The modern system of ranked Shinto shrines (近代社格制度, Kindai Shakaku Seido, sometimes called simply shakaku (社格)) was an organizational aspect of the establishment of Japanese State Shinto. This system classified Shinto shrines as either official government shrines or "other" shrines. The official shrines were divided into
- Imperial shrines (kampeisha), which are parsed into minor, medium, or major sub-categories; and
- National shrines (kokuheisha), which are similarly categorized as minor, medium, or major.[1]
Some shrines are the "first shrines" called ichinomiya that have the highest rank in their respective provinces of Japan.
The Ise Grand Shrine stood at the top of all shrines and thus was outside the classification.[2][3]
All listed shrines on this page with the exception of Ise Grand Shrine are Beppyo shrines.
History
editOn the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871, by decree of the Dajō-kan, the fundamental elements of the modern shrine system were established: a hierarchic ranking of Shinto shrines, with specification of the grades of priest who could officiate at the various levels of shrine.[4] These rankings were set aside in 1946, when such rankings were deemed "State Shinto" by the Occupation Shinto Directive. The Jinja Honcho currently has a slightly different List of Special Shrines (別表神社, beppyo jinja).
Ise Grand Shrine
edit| name | location | notes |
|---|---|---|
| Ise Grand Shrine | Ise, Mie | one of the Twenty-Two Shrines, Upper Seven; Outside of classification due to being first ranked
Izawa-no-miya the Shima Province Ichinomiya was considered part of it, as was Izawa-jinja which was also seen as the Shima Province Ichinomiya |
Kashima Jingu and Katori Jingu were considered the two shrines directly below Ise Jingu.
Kan-sha
editThe Kan-sha (官社) or "official government shrines" had two subdivisions, Kanpei-sha or "government shrines" and Kokuhei-sha or "national shrines".[4]
For future tables, red cells denote shrines in the Japanese colonial empire.
Kanpei-sha
editIn 1871, the Japanese government established the Kanpei-sha (官幣社) system to classify Shinto shrines based on their level of association with the imperial family. The highest category included shrines that venerated the imperial family members, emperors, or meritorious retainers of the Imperial family. These shrines were considered to be the most closely associated with the imperial family and received government support.[1]
Imperial shrines, 1st rank
editThe Kanpei-taisha were the most highly ranked shrines in Japan that were officially designated by the government. There were 67 shrines that held this status, which were closely associated with the imperial family. These shrines were considered to be of great historical and cultural significance, and were often visited by members of the imperial family as well as the general public.[5]
Imperial shrines, 2nd rank
editThe mid-range of ranked Imperial shrines or Kanpei Chūsha (官幣中社) included 23 sanctuaries. These shrines were considered to be of intermediate rank among the government-supported shrines and were given lesser financial support compared to the Kanpei-taisha.[8]
Imperial shrines, 3rd rank
editThere were five shrines that were considered the lowest ranked among the Imperial shrines. They were called Kanpei-shōsha (官幣小社).[28]
| name | location | Category | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kamado Shrine.[28] | Dazaifu, Fukuoka[39] | Myojin Taisha | Tamayori-bime |
| Naminoue Shrine.[28] | Naha, Okinawa[40] | Izanami, Hayatama, Kotosaka; ichinomiya of Ryukyu Islands[41] | |
| Ōkunitama Shrine.[28] | Fuchū, Tokyo[42] | Ōkuninushi | |
| Shikaumi Shrine.[28] | Higashi-ku, Fukuoka[43] | Myojin Taisha | Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto, |
| Sumiyoshi Shrine.[28] | Hakata-ku, Fukuoka[44] | Myojin Taisha | Uwatsutsunoo-no-mikoto, Kakatsutsunoo-no-mitoko, Sokotsutsunoo-no-mikoto; ichinomiya of Chikuzen Province[12] |
Other Imperial shrines
editAfter the establishment of the officially ranked Imperial shrines, another group of special shrines known as Bekkaku kanpeisha (別格官幣社) was created. These shrines were not included in the ranking system of the Imperial shrines, but were still imperial.[45]
Kokuhei-sha
editThe Kokuhei-sha (国幣社) identified the hierarchy of government-supported shrines with national significance. The kokuheisha enshrined kami considered beneficial to more local areas.[1]
National shrines, 1st rank
editThe most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Taisha (国幣大社) were six sanctuaries.
