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June 2014 North west Pakistan airstrikes

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On 10 June, Pakistani security forces carried out aerial strikes in Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency in the northwestern tribal areas next to the Afghan border, during which nine militant hideouts were destroyed and at least 25 militants were killed[1][2][3][4]. The aerial strikes were conducted in the wake of the attack, and were an extension of a campaign of military operations against militants being conducted since the past few months.[2][1] The area was believed to be used as a shelter for several anti-state militant factions and foreign fighters from Central Asia.[1][3]

On 11 June, the Army decided to intensify air strikes on militant hideouts following a conference between top military commanders at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.[5][6]

On the early hours of Thursday 12 June, the U.S. conducted two successive drone strikes near Miramshah in North Waziristan, after a nearly six-month break in US drone campaigns in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. The drone strikes killed 16 suspected militants. According to a Pakistani intelligence sources, the militants killed included four Uzbeks, a few key Afghan Taliban commanders and members, and two members of TTP Punjab.[7][8]

On 15 June, Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bombed eight militant hideouts in North Waziristan, during which at least 105 militants[9][6] (or up to 150 according to other official sources)[10] were killed according to security officials. Most of those killed during the strikes were Uzbek fighters, as the targets were predominantly Uzbek hideouts, and the dead included insurgents linked to the airport attack.[10] Military and intelligence sources confirmed the presence of foreign and local militants in the hideouts before the military operation. Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, a key Uzbek militant commander and a mastermind of the attack, was also reported killed. Some foreign militants from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a Uyghur separatist group from western China, were also among the dead.[11][6]

Bombing of Calcutta

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Main article: Bombing of Calcutta
Bombing of Calcutta
Part of the Operation U-Go during the Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II
Date20 December 1942 - Mid 1944
Location
Calcutta
Result

Inconclusive

  • Japanese raids cause heavy casualties
  • Heavy losses for Japanese Air Force
Belligerents

  British Empire

  United States		   Empire of Japan
Units involved
  Royal Air Force
  United States Army Air Force		   Imperial Japanese Army Air Force
  Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Casualties and losses
Several Hundreds killed
Several ships sunk
Harbour significantly damaged		 Several Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46 destroyed
One Aircraft carrier destroyed

The Bombing of Calcutta was a series of aerial raids carried out by Imperial Japanese Army Air Force on Calcutta, the capital of the British Raj. The bombing caused significant damages to infrastructure and killed hundreds however it failed to achieve it's primary goal of significantly disrupting allied supply lines.

Background

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After the end of rainy season in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force became much more active and raided north eastern Assam with the next target of Bombing Calcutta , with the objective of destroying the Calcutta port and delaying the Allied preparations for a counter-offensive. The 7th Air Brigade had been given the responsibility and they had carried out rehearsals in Malaya in November. In late November 1942 the brigade was reinforced by some aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and, as reconaissance showed a large concentration of shipping at Calcutta, the Japanese decided to raid the airfields in the Chittagong area at the end of the month to draw the Allied fighters away from Calcutta which was to be attacked on the 5th December but the attack was delayed till December 20.[12]

Bombing

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On December 20 1942, aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force started bombing the city of Calcutta causing damage to infrastructure and multiple casualties.[13][14] The bombing campaign continued till 24 December. The airstrikes on Christmas Eve were mainly targetting the Europeans but failed to do significant damage and human casualties were not significant. The target Howrah Bridge wasn't damaged but other parts of the city faced damages. [15]

Calcutta had good air defence systems which forced the Japanese pilots to fly high to evade the air defence and they raised Calcutta only during the night.[13] This bombing affected the industrial area and caused the displacement of 350,000 people.[16] United States Army Air Force was also deployed in Calcutta and engaged with the Japanese. [17]

The Royal Air Force bomber responded to these raids by destroying many Japanese aircraft and a Japanese aircraft carrier. By 1943, air defences were strengthened and RADAR guided night fighters were deployed which destroyed several Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46.[13]

In January 1943, multiple Japanese raids were foiled by Royal Air Force.[16]

In August 1943, Royal Air Force deployed Spitfires.[13]

On 5 December 1943, a Japanese bombing on Calcutta's Kidderpore docks caused hundreds of deaths and destruction of several ships and warehouses.[13][18] Japanese aircraft dropped heavy explosives and anti-personnel bombs on the docks during day, without facing any resistance.[18] The docks were devastated.[18] Royal Air Force warplanes were deployed but they weren't able to engage.[12]

Japanese launched sporadic raids till 1944.[13]

Aftermath

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In 1944, due to allied advances on multiple fronts, the Japanese aircraft had to be relocated to other areas for providing support and thus the bombing raids over Calcutta stopped. In 1945, after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war came to an end.[13]

Order of Battle

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Main article: Red Sea crisis

Houthis and Allies

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Anti-Houthi forces

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Israel

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Prosperity Guardian

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Aspides

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Joint Operations (Prosperity Guardian + Aspides)

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Independent deployments

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Order of Battle of the Israel-Hamas War

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Main article: Order of Battle of the Israel Hamas War

Israel

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Hamas & Allies

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Palestinian groups

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  al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades [101]

Axis of Resistance

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Scramble for Lacccadives

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Lacccadives Scramble
DateFebruary 1948
Location
Lacccadives
Status Indian victory
Territorial
changes		 Lacccadives annexed into the Union of India
Belligerents
  Union of India
  Kingdom of Travancore		   Dominion of Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
  Vallabhbhai Patel   Liaquat Ali Khan
Units involved
Travancore Police
  Indian Navy		   Pakistan Navy

The Scramble of Lacccadives was a military race between Pakistan Navy and Indian authorities in Travancore to reach the islands of Lakshadweep and annex the territory which took place in late August 1947. Both countries deployed naval vessels but the indian authorities were able to reach first annexing the islands.

Background

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The Aminidivi islands under the rule of Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom in 1787 were annexed to the British Raj in 1799 after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute.[136] The British took over the administration of those islands in 1908 for nonpayment of arrears and attached it to the Madras Presidency.[137] As Lacccadives were not a separate entity so they weren't considered during the Partition of India and thus their status was unclear so Pakistan attempted to take hold of these islands.[138]

Race for Lacccadives

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At the end of August, 1947, Liaquat Ali Khan, came to realisation that Lacccadives, a region with Muslim majority didn't become a part of Pakistan and could be taken control of with ease. The Deputy Prime Minister of India, Vallabhbhai Patel, also started to think about Lacccadives.[138][139][140]

So , the Royal Pakistan Navy sent a naval vessel towards Lacccadives from Karachi. In India Vallabhbhai Patel was informed about the plannings in Karachi. He immediately sent collector of Travancore to Lacccadives.[138][139][140] He also sent a message to Mudaliar brothers to convey the collector of Travancore to order the police officials to go to Lacccadives with available weaponry. Vallabhbhai Patel stated “If the police forces no firearms with them, they can take lathis with them but somehow take possession of the area.” [141] and the Flag of India was raised.[138]


A few hours later, Pakistani warship reached and had to return on seeing the Indian flag flying.[138][139][140]

Aftermath

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The islands were annexed into the Dominion of India and became part of the Madras State under the Constitution of India in 1950.[142] In 1956, the islands which were had been divided between the South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras state, was organized into a separate union territory administered by the Government of India, following the States Reorganisation Act.[143][144] The territory which was known as Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands became Lakshadweep islands on 1 November 1973.

