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Chronology of the Crusades, 1095–1187

Main article: Chronologies of the Crusades

This chronology presents the timeline of the Crusades from the beginning of the First Crusade in 1095 to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187. This is keyed towards the major events of the Crusades to the Holy Land, but also includes those of the Reconquista and Northern Crusades as well as the Byzantine-Seljuk wars.[1]

The growth of Islam

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The history of the Crusades begins with the advent of Christian pilgrimage to the Holy Land combined with the rise of Islam and its subsequent conquest of Jerusalem.[2]

 
Al-Andalus at its greatest extent

Origins of the Crusades

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Origins of the Crusades are traceable to the combination of increased popularity of Christian pilgrimage and aggressive behavior of the dominant Muslim populations of Fatimids in Egypt and the Seljuk Turks in the Levant.[33]

1000

1009

1015

1018

1022

1029

1035

1037

1040

1045

1046

1048

1054

1055

1061

1063

1064

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

class=notpageimage|
The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rûm in the late 11th century.

1072

1073

1074

  • 1 March. Gregory VII begins planning an expedition to aid Eastern Christians.[78]

1077

1078

1079

1080

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094


The First Crusade

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In order to recover the Holy Land and aid the Byzantines in their fight against the Seljuks, the First Crusade was called for by Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095 and culminated with the capture of Jerusalem in 1099.[110]

1095

 
The routes of the First Crusaders[115]

1096

1097

 
Bohemond and his Norman troops scale the walls of Antioch, in an engraving by Gustave Doré.

1098

 
Taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders (1847) by Émile Signol.

1099

The Kingdom of Jerusalem

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The Kingdom of Jerusalem was formed in 1099 and enjoyed relative success against the warring Seljuks and Fatimids in its early years until the advent of the Zengids in 1127.[158]

1100

 
A map of western Anatolia, showing the routes taken by Christian armies in the Crusade of 1101

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

 
Fakhr al-Mulk ibn Ammar submitting to Bertrand of Toulouse after the Siege of Tripoli, in an 1842 painting by Charles-Alexandre Debacq.

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

 
The Crusader states and their neighbors.

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

 
Alfonso the Battler launches the campaign against Granada, in an engraving by Gustave Doré.

1125

1126

Zengi and the fall of Edessa

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In 1094, the governor of Aleppo, Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, was beheaded by Tutush I for treason. His son Imad al-Din Zengi was raised by Kerbogha, the governor of Mosul, and would rise to challenge the Crusader states. His successful Siege of Edessa would both result in the Second Crusade and the eventual fall of the County of Edessa.[277]

1127

1128

1129

 
Territories conquered by Zengi (in green).

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

 
John II Komnenos directs the unsuccessful Siege of Shaizar against Zengid territory. From a French manuscript, dated 1338.

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

The Second Crusade

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The fall of Edessa in 1144 would lead to the Second Crusade which would include French and German expeditions to the Holy Land, a campaign in Iberia (part of the Reconquista) and the Wendish Crusade (part of the Northern Crusades). The failure of the campaigns in the Holy Land would reverberate for decades.[331]

1145

1146

 
Map of the Second Crusade.

1147

 
The Siege of Damascus of 1148. Miniature by Jean Colombe from Sébastien Mamerot's book "Passages d'Outremer" (1474).

1148

The Reign of Nūr-ad-Din

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The death of Zengi in 1146 would give rise to an even more powered leader of the Zengid dynasty, his son Nūr-ad-Din who would come to dominate Syria and, to some extent, Egypt.[370]

1149

1150

1151

1152

 
Baldwin III of Jerusalem receiving capitulation of Ascalon, by Sébastien-Melchior Cornu (1841).

1153

1154

1156

1157

 
The Battle of Putaha on July 15, 1159 [sic], between King Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Emir Nur ad-Din. Original painting by Éloi Firmin Féron. The work is exhibited in the Salles des Croisades at the Palace of Versailles.

1158

1159

1160

1161

 
Amalric of Jerusalem leads the Crusader invasions of Egypt against Nūr-ad-Din and later Saladin.

1162

1163

The Rise of Saladin

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Saladin was a Kurdish officer in Nūr-ad-Din's army who would unite both Syria and Egypt under his rule, forming the Ayyubid dynasty that would threaten the very existence of the Franks in the Holy Land.[410]

1164

 
Map of route taken by Benjamin of Tudela.

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170

 
19th-century depiction of Saladin, by Gustave Doré

1171

1172

1173

1174

1175

1176

 
The Battle of Montgisard, 1177 by Charles Philippe Larivière, 1842–1844.

