texas annexation

- Oregon Treaty

- Mexican Cession (All of Mexico Movement)

- Gadsden Purchase

- McLane–Ocampo Treaty

External: SHANGHAI, TIANJIN, Joint in kulangsu peking shanghai https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Foreign_concessions_in_China_by_country

- Ostend Manifesto

- Guano Islands Act

- Filibuster War

- Knights of the Golden Circle

- American Civil War

- Alaska Purchase

- Annexation of Santo Domingo

naval resurgence because of spain (virginuis) and chile

- Annexation of Hawaii, Sikaiana

- Treaty of Paris (1898), CUBA -> Teller Amendment, Platt Amendment

- Wake Island

- American Samoa

- Panama Canal Zone

- Treaty of the Danish West Indies

- Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland

-Tangier International Zone

- Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, NMI and COFA

- Marie Byrd Land

North Borneo korea, japan (ryukyu Ogasawara Subprefecture), austria, italy, germany, iraq

Tsinghua Korea etc Monroe doctrine Baltimore crisis