1967 Guadeloupe riots

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Main article: 1967 Guadeloupe riots

fr:Émeutes de mai 1967 en Guadeloupe

1967 Guadeloupe riots
 
A mural painted in the remembrance of the victims in Point-à-Pitre
Location
Guadeloupe
Caused byRacism, Socio-economic inequalities and Low Wages
GoalsIncrease of Wages, Separatism
MethodsRiots, Traffic Obstruction and Civil disobedience
Parties

  Demonstrators

Lead figures

  De Gaulle
  Pierre Bolotte

 Jacques Nestor †

Casualties and losses
30+ wounded
~87-200 killed

The riots of May 1967 in Guadeloupe were clashes which occurred between gendarmes and demonstrators on the island during strikes following a racially motivated attack. The riots resulted in the deaths of 87 people (1985 estimate, 1967 estimate reported 7 deaths). [145][146] Other sources estimate the number to be between 80 and 200.[147]

Background

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Guadeloupe, an island with a number of socio-economic inequalities between the peoples of European and African ancestry [148][149] significantly increased by the social transformation policies relaunched by the French government to compensate for the damage caused by Hurricane Inez .[150]

Moreover due to the Decolonisation movements taking place in other parts of the world, similar separatist movements also began to take form in Guadeloupe, such as GONG but the Gaullist movement in France was not willing to negotiate because of the strategic location of the island.[151] So these movements came into direct conflict with the French authorities, police and paramilitaries.[152]

Timeline

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On March 20, 1967, Vladimir Snarsky, white owner of a large shoe store in Basse-Terre , unleashes his German shepherd to chase away Raphaël Balzinc, an old black and disabled shoemaker who set up his stall in front of the store.[153][154] The white owner, was the local leader of the Gaullist UNR party , ironically asked his dog “Say hello to the nigger!” ". This racist incident sparked riots and strikes in Basse-Terre and Pointe-à-Pitre. Two squadrons of National Gendarmerie were deployed in Guadeloupe.[155]

On May 24, 1967, construction workers in Guadeloupe went on strike to obtain a 2.5% salary increase and parity in social rights.[156]

On May 26, at noon, a crowd gathered in front of the Pointe-à-Pitre Chamber of Commerce and waited while negotiations took place between union organizations and the employer representatives. Around 12:45 p.m., they learned from a representative that the negotiations had broken down and rumors began to spread.[157]

The employers' representative, Georges Brizzard , reportedly said: " When the Negroes are hungry, they will go back to work!". The Demonstrators started chanting “ Djibouti , Djibouti” to recall the violence which had taken place there , with the French Army shooting separatist demonstrators on sight.[145].

The clashes began with tear gas grenades fired by the gendarmes against demonstrators who threw Lambi conch shells , stones and glass bottles. On the morning of May 26, Mobile Gendarmerie opened fire during violent demonstrations by strikers, causing several injuries.[158] When a gendarme took off his helmet to wipe his forehead , he received a violent blow to his head severely injuring him, the Mobile Gendarmerie open fire in retaliation, causing the death of Jacques Nestor, a prominent activist of the Guadeloupe National Organization Group. . According to the authorities, the firefight was initiated by demonstrators who opened fire first.[158]

The French authorities initially believed the insurrection to be fomented by the GONG but investigations revealed the riots to be spontaneous.[154]

Some sources state that the opening of fire on demonstrators was knowingly approved by the French government.[159]

Casualties

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Demonstrators

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The official toll from the authorities at the time of the massacre was 7 to 8 dead. In 1985, the Secretary of State for the French Overseas Territories, Georges Lemoine, confirmed the death toll of atleast 87 victims, cross-checked from several administrative sources, including the General Intelligence. [160] Most estimates put the death toll between 80 to 200, exact death toll was difficult to determine due to the destruction of archives.[147] MP Christiane Taubira put the death toll around one hundred.[161]

Law enforcement

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More than 30 Gendarmes (some red kepis 'Mobile Gendarmerie"[162]) and members of the Republican Security Companies were reportedly injured by the demonstrators[163]

Commemorations

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A mural was painted in remembrance of the victims on May 26, 2007 in Pointe-à-Pitre.[164]

Commemorations of the victims were held in 2017 , demanding the opening of classified archives.[165]

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In Music

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  • Biloute , a song by Mé swasannsèt , album Rékòlt, 2010

Bibliographies

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  • Jacques Le Cornec, A West Indian kingdom: of stories and dreams and mixed peoples , L'Harmattan, 2005
  • Raymond Gama and Jean Pierre Sainton, Mé 67 , Guadeloupean publishing and distribution company, 1985
  • Jean Plumasseau, In the name of the fatherland , Éditions Nestor, 2012
  • Raymond Gama (2011). Éd. Lespwisavann (ed.). Mé 67:mémoire d'un événement (in French). Port-Louis. ISBN 978-2-9527540-4-0. OCLC 779736808.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)[110]

Television documentaries

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  • “May 1967 in Guadeloupe, investigation into a forgotten massacre” on January 15, 2014 in 50 years of news stories on 13th street and on Planète+ Justice .
  • “May 1967, Police repression in Guadeloupe” broadcast by Fabrice Desplan, France Ô .
  • “May 67 – Don’t shoot the children of the republic” by Mike Horn, 2017, France Ô .
  • “The debate: May 67, the legacy of a revolt". Historical magazine presented by Fabrice d'Almeida in Histoire d'Outre-Mer, France Ô (broadcast on 01/31/2018)

Audio documentaries

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  • Rendez with avec X, par Patrick Pesnot on France Inter, 7 March 2009: « May 1967 : The massacre at Pointe-à-Pitre.[166]
  • Sensitive affairs, by Fabrice Drouelle on France Inter , broadcast on Thursday April 28, 2016: “When the blacks are hungry, they will return to work” Guadeloupe, May 67, a bloody repression.[167][168]

Internet Documentaries

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Press articles

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  • “50 years ago, the Guadeloupean demonstrations ended in massacre”, on Slate.[170]
  • “From the forgotten massacres of May 1967 in Guadeloupe to the beginnings of the modern security order in the neighborhoods”, on Bastamag.[171]

Novels

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  • May 67 , by Thomas Cantaloube (Gallimard, the Black Series, 2023) (in French)
  • Where dogs bark by their tails, by Estelle-Sarah Bulle (Liana Levi, 2018) (in French)

Others

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he:טייסות חיל האוויר הישראלי

193 squadron

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he:טייסת 193
193 Squadron (Israel)

93rd Squadron IAF
טייסת 193
 
Logo of the Squadron
ActiveAugust 12, 1987 – present
Country  Israel
Allegiance  Israel Defense Forces
Branch  Israeli Air Force
TypeNaval Aviation
RolePerforming Aviation services for the Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQKanaf Ramat Air Base
Nickname(s)Defenders of the West
Motto(s)"In the air, at sea and on land"
Aircraft flown
HelicopterEurocopter AS565 Panther

113 Squadron

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he:טייסת 113
113 Squadron (Israel)

Shafqat Baloch

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On 6 September 1965 , at 1 A.M , Major Shafqat Baloch was moving towards the assigned position along with 90 of his troops. The troops were moving carefully amidst reports of Indian incursions . All of a sudden there was a loud burst of a machine gun coming from a military post of the Pakistan Rangers. The Major issued orders to move towards the post and on the way, he met a Rangers troop who broke the news of Indian assault and the death of many from his unit including the Major. The Ranger was going to inform the higher command but their telephone was damaged.