| name | location | Category | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Keta Taisha | Hakui, Ishikawa | Myojin Taisha | ichinomiya of Noto Province[13] Ōkuninushi |
| Kōra taisha | Kurume, Fukuoka | Myojin Taisha | ichinomiya of Chikugo Province[12] Hachiman |
| Kumano Taisha | Matsue, Shimane | Myojin Taisha | ichinomiya of Izumo Province[13] Sumiyoshi sanjin |
| Nangū Taisha | Tarui, Gifu | Myojin Taisha | ichinomiya of Mino Province[7] |
| Ōyamazumi Shrine | Imabari, Ehime | Myojin Taisha | ichinomiya of Iyo Province[12] Ōyamatsumi |
| Tado Taisha | Kuwana, Mie | Myojin Taisha | Ninomiya, Amatsuhikone |
National shrines, 2nd rank
editThe mid-range of ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Chūsha (国幣中社) encompassed 47 sanctuaries.
National shrines, 3rd rank
editThe lowest ranked, nationally significant shrines or Kokuhei Shōsha (国幣小社) includes 50 sanctuaries.
Gokoku shrines
editGokoku shrines were ranked separately.[a] They were considered branches of Yasukuni Shrine.[46] This list only includes those which are currently ranked as Beppyo shrines.
"Min-sha"
editThe Sho-sha (諸社) or various smaller shrines ranking below these two levels of Kan-sha ("official government shrines") are commonly, though unofficially, referred to as "people's shrines" or Min-sha (民社). These lower-ranking shrines were initially subdivided by the proclamation of the fourteenth day of the fifth month of 1871 into four main ranks, "Metropolitan", "Clan" or "Domain", "Prefectural", and "District" shrines.[4] By far the largest number of shrines fell below the rank of District shrine. Their status was clarified by the District Shrine Law (郷社定則, Gōsha Teisoku) of the fourth day of the seventh month of 1871, in accordance with which "Village shrines" ranked below their respective "District shrines", while the smaller local shrines or Hokora ranked beneath the "Village shrines".[4]
Here is a non-exhaustive list of shrines under each categorization. This list only includes ones now listed as Beppyo shrines unless otherwise specified.
Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines
edit"Metropolitan shrines" were known as Fu-sha (府社).[4] "Prefectural shrines" were known as Ken-sha (県社).[4] At a later date, the "Prefectural shrines" were classed together with the "Metropolitan shrines" as "Metropolitan and Prefectural Shrines" or Fuken-sha (府県社).[4]
Clan or Domain shrines
edit"Clan shrines" or "Domain shrines" were known as Han-sha (藩社).[4] Due to the abolition of the han system, no shrines were ever placed in this category.[45]
District shrine
edit"District shrines" were known as Gō-sha (郷社).[4]
Village shrines
edit"Village shrines" were known as Son-sha (村社) and ranked below their respective "District shrines", in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4]
Hokora or Ungraded shrines
editSmall local shrines known as Hokora (祠) are ranked beneath the village shrines, in accordance with the District Shrine Law of 4 July 1871.[4] At a later date, shrines beneath the rank of "Village shrines" were classed as "Ungraded shrines" or Mukaku-sha (無格社).[4]
| Name | location | Category | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sarutahiko Shrine | Ise, Mie | Sarutahiko Ōkami | |
| Takahashi Inari Shrine | Kumamoto | － | |
| Itsukushima Shrine (Kyoto) | Not a Beppyo shrine | ||
| Shirakumo Shrine | Not a Beppyo shrine | ||
| Suitengū (Tokyo) | Not a Beppyo shrine |
Statistics
editNew shrines were established and existing shrines promoted to higher ranks at various dates, but a 1903 snapshot of the 193,297 shrines in existence at that time saw the following:[4]
- Kan-sha
- Imperial shrines: 95
- National shrines: 75
- "Min-sha"
- Metropolitan and prefectural shrines: 571
- District shrines: 3,476
- Village shrines: 52,133
- Ungraded shrines: 136,947
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine and Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine were completed after World War II, when the war ended and the Ministry of Home Affairs was abolished, so they were not designated by the Minister of Home Affairs and are actually correctly designated as "equivalent to designated Gokoku-jinja Shrine".
References
edit- ^ a b c Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics, Kokugakuin University: Glossary of Shinto Names and Terms, Kampei Taisha.
- ^ Holtom, D.C. (2012-11-12) [First published 1965]. The National Faith Of Japan. A Study in Modern Shinto. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 9781136165573.