1177

1178

The fall of Jerusalem

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The Ayyubid dynasty under Saladin began their attacks against the Kingdom of Jerusalem, eventually leading to the fall of Jerusalem in 1187.[481]

1179

1180

1181

1182

1183

1184

1185

1186

 
Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after the Battle of Hattin

1187

Aftermath

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As a result of his victory at Jerusalem, the rest of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin. Many in the kingdom fled to Tyre, and Saladin's subsequent attack at the Siege of Tyre beginning in November 1187 was unsuccessful. The siege of Belvoir Castle began the next month and this stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller finally fell a year later. The Siege of Laodicea and the Siege of Sahyun Castle in July 1188 further solidified Saladin's gains. These gains were amplified by the Siege of al-Shughur and the Siege of Bourzey Castle in August 1188. The Siege of Safed in late 1188 then completed Saladin's conquest of the Holy Land. At the same time, the forces of Western Europe were mobilizing for the Third Crusade.[481]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ See Chronology of the Reconquista for complete details.
  2. ^ Pelagius of Asturias was the first king of Asturias whose reign began in 714.
  3. ^ al-Saffāḥ was the first of the Abbasid caliphs.
  4. ^ Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah was the first of the Fatimid caliphs.
  5. ^ Garcia I of León is regarded as the first king of León, beginning in 910.
  6. ^ Abd al-Rahman III was the first caliph of Córdoba, beginning in 929.
  7. ^ The Cathars were eventually suppressed in the early 13th century after the Albigensian Crusade.
  8. ^ Ramiro I of Aragon was the first king of Aragon beginning in 1035.
  9. ^ Sancho II of Castile and León, nicknamed "the Strong," was the first king of Castile, beginning in 1065.
  10. ^ Alp Arslan was the second sultan of the Seljuk Empire, succeeding his uncle Tughril Beg in 1063.
  11. ^ Roupen I was the first lord of Armenian Cilicia beginning in 1080.
  12. ^ Alexios I Komnenos was the second Byzantine emperor of the Komnenian dynasty.
  13. ^ The leaders of the First Crusade were Hugh of Vermandois, Godfrey of Bouillon, Baldwin of Boulogne, Bohemond of Taranto, Tancred, Robert of Flanders, Raymond of Saint-Gilles, Adhemar of Le Puy, Stephen of Blois and Robert Curthose.
  14. ^ The leaders of the People's Crusade were Peter the Hermit, Walter Sans Avoir, Emicho, Folkmar and Gottschalk.
  15. ^ Baldwin of Boulogne was the first Count of Edessa. He was later the first king of Jerusalem as his brother Godfrey of Bouillon chose not to take the title of king.
  16. ^ Bohemond of Taranto was the first Prince of Antioch as Bohemond I of Antioch.
  17. ^ There is speculation that the Tafurs engaged in cannibalism with the slaughtered residents of Ma'arrat Nu'man.[145]
  18. ^ Godfrey of Bouillon took the titles of prince (princeps) and advocate or defender of the Holy Sepulchre (advocatus Sancti Sepulchri).[149]
  19. ^ Crusaders who joined the Reconquista after returning from the Holy Land include: Gaston IV of Béarn, Rotrou III of Perche, Centule II of Bigorre, William IX of Aquitaine, Bernard Ato IV and William V of Montpellier.[152]
  20. ^ Baldwin I of Jerusalem was the first of the kings and queens of Jerusalem.
  21. ^ The Turkish commanders at Mersivan included Kilij Arslan, Gazi Gümüshtigin and Ridwan. The Crusaders were led by Raymond of Saint-Gilles and Stephen of Blois.
  22. ^ The Crusaders had two separate forces remaining after Mersivan. One under William II of Nevers and a second under William IX of Aquitaine and Hugh of Vermandois.
  23. ^ Bertrand of Toulouse was the first count of Tripoli after the capture of the city. Raymond of Saint-Gilles was declared count in 1102.
  24. ^ The First Council of the Lateran ruled that the crusades to the Holy Land and the Reconquista of Spain were of equal standing, granting equal privileges.[257]
  25. ^ Afonso Henriques was the first king of Portugal as Afonso I of Portugal beginning in 1139.
  26. ^ Some sources have the first Siege of Lisbon happening in 1142.[313]
  27. ^ The Cathars were also known as the Albigensians.
  28. ^ There was a total eclipse of the sun in the region on 11 April 1176.[460] This was reported by Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani[461] and Michael the Syrian.[462]
  29. ^ The lordship of Hebron was under royal domain until 1161 when Hebron was merged with the lordship of Oultrejordain under Philip of Milly, father of Stephanie of Milly. Baldwin IV of Jerusalem granted the lordship to Raynald of Châtillon in 1177 shortly after his marriage to Stephanie.
  30. ^ The Estoire d'Eracles incorrectly claims that Saladin's sister was also among the prisoners taken by Raynald of Châtillon when he seized the caravan.[520]
  31. ^ Urban III allegedly collapsed when hear the news of the loss of Jerusalem, but William of Newburgh believed that the pope died before he heard the news.[529]

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Bibliography

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