Major order the troops to entrench themselves near the Ichhogil Canal. They heard the noises of Indian infantry and Tank regiments. Through outnumbered, the Pakistanis were determined to put up a resistance.

The Major climbed to a position from where he could observe the Indians, while waiting for the indian troops to come closer, an Indian sniper shot the Major injuring his left arm.

Major requested artillery support but the Battalion headquarters was hesitant over fears of Friendly Fire.

The Major told the coordinates to his CO Lieutenant Colonel Ibrahim and requested artillery fire.

Major directed the artillery precisely at the indian troops inflicting heavy casualties as they had no idea about Pakistani presence. Then the Pakistani Anti tank crews destroyed two indian tanks followed by a rigorous infantry assault. The Indians had no choice but to retreat.

Pakistani troops were able to establish a definite frontline halting the Indian offensive. On September 7, Major and his comrades were ordered to come back and partake in the Battle of Barki while Major Aziz Bhatti was dispatched to the BRB front.

Major was taken to the GOC Major General Sarfraz Khan and asked about the casualties to which he responded with 2 killed and few wounded.

General was surprised and not believing, so he asked the major to rest, to which major responded by politely replying "Sir you can count my men".

Major's actions stalled the front for 17 days till the ceasefire agreement was reached. For his act of valor , he was awarded Sitara-e-Jurat.

12th Operational Brigade

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  12th Operational Brigade

129th special motorized militia battalion (1990-1992)

10th separate battalion of the NGU (1992-1995)

17th separate special motorized battalion (1995-2014)

18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine (2014-2019)

12th separate operational brigade (2019-2023)
 
Brigade Insignia
Active1990-2023
DisbandedLate 2023
Country  Ukraine
Allegiance  Ukraine
Branch  National Guard of Ukraine (1990-1995)
  Internal Troops of Ukraine (1995-2014)
  National Guard of Ukraine (2014-23)
TypeBrigade
SizeFive Battalions
Garrison/HQ  Mariupol
Nickname(s)Dmytro Vyshnevetsky Brigade
EngagementsRusso-Ukrainian War
Decorations 
Courage and Bravery
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega
Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi
Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko

12th brigade of operational assignment (12 BrOP — military unit 3057) was military formation of the National Guard of Ukraine . It was part of the Eastern operational territorial association . Location — Mariupol , Donetsk Oblast.[172]

History

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Establishment

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On January 18, 1990, the 129th special motorized militia battalion of the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR (military unit 5509) was formed in Mariupol.[173]

On January 2, 1992, on the basis of the 129th special motorized police battalion, the 10th separate battalion of the NGU (military unit 1041) was formed, which was part of the 4th Northern Division . In 1995, the battalion was transferred to the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine and renamed the 17th separate special motorized battalion (military unit 3057).

Battle of Mariupol

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Main article: Battle of Mariupol (2014)

In April 2014, the situation in the city of Mariupol became significantly complicated. Supporters of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic held systematic unauthorized rallies with attempts to seize state authorities, including the seizure of the Mariupol City Hall building. In the period from April 10 to 14, 2014, supporters of the DPR led by the so-called "people's mayor" Denis Kuzmenko and representatives of the force block of their security service repeatedly arrived at the checkpoint of military unit 3057 in order to persuade the command to submit to the leadership of the DPR and transfer weapons for their use. But after receiving a refusal, saboteurs blocked the checkpoint with wheels, sandbags and other objects. By the next morning, the remains of the barricade were removed with the assistance of the police. On April 16, 2014, servicemen of the 17th separate battalion under the command of Serhiy Sovinskyi[174] repelled an attempt to capture the HQ of the military unit.[147] At 20:00, a group of female protestors started an unauthorized rally at the gate of the unit. In this way, they distracted the attention of military personnel. The attack on the military unit began at 20:30. Protesters started throwing Molotov cocktails and tearing down gates. They demanded that the personnel hand over their weapons. Realizing that this would not bring success, they began to request reinforcements over the radio. The minibuses arrived in twenty minutes. Armed men in uniforms and balaclavas disembarked from them. A total of about 200 people started shooting with firearms in the direction of the unit. The shelling was carried out along the entire perimeter from nearby houses. [175] The servicemen of the 17th battalion opened fire first in the air, and then at the targets.[147] The personnel of the unit held the defense until midnight. At 24:00, all units of the Mariupol police arrived to help, and the cleaning of the adjacent part of the territory began.[175] At least 19 attackers were wounded, 3 of them fatally.[147]

Restructuring

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In December 2014, unit 3057 was reformed into the 18th operational regiment of the National Guard of Ukraine , during the next four months, its ranks were replenished with servicemen from the "Azov" and "Donbas" special forces battalions .

Thus, in 2015, the regiment included:

On September 9, 2016, the "Donbas" battalion was transferred to the 15th regiment , which was stationed in the city of Sloviansk. [145]

In October 2019 , the regiment was reorganised as 12th separate operational brigade.[181]

Siege of Mariupol

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Main article: Siege of Mariupol

The brigade took part in the Siege of Mariupol.[182] After the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, the brigade took up the defense in the city of Mariupol. On 16 April 2022, Russian forces captured the base of the unit, in western Mariupol.[183] Together with other units, the brigade defended the city until May 2022, until the final blockade of the Ukrainian troops at the Azovstal plant. On May 3, the brigade commanders reported on the catastrophic situation at the plant and called on the military-political leadership of Ukraine and the International community to evacuate all troops from the territory of "Azovstal".[184]

Reformation into Azov Brigade

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Main article: Azov Brigade

During the Siege of Mariupol, most of the troops of the Azov Regiment were captured, the remaining troops and the 12th Brigade were then reorganised into the 12th Special Purpose "Azov" Brigade.[185][186]

Honours

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On March 24, 2018, by decree of the President of Ukraine, with the 18th operational regiment was awarded the honorary title "name of Dmytro Vyshnevetsky" after Dmytro Vyshnevetsky.[187]

On October 27, 2022, the unit received the honorary award "For Courage and Bravery" by the decree of the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelensky.[188]

Commanders

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  • Colonel Serhii Yevhenovich Sovinskyi (2014)[189]
  • Colonel Oleksandr Ivanovych Kryachko (2014-2021)
  • Colonel Denis Oleksiyovych Shlega (2021—2022)[190].