- ^ Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Curzon Press. p. 120. ISBN 9780700710515.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fridell, Wilbur M (1975). "The Establishment of Shrine Shinto in Meiji Japan". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 2 (2–3). Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture: 137–168. doi:10.18874/jjrs.2.2-3.1975.137-168.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 124.
- ^ Chiba prefectural government: Chiba, Katori Shrine[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 1; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 125.
- ^ National Diet Library (NDL): Kanpei Taisha Kasuga Jinja
- ^ Nara National Museum: No. 31, Map of the Precincts of Kanpei Taisha Isonokami Shrine Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 3; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Nationwide List of Ichinomiya," p. 2; retrieved 2013-1-28.
- ^ a b Sawada, Janine Anderson. (2004). Practical pursuits: religion, politics, and personal cultivation in nineteenth-century Japan, p. 312 n15.
- ^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: ways of the Kami, p. 276.
- ^ Encyclopedia of Shinto: Atsuta Shinkō
- ^ Bernstein, Andrew. "Whose Fuji?: Religion, Region, and State in the Fight for a National Symbol,"[permanent dead link] Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 63, No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 51-99; Ponsonby-Fane, (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 125.
- ^ Asama Shrine: Fujinomiya, Shizuoka = Ōmiya in Suruga province
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, (1963). The Vicissitudes of Shinto, p. 328.
- ^ 北海道神宮 ... Hokkaido Jingu Shrine at Nippon-Kichi.jp; retrieved 2012-1-29.
- ^ Takebe Taisha: Ōtsu, Shiga = Seta in Ōmi province
- ^ NDL: Kanpei Taisha Yoshino Jingu
- ^ Michio, Nakajima; 𠀓𤚇𡌕𰀇 (2010). "Shinto Deities that Crossed the Sea: Japan's "Overseas Shrines," 1868 to 1945". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 37 (1): 21–46. ISSN 0304-1042.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R. (1988). Nanʻyō: the rise and fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885-1945, pp. 225-229; n.b., construction completed in 1941
- ^ Peattie, p. 339 n61.
- ^ Umenomiya Shrine: Ukyō-ku, Kyoto = Umetsu in Yamashiro province
- ^ "Japanese Shrines". www.taleofgenji.org. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 127.
- ^ Iinoya-gū:Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu = Iya in Tōtōmi province.
- ^ Itakeso Shrine: Wakayama, Wakayama = Nishiyama Higashimura in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国, Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州)
- ^ Kamakura-gū: Kamakura, Kanagawa = Kamakura in Sagami province
- ^ Kanegazaki Shrine: Tsuruga, Fukui = Tsuruga in Echizen province
- ^ Kumano Nachi Taisha: Nachikatsuura, Wakayama = Nachi in Kii province; n.b., Kii Province (紀伊国, Kii no Kuni) = Kishū (紀州), was a province of Honshū in Wakayama Prefecture and Mie Prefecture.
- ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane. Imperial, p. 126; n.b., raised to kanpei-taisha in 1940
- ^ Mikami Shrine: Yasu, Shiga = Mikamimura in Ōmi province
- ^ Nagata Shrine: Nagata-ku, Kobe = Kobe in Settsu province.
- ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi = Katsuyama in Nagato province
- ^ Yatsushiro Shrine: Yatsushiro, Kumamoto = Yatsushiro in Higo province
- ^ Kamado Shrine: Dazaifu, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ^ Naminoe Shrine: Naha, Okinawa = Wakasa on Okinawa Island in the Ryukyu Kingdom
- ^ Kerr, George H. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, p. 203.
- ^ Ōkunitama jinja at Fuchū, Tokyo = Fuchū in Musashi province
- ^ Shigaumi Shrine: Higashi-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka, Chikuzen province
- ^ Sumiyoshi Shrine: Hakata-ku, Fukuoka = Fukuoka in Chikuzen province
- ^ a b "Modern Shrine Ranking System". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Kokugakuin University. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
- ^ a b TAKAYAMA, K. PETER (1990). "Enshrinement and Persistency of Japanese Religion". Journal of Church and State. 32 (3): 527–547. ISSN 0021-969X.
- ^ Shimizu, Karli; Rambelli, Fabio (2022-10-06). Overseas Shinto Shrines: Religion, Secularity and the Japanese Empire. London New York (N.Y.) Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-350-23498-7.
Sources
edit- Breen, John and Mark Teeuwen. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2363-4
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- _______________. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 399449
- _______________. (1963). The Viciissitudes of Shinto. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 186605327