Eilat Naval Base

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Main article: Eilat Naval Base

he:בסיס אילת

Eilat Naval Base
  Israel
 
Logo of the base
TypeNaval Base
Site information
Owner  Israel Defense Forces
Operator  Israeli Navy
Garrison information
Garrison  Israeli Navy

Eilat Naval Base is a major Israeli naval base situated in the Israeli coastal city of Eilat. It was established in 1949 and serves to be the sole Israeli Navy Base on the coast of Red Sea.

Roles

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The main task of the base in Eilat is to maintain the security and peace of Eilat. The main activity in the city of Eilat is based on recreation and tourism, which include, among other things, about two hundred vessels moving in a relatively small maritime region.[191]

In the past this area was a meeting area between four conflicting countries: Israel, Egypt , Jordan and Saudi Arabia. However, today all the 4 countries are at peace.[192]

At the base operates the Patrol Squadron 915 , which operates the Dvora-class fast patrol boats and Super Dvora Mk III-class patrol boats.

History

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Establishment

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The base was established in 1949 after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war to serve as a naval base at the point of junction with three hostile states.

Six Day War

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During the Six Day War, the base played a vital role in the capture and occupation of Sharm El Sheikh.On 7 June, Israel began its attack on Sharm el-Sheikh. The Israeli Navy started the operation with a probe of Egyptian naval defences. An aerial reconnaissance flight found that the area was less defended than originally thought. At about 4:30 am, three Israeli missile boats opened fire on Egyptian shore batteries, while paratroopers and commandos boarded helicopters and Nord Noratlas transport planes for an assault on Al-Tur, as Chief of Staff Rabin was convinced it was too risky to land them directly in Sharm el-Sheikh.[193] However, the city had been largely abandoned the day before, and reports from air and naval forces finally convinced Rabin to divert the aircraft to Sharm el-Sheikh. There, the Israelis engaged in a pitched battle with the Egyptians and took the city, killing 20 Egyptian soldiers and taking eight more prisoners. At 12:15 pm, Defense Minister Dayan announced that the Straits of Tiran constituted an international waterway open to all ships without restriction.[193]. The entire operation was carried out from this base.

Ammunition Truck Disaster

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On January 24, 1970 at the Eilat base ,a truck loaded with ammunition exploded . As a result of the explosion, 24 people were killed, 17 of them on the spot, and seven died of their wounds in the days after the explosion, and dozens were injured.[194]

Evacuation plans

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From the late 1990s, discussions began on the evacuation of the naval base in Eilat, in favor of the establishment of tourist projects and the further development of the Eilat beach strip towards the south. However, the realization of the project did not come to fruition for many years. In 1996 , the Ministry of Defense and the Navy Headquarters decided to close the Navy shipyard in Eilat. In the area of the shipyard, planning has begun for the establishment of tourist projects.[195] But in May 1997, the Minister of Defense, Yitzhak Mordechai , decided not to close the base.[196]

At the end of 2002 , a plan was drafted according to which the Ports Authority will manage a project that includes the expansion of the Eilat port and the relocation of the Eilat base into it.[197] In March 2003, the IDF, the Ports Authority and the Eilat Municipality agreed that the Navy base would be moved to Eilat Port and the area would be available for development.[198] But the project did not go ahead, due to a dispute over the financing of the plan.[199]

Operation Full Disclosure

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Operation Full Disclosure was a military operation carried out by the Israel Defense Forces on March 5, 2014, in the Red Sea.[200] After days of surveillance far out to sea, Israeli Navy Shayetet 13 commandos seized the Iranian-owned and Panamanian-registered merchant vessel Klos C that had set sail from Iran, heading for Port Sudan via Iraq.[201] On board, the commandos found long-range missiles suspected to be destined for the Gaza Strip concealed in containers full of Iranian bags marked as Portland cement.[202] The operation was carried out from this base.

Red Sea crisis

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The Red Sea crisis began on 17 October 2023. On 27 October 2023 two loitering munitions were fired in a northerly direction from the southern Red Sea. According to Israel Defense Forces (IDF) officials, their target was Israel, but they did not cross the border from Egypt. Of the two drones, one fell short and hit a building adjacent to a hospital in Taba, Egypt, injuring six; the other was shot down near an electricity plant close to the town of Nuweiba, Egypt.[203][204][205] A Houthi official later made a one-word post on Twitter after the drone crashed in Taba, mentioning Eilat.[206]

On 31 October an alert was triggered in Eilat, Eilot kibbutz and the Shahorit industrial park area regarding the penetration of hostile aircraft from the Red Sea. The aircraft was successfully intercepted over the Red Sea. The Arrow system intercepted a ballistic missile and the Air Force intercepted several cruise missiles fired from the Red Sea toward Eilat. The Houthis took responsibility for the launches.[207]

On 1 November at 00:45 the IDF intercepted an air threat fired from Yemen and identified south of Eilat.[208]

On 9 November, the Houthis fired a missile toward the city of Eilat.[209]

On 14 November the Houthis fired numerous missiles, one of which was aimed toward the city of Eilat. The missile was intercepted by an Arrow missile according to Israeli officials.[210]

On 22 November, the Houthis fired a cruise missile aimed toward the city of Eilat. Israeli officials said the missile was successfully intercepted.[211]

On 6 December 2023, the Houthi movement launched several ballistic missiles at Israeli military posts in Eilat including this base.[212]

By 21 December 2023, the Port of Eilat, which gives Israel via the Red Sea its only easy shipping access to Asia without the need to transit the Suez Canal, had seen an 85% drop in activity due to the Houthi action.[213]

On 2 February, the Houthis claimed that they had fired a ballistic missile towards Eilat. The IDF also said that the Arrow defense system intercepted a missile over the Red Sea.[214]

On 18 March, Yemeni Houthis launched a cruise missile that successfully struck Israel, reportedly hitting an open area north of Eilat. Israel stated there was no damage or injuries caused.[215]

On 21 March 2024, IDF also announced on the same day that it intercepted a "suspicious aerial target" approaching Israeli territory over the Red Sea.[216]

On 9 April, the IDF used a seaborne missile from the INS Magen to shoot down a UAV for the first time. The UAV, which came from the Red Sea, breached Israeli airspace and crossed into the area of the Gulf of Aqaba, setting off sirens in Eilat.[217][218]

On 3 June, the IDF's Arrow defense system intercepted a surface-to-air missile aimed at Eilat from the direction of the Red Sea.[219]

IRI attacks

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On 3 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat.[220]

On 12 November 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a missile attack on Eilat.[221]

On 31 December 2023 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed drone attack on Eilat.[147]

On 28 January 2024 Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed a drone attack on Eilat.[222]

On 1 April 2024, Islamic Resistance in Iraq claimed responsibility for a drone attack on Eilat. The drone struck this base causing damage to a building and no casualties.[223][224]

Multiple strikes were reported on 9 April 2024[225],20 April 2024[226],7 May 2024[227],20 May 2024[228] 23 May 2024[229] and 27 May 2024[228]

915th Patrol Squadron

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Cap with Insignia of the 915th Squadron

The squadron is divided into two units, the vessel fighters, who make up the bulk of the force, and the fin fighters.

Vessel fighters

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Objectives of vessel fighters are

  • Constant patrols in the seas of Israel.
  • Identification of watercraft entering Israeli waters.
  • Preventing smuggling through the sea
  • Protecting national assets, such as drilling rigs.
  • Various operations carried out alone, or with other units in and outside of the navy.

Fin fighters

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The objective of Fin fighters is the security of the base.

Commanders

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The commanders of the base'[230]
Name term of office Remarks Image
Abraham Luxemburg 1949–1950  
Un­known 1950–1952
Yosef Almog 1952–1955  
Un­known 1955–1957
Yehuda Ben-Zur 1957–1958 Chinese evaluation  
Jacob Hamel 1958
Arya Barak 1958–1959  
Jacob Etzion 1959–1960
Menachem Cohen 1960–1962  
Yaakov Ritov December 1962–1964  
Lt. Col. Menashe Lifshitz 1964–1967 transferred from his command due to a complaint by the people of Eilat about the transfer of the families of the base staff during the war.  
Avraham Butzer during the period of Six Day War The liberation of Sharm al-Sheikh  
Yaakov Gilad August 1967 to August 1968  
Ezra Kedem 1970–1972  
Solomon beautiful 1972–1973
Zvi Paz 1973–1974  
Ephraim Sela from the beginning of 1974 to the end of 1975 Exchange of boats in barterams with beavers, rescuing a tourist on a boat that drifted to Aqaba carried out by a beaver  
Moshe Oron September 1981–September 1982  
Ami Sarel September 1982-May 1985  
Udi Aral May 1985–August 1988  
Dodu Hayver August 1988-May 1989  
Yossi Israel May 1989-July 1991  
Aryeh Gabish July 1991-July 1992  
Udi Dvir July 1992-July 1994  
Shloma Cohen July 1994–June 1996  
Shlomo Frommer July 1996-June 1998  
Ofer Dubnov June 1998–October 2001  
Yehuda Siso October 2001–September 2002 Seizure of drug boats  
Yossi Shachaf September 2002-September 2006  
Lieutenant Colonel Oren Guter September 2006-August 2007  
Chen Tal August 2007-August 2008  
David Sa'ar Selma August 2008–February 2010  
Lt. Col. Zvi Shahar February 2010-August 2012
Lieutenant Colonel Ilan Mintz August 2012-2015
Oren Nahabs 2015-2017
Ofir David 2019-2017
Tamir Shemesh 2017- July 2021
Lt. Col. Shay Khudara June 2021–  

Sources & References

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Sheitat 3

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Main article: Shayetet 3

he:שייטת ספינות הטילים

3rd Flotilla
שייטת ספינות הטילים
 
Coat of arms of Shayetet 3
Active1962-present
Country  Israel
Branch  Israeli Navy
TypeCorvette and Missile boat Flotilla
Size15 Ships and about 1,000 soldiers and officers
Part of  Israeli Navy
Garrison/HQHaifa naval base
Nickname(s)Missile Ship Flotilla
Commanders
Current
commander		Colonel Eldad Borochovich
Insignia
Badge 
Warrior pin 

The Missile Ship Fleet , or as it's officially called Shayetet 3, is the main surface combat force of the Israeli Navy . The fleet was established in 1967 and includes , 15 missile ships of the Saar 4.5 , Saar 5 and Saar 6 models . In addition, the Ahi Bat Yam auxiliary ship is under its command. It is the only fleet of Israeli Navy operating Surface vessels (as Israeli Navy only uses submarines and missile ships)

Roles

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The cruise missions of the missile ships are derived from the mission of the Israeli Navy: "to give a safe coast and open navigation to Israel" . In times of war, the Navy's duties are naval warfare against the enemy's fleets, assistance to the ground forces, shelling of installations and traffic routes on the enemy's coast, securing the shipping lanes to Israel and protecting the country's beaches.[231]

Except in times of war, the fleet is assigned various tasks: operations to gather intelligence , regular security patrols against hostile sabotage activity and preventing the supply of weapons to terrorist elements and providing backup to ground forces in operational operations. In the 2nd decade of the 21st century , with the establishment of the drilling arrays and gas production, drilling: Tamar , Leviathan and Tanin in the Mediterranean Sea , the navy's missions were expanded and they also include security of the state's assets at sea.

Fleet

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Missile corvettes

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Class Photo Ships Commission year Origin Notes
Sa'ar 5 [ˈsa'ar] (Tempest)  

INS Eilat, [ejˈlat] (Eilat)
INS Lahav [ˈlahav] (Blade)
INS Hanit [χaˈnit] (Spear)

1994
1994
1995

  United States -
Sa'ar 6  

INS Magen [maˈgen] (Shield)
INS Oz (Courage)
INS Atzmaut (Independence)
INS Nitzachon (Victory)

2020
2021
2023
2023

  Germany

Missile boats

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Class Photo Ships Commission year Origin Notes
Sa'ar 4.5   INS Romach, [ˈʁo̞maχ] (Lance)

INS Keshet, [ˈke̞ʃe̞t] (Bow)

INS Hetz, [ˈχe̞t͡s] (Arrow)

INS Kidon, [kiˈdo̞n] (Javelin)

INS Tarshish, [tarˈʃiʃ] (Tarshish)

INS Yaffo, [ˈjafo̞] (Jaffa)

INS Herev, [ˈχe̞ʁe̞v] (Sword)

INS Sufa [suˈfa] (Storm)

1981

1982

1991

1995

1995

1998

2002

2003

  Israel
  • INS Kidon was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1974 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1994
  • INS Tarshish was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998
  • INS Yaffo was originally a Sa'ar 4 built in 1975 and converted to Saar 4.5 class in 1998
  • The Sa'ar 4.5 boats are expected to be replaced with the 76m-long Reshef class corvette starting in the late 2020s

Organisation

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The fleet is divided into four combat squadrons.

Command Structure

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The organization of the ship is done in four departments. Each department is headed by a naval officer in the rank of captain who reports to the ship's commander. The departments are:[233]

  • GNK department - activates the detection and communication devices and creates a situational picture for the commander.
  • Weapons department - operates and maintains the missile cannons.
  • Electronics department - maintains the detection and communication devices and operates the electronic warfare means .
  • Machine department - operates and maintains the engines and the electrical and hydraulic systems.
  • Anti-submarine warfare - ships designed for anti-submarine warfare do not have a separate department. The means of detection are operated by the GNAK department and the means of armament are operated and maintained by the weapons department.

History

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Establishment

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On October 1, 1966, the first command structure of the fleet was established: Squadron 311. In the order of establishment, its mission was defined:[234]

  • Fighting with missiles and cannons .
  • Anti- submarine warfare

Cherbourg Project

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The Cherbourg Project (or Boats of Cherbourg) was an Israeli military operation that took place on 24 December 1969 and involved the escape of five remaining armed Sa'ar 3 class boats from the French port of Cherbourg (Cherbourg-Octeville since 2000, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin since 2016). The boats had been paid for by the Israeli government but had not been delivered due to the French arms embargo in 1969. The whole operation was planned by the Israeli Navy, and was codenamed Operation Noa, after the daughter of Captain Binyamin "Bini" Telem.[235]

The boats taken from Cherbourg were still unarmed platforms on their arrival in Israel. They were brought into the navy and armed with Gabriel missiles and ECM and EW systems produced by MABAT and RAFAEL.[236] Their commissioning into the Israeli Navy was overseen by Commodore Yehoshua Lahav Schneidemesser, a Haganah member who had volunteered with the Royal Navy during the Second World War, and who was at the time the division head of Equipment and Platforms.

The flotilla's working up was overseen by Captain Hadar Kimhi, who was later promoted to commodore commanding the Naval base of Haifa. New concepts of sea missile warfare were developed by the navy and new ECM/EW techniques were developed with the leadership of Captain Herut Zemach[237] who was awarded the Israel Defense Prize for his efforts, creating a new generation of missile boats. Later, new Israeli Sa'ar boats were developed and built in Haifa Shipyards under the leadership of Haim Schachal, the chief engineer of the Israel Shipyards.[238]

Two of the boats were launched a few months before the Yom Kippur War, INS Reshef (Flash) and INS Keshet (Bow), Sa'ar 4 class missile boats. For his leadership, Schachal was awarded the Israel Defense Prize.

Seizure of militant vessels

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The fleet's ships assisted in security missions . In the course of 1970s decade, ships of the Flotilla captured four militant boats en route to Israel. The first capture of a boat happened on July 27, 1970. A "Hatz" Saar 3 model captured a boat with three militants on their way to the Gaza Strip, west of Rosh Carmel.[239]

Operation Hood 20

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Palestinian Liberation Organisation militants in Lebanon launched maritime rifs into Israel. On the night of January 14/15, 1971, paratroopers and the 13th Fleet were deployed for the first time by sea in Operation Hood 20 , under the command of Haim Nadal - commander of the invading force, and Hadar Kimchi - commander of the naval force. The targets were found in Sarafand and Bas-Sheikh, south of Sidon on the coast of Lebanon. Six ships of the fleet, one "Hanit" under the command of Ephraim Ashed , four ships under the command of Shabtai. Levi - Achi "Hatz" under the command of Avraham ben Shoshan , Achi "Mishgav" under the command of Gadi ben Ze'ev, Achi "Mazanak" under the command of Avraham Ashur and Achi Haifa (Saar 2) under the command of Eli Rahab carried the force of the paratroopers. After a security guard under the command of Rafi Apel, she carried the 13th Fleet force, which was under the command of Hanina Amishav . The raiding forces were led from the steels to the coast in rubber boats. Two naval sabotage bases and a land training base were attacked and destroyed.[240]

Battle of Latakia

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The Battle of Latakia was a small but revolutionary naval action of the Yom Kippur War, fought on 7 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. It was the first naval battle in history to see combat between surface-to-surface missile-equipped missile boats and the use of electronic deception.[241]

Battle of Baltim

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The Battle of Baltim was fought between the Israeli Navy and the Egyptian Navy on 8–9 October, 1973, during the Yom Kippur War. It took place off the Nile delta, between Baltim and Damietta. The battle began when six Israeli Sa'ar-class missile boats heading toward Port Said were engaged by four Egyptian Osa-class missile boats coming from Alexandria. It lasted about forty minutes.[242] The Osas fired Styx missiles, missed, and began to withdraw back to Alexandria when the Israelis began to give chase. Two Osas were sunk by Gabriel missiles within a span of ten minutes, and a third was sunk twenty-five minutes later. The fourth made it back to base.[243]

Second Battle of Latakia

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The Second Battle of Latakia was a small naval battle of the Yom Kippur War fought on 11 October 1973 between Israel and Syria. The Israeli Navy force consisted of Sa'ar 2-class, Sa'ar 3-class, and Sa'ar 4-class missile boats armed with Gabriel anti-ship missiles while the Syrian Navy force consisted of Soviet-made Komar- and Osa-class missile boats armed with Soviet-manufactured P-15 Termit (NATO reporting name SS-N-2 Styx) anti-ship missiles.[244]

Operation Litani

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INS Yaffo (Saar 4), under the command of Lt. Col. Hanina Amishev , took an active part during the 1978 South Lebanon conflict. In general, the ship fired about 1000 76 mm shells.

Battle of Rabbit Island

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The Battle of Rabbit Island was the destruction of a militant base on an island north of Tripoli (Lebanon) . On June 27-28, 1984, a force that included the INS Reshef (under the command of Major Ami Segev), the submarine INS Rahav , (under the command of Haim Kafir), and a pair of swallows (under the command of the Sheitat 13 Commander Yadidia Yaari ) attacked the naval commando base of militants on the island of Al-Nahal and destroyed militant base and vessels.[245]

Operation Derech Netz

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Operation Derech Netz was carried out by four assault ships of the Flotilla under the command of Col. Shimon Meir , carrying a force of submarine fighters from the 13th flotilla under the command of Yedidia Yaari to attack militant ships in the port of Annaba in Algeria.[246]

Destruction of Ateviros

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On April 20, 1985, a Panamanian-flagged ship Ateviros carrying militants and speedboats from Algeria was discovered heading for an assault on Kirya in Tel Aviv. After the ship refused to stop and an RPG missile was fired from it,It was sunk. INS Muledat (commanded by Dani Halevi) and INS Mevat (commanded by Capt. Yaron Zahar) also participated in the operation.[247]

Seizure of Castlerdy

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The seizure of the 'Castlerdy' yach on August 25, 1985 . A small ship with an Australian flag and an American crew that tried to transport a platoon of trained militants from Cyprus to Lebanon. Their mission was to carry out an attack in Kiryat Shmona. A naval force under the command of Lt. Col. Alex Eyal , which included INS Gaula and Unit 881, the 31st squadron and the "Sheaf" naval patrol aircraft, ambushed it on its way. The ship was stopped and the terrorists were transferred for questioning. After an official confiscation process , she was used as a vessel to locate sea mines under the name "Octopus".[248]

Operation Mekset Shifur

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Operation Mekset Shifur was the capture of the terrorist ship Angel, the farthest capture from the shores of the country was on the night of August 4, 1988 in the Adriatic Sea . When it became known that the yacht "Angel" carrying a group of Fatah officers was sailing from Yugoslavia to Libya , it was intercepted about 25 miles south of the Gulf of Trento in Italy by four Sa'ar ships - Achi "Jaffa" (Sa'ar 4), Ach "Keshet" (Saar 4.5 Noshav), one "Moldat" (Saar 4), and one "Gaula" (Saar 4.5 Hochit), under the command of the battalion commander Col. Yossi Levy . Four officers from the Fatah naval force were arrested and the yacht was towed to Haifa.[249]

Operation Dust Road

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Operation Dust Road In the early 1990s, ships of the navy engaged in patrols to prevent the infiltration of fast armed boats. In the security patrols, the fleet spent over 3000 hours at sea. The activity of the ships and patrol planes over the sea became known to the militants and deterred them from approaching. The attempted attack was carried out on 27–30 May 1990: six armed boats launched at a great distance ran out of fuel before reaching the shore and the attack was averted.

Operation Grapes of Wrath

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The flottia took part in the Operation Grapes of Wrath in southern Lebanon against Hezbollah by blockading the ports of Beirut, Sidon and Tyre.[250]

2006 Lebanon War

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The Flotilla participated in the Second Lebanon War and fired a total of 2,500 shells.[251]. INS Hanit which was patrolling in Lebanese waters ten nautical miles off the coast of Beirut. It was damaged on 14 July 2006 on the waterline, under the aft superstructure[252][253] by a missile (likely a Chinese-designed C-802[254]) fired by Hezbollah that reportedly set the flight deck on fire and crippled the propulsion systems inside the hull.[255] However, INS Hanit stayed afloat, withdrew and made the rest of the journey back to Ashdod port for repairs under its own power.[256] Four crew members were killed during the attack: Staff Sergeant Tal Amgar, Corporal Shai Atas, Sergeant Yaniv Hershkovitz, and First Sergeant Dov Steinshuss.[257]

Operation Cast Lead

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During the Gaza War (2008–2009) the Israeli Navy attacked Hamas' rocket launchers and outposts, command and control centers, a Hamas patrol boat, and the office of Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh, using the Typhoon Weapon System and Surface to surface missiles.[258][259] The navy coordinated with other Israeli forces and used powerful shipboard sensors to acquire and shell targets on land.[260][261] Records of the attacks published by the navy indicate that for the first time vessels were equipped with Spike ER electro-optically guided anti-armor missiles. Videos of an attack showed precision hits from a Typhoon stabilizing gun despite a rolling sea. Versions of the Spike were also used by ground units[262] and possibly by helicopters or unmanned aerial vehicles.[263] Shayetet 13 naval commandos were also deployed to attack targets on land,[264] and reportedly attacked an Iranian ship loaded with arms for Hamas, which was docking in Sudan.[265] On 28 December, Naval vessels shelled the Port of Gaza.[266]

On 29 December, the Free Gaza Movement relief boat Dignity carrying volunteer doctors with 3.5 tons of medical supplies, human rights activists (Among them Caoimhe Butterly and former US Representative Cynthia McKinney), and a CNN reporter was involved in an altercation with Israeli patrol boats. The captain of the Free Gaza vessel said that their vessel had been rammed intentionally and that there had been no warning before it had been rammed.[267] An Israeli spokesman disputed this, and said the collision was caused by the Dignity attempting to outmaneuver the patrol boats after disobeying Israeli orders to turn back.[268]

On 4 January the Israeli Navy extended its blockade of the Gaza Strip to 20 nautical miles.[269]

Throughout the war, the Israeli Navy employed Sa'ar 4.5 class missile boats of the Flotilla in addition to Super Dvora Mk III class patrol boats .

Operation Four Species

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Francop Affair, On November 4, 2009, the ship MV Francop was radioed by an Israeli Navy missile boat of the Flotilla, which ordered it to halt and prepare for inspection. Shayetet 13 naval commandos then boarded the ship without resistance. The navy said that the crew was not aware of the purported smuggling and cooperated with the commandos.[270] The commandos broke open the shipping containers and discovered crates of weapons and munitions hidden between sacks of polyethylene stacked along the openings and sides.[271]

Operation Iron Law

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The Flotilla participated in the Victoria Affair which was a military operation conducted by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in March 2011 in which the Israeli Navy intercepted the vessel Victoria on the international waters in the Mediterranean, and discovered concealed weapons which, according to the IDF, were destined for Palestinian militant organizations in the Gaza Strip.[272] The vessel was found to be carrying approximately 50 tons of weapons, including C-704 anti-ship missiles, rocket launchers, radar systems, mortar shells and rifle ammunition

Operation Pillars of Defence

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The Flotilla participated in the 2012 Gaza War, carrying out bombardments of the Gaza strip.

Operation Full Disclosure

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Operation Full Disclosure was an Israeli seizure of an Iranian vessel heading towards Port Sudan via Iraq. The operation was led by Major General Ram Rothberg, commander-in-chief of the Israel Navy, on board Sa'ar 5-class corvette INS Hanit. INS Hetz, a Sa'ar 4.5-class missile boat of the folitta also participated in the Operation.[273]

Operation Protective Edge

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During the 2014 Gaza War, the Flotilla off-shore fleet fired 3,494 naval shells, into the Gaza Strip.[274]

Israel-Hamas war

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During the Israel Hamas war during the 7 October attacks, the Navy stopped militants who tried to enter Israel by sea during the Zikim attack. The Sa'ar 6 ships of the Flotilla INS Oz and INS Magen, carried out, for the first time, as part of the fighting, sea surface attacks towards the Gaza Strip.[275] As part of these attacks, they destroyed a facility for the production of weapons, an outpost and an observation post of Hamas.[276]

Commanders

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Fleet commanders
{{}} commander Beginning of term end of term Notes
1   Benjamin Talm 1967 1968 The first commander at the time of the reception of the ships in Shrevor.
2   Hadar Kimchi 1968 1971 Conversion from vessels to combat units, author of "Battle Theory for Assault Ships", escape commander Cherbourg Ships, beginning of operations against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 20, assimilation of combat theory.
3   Shabtai Levi 1971 1973 Institutionalization of naval procedures for missile combat, transport and security of raiding forces against terrorist targets - Operation Hood 54-55 and Operation Aviv Neorim. Preparation of combat plans for the attack on the Syrian coast and the ambush on the Sinai coast carried out in the Yom Kippur War
4   Michael Barkai July 1973 June 1974 In the Yom Kippur War he was mentioned in the Masterpiece Decoration, improving the issue of controlling the forces.
5   Eli Rahav June 1974 March 1976 Institutionalizing the ship's competency indicators and tests, implementing a "robust code" for instructions and reports by wireless, determining the centralized ship leave.
6   Micah Lazeros April 1976 August 1978 Operation Liberty Bell, Operation Litany, sailing to Portugal
7   Haim Shaked August 1978 1979
8   Zeev Yehezkali August 1978 July 1979 Commander of Sheitat 5 at the same time.
9   Abraham Ben-Shoshan 1979 1981 First Visit of the Navy ships in the port of Alexandria in Egypt.
10   Aryeh Runa 1981 1983 Improving the level of execution of the "combined battle" and raising the level of artillery during the First Lebanon War.
11   Shimon Meir July 1983 1985 The flotilla reached 26 combat units.
12   Shaul Chorev 1985 1987 Evolution of the naval helicopter, cooperation with the Sixth Fleet, combined operations with the Sheitat 13 in Lebanon, the beginning of the reduction in SDF.
13   Yossi Levy August 1987 August 1989 Operational improvements
14  ] August 1989 August 1991 Integration of "Dolphin" naval helicopters in full operation
15   David ben Bashot August 1991 May 1993 The long voyages, absorption of the naval helicopter and its integration into the naval combat system
16   Yaakov Gaz 1993 1995
17   Ali Marom 1995 1997
18   Hazi Mishita September 1997 August 1999 Renewal of battle theory for assault ships
19   Noam Feig 1999 2001
20   Ran Ben Yehuda August 2001 July 2003 Computerization of reports
21   Abby Arzoni July 2003 September 2005 The author of the book "Sheit 3 - the missile ships in the Navy"
22   Danny Maoz September 2005 August 2007 The Second Lebanon War
23   Ilan Sheriki August 2007 August 2009 Operation Cast Lead
24   Eli Wand 2009 2011 Operation Iron Law ,Capture of the ship Victoria
25   David Salma 2011 September 2013 Operation Pillar of Cloud
26   Eyal Harel September 2013 June 2015 The capture of the weapons ship "Closs Sea" in the Red Sea, Operation Tzuk Eitan
27   Ziv Rom June 2015 August 2017[277]
28   Guy Goldfarb August 2017 August 2019 The flotilla was awarded a letter of appreciation from the Chief of Staff Aviv Kochavi and a certificate of appreciation from the commander of the sea arm Eli Sharvit for a series of operations.
29   Meir Azuri August 2019[278] September 2021
30   Erez ben Zion September 2021 July 2023
31 No Picture Eldad Borochovich July 2023[279] July 30, 2023 Present

Sources & Further reading

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References

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  1. ^ a b c At least 25 killed in airstrikes in Tirah valley – Pakistan – DAWN.COM Archived 10 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b Aerial bombing in Tirah valley kills 25 militants – The Express Tribune
  3. ^ a b Shah, Saeed. "Pakistan Weighs Strike Against Taliban Over Airport Attack". Wall Street Journal.
  4. ^ "Pakistani airstrike after airport attack".
  5. ^ Army resolves to intensify air strikes against militants – Pakistan – DAWN.COM
  6. ^ a b c "ISPR press release".
  7. ^ Successive drone strikes leave at least 16 dead in N Waziristan – Pakistan – DAWN.COM
  8. ^ Drone targeted Haqqani network commander, Afghan Taliban: sources – Pakistan – DAWN.COM Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Mujtaba, Haji (15 June 2014). "Pakistan army launches big operation after airport attack". Reuters. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  10. ^ a b "Mostly Uzbeks killed in overnight N Waziristan bombing: army – Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  11. ^ "Karachi airport attack mastermind killed in N Waziristan: Sources – Pakistan". Dawn.Com. 15 June 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  12. ^ a b War against Japan: The decisive battles. p. 120.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "75 years of World War II Japan bombing of Kolkata: How the city of joy fought back".
  14. ^ Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.
  15. ^ No Way Back home.
  16. ^ a b United states army in World War 2. p. 314.
  17. ^ Looking for Mr.Smith.
  18. ^ a b c "Hungry Bengal: War, Famine and the End of Empire".
  19. ^ Jones, Sam (31 December 2023). "US Navy downs missiles in Red Sea after ship attacked by Houthi rebels". The Guardian.
  20. ^ Baldor, Lolita; Copp, Tara (11 January 2024). "US, British militaries launch massive retaliatory strike against Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 January 2024.
  21. ^ "U.S. Forces Strike and Destroy Houthi Surface-to-Air Missile". CENTCOM. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  22. ^ Graef, Aileen (19 February 2024). "US conducts strikes against Houthi underwater vessel for the first time since Red Sea attacks began". CNN.
  23. ^ "Japan condemns Yemen's Houthi rebels hijack of cargo ship in Red Sea". BBC News. 20 November 2023. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  24. ^ Baldor, Lolita (29 November 2023). "US Navy warship shoots down a drone launched by Houthis from Yemen". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  25. ^ a b "Iranian warship Alborz enters Red Sea amid tensions: State media". Al Arabiya English. 1 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
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  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference semafor was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference hez was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ "Within 10 days.. 75 Houthis were killed in Western strikes" (in Arabic). Sky News Arabia. 21 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  30. ^ "New Israeli warship deployed to Red Sea". Sky News. 12 December 2023. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  31. ^ "In first, Arrow downs Eilat-bound missile from 'Red Sea area'; Houthis claim attack". The Times of Israel. 31 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  32. ^ "Israel shoots down Houthi cruise missiles using F-35i Adir fighter jets". Defence Blog. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  33. ^ "Explosions in Egyptian red sea town near Israel".
  34. ^ LaGrone, Sam (31 December 2023). "U.S. Navy Helo Crews Kill Houthi Assault Boat Teams After Red Sea Attack". USNI News. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
  35. ^ "Attacks on ships and US drones show Yemen's Houthis can still fight despite US-led airstrikes". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 February 2024. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  36. ^ "Statement on Air Strikes against Houthi military targets in Yemen: 24 February 2024". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  37. ^ "SLNS Gajabahu returns from Red Sea". Ceylon Today. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  38. ^ "Red Sea crisis: SLN prepped to continue patrols". The Morning. 3 March 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
  39. ^ "Une frégate de défense aérienne française intègre l'opération européenne Aspides | Mer et Marine". www.meretmarine.com (in French). 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-04.
  40. ^ "Interception par l'hélicoptère de la frégate française d'un drone aérien en provenance du Yémen menaçant le trafic maritime civil en mer Rouge". Armée française – Opérations militaires (in French). 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  41. ^ "French helicopter destroys Houthi drone". The Jerusalem Post. 20 March 2024. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  42. ^ "Interceptions de drones aériens en provenance du Yémen". Armée française – Opérations militaires (in French). 9 March 2024. Archived from the original on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  43. ^ "Marineschip naar Rode Zee voor bevoorrading en medische zorg". Defensie.nl (in Dutch). Ministerie van Defensie. 5 April 2024. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  44. ^ Karreman, Jaime (5 April 2024). "Kabinet: ook Zr.Ms. Karel Doorman naar Rode Zee". Marineschepen.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  45. ^ "CHINA'S CALCULATED INACTION IN THE RED SEA CRISIS". 6 March 2024.
  46. ^ "Saudi Air Defense shoots down 6 Houthi missiles in 48 seconds".
  47. ^ "Egyptian forces down Houthi drones targeting Eilat".
  48. ^ "Dhaab drone strike".
  49. ^ Frantzman, Seth J. (2023-10-17). "Overwhelmed: The IDF's first hours fighting the terror waves on Oct 7". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-26. Golani soldiers from the 51st and 13th battalions fought along 30km of the border at numerous points and took heavy casualties between October 7 and 9.
  50. ^ a b "As combat in north Gaza slows, Gallant rejects any prospect war nearing end". The Times of Israel. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  51. ^ "Israeli soldier killed in northern Israel". Al Jazeera. 6 June 2024.
  52. ^ "Cleared for publication: Deputy IDF Commander killed on Lebanon border". Israel National News. 9 October 2023. Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  53. ^ Tom O'Connor (2024-03-19). "Hezbollah "ready to resist" new Israeli unit sent to Lebanon, Syria borders". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  54. ^ "IRAN UPDATE, April 4, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
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