In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007 the top emitors were: 1. US 28.8%, 2. China: 9.0%, 3. Russia: 8.0%, 4. Germany 6.9%, 5. UK 5.8%, 6. Japan: 3.9%, 7. France: 2.8%, 8. India 2.4%, 9. Canada: 2.2% and 10. Ukraine 2.2%.[1] Which nations are most responsible for climate change?
Table for figure 55: Electricity production by power source, 2009, in kWh/capita. For this reason the columns should be in same order for all the coutries.
This data is from the Swedish report that is available in English. The original source of information is International Energy Agency. I used this source since it has collected the values of many countries. Table for figure 55: Electricity production by power source, 2009, in kWh/capita. For this reason the columns should be in same order for all the coutries.
Iceland Norway Canada Finland Sweden USA Switzerland Japan Belgium France Netherlands Germany Denmark Spain United Kingdom Italy Poland
Altteri1 removals
editIn the summer 2010 Finnish parliament voted yes to two additional nuclear power reactors. Before the voting one researcher specialist from VTT expressed his/her critics about the reliability of the electricity market report for the parliament. VTT gave him/her a warning since according to VTT the statement was given in the name of VTT and she/he was not qualified for it. This special researcher claims that he acted privately and revealed in general the contradictions of the electricity market report. ref name=oikeus>Oikeusasiamies tutkii VTT:n tutkijoiden painostusväitteet HS 22.9.2010 A9
In the end more than a year ago the Chancellor of Justice of Finland made juridical statement with the idea that the researchers of VTT have right to express statements, opinions and critics of the government energy policy different from the leadership of the state owned research institute. The case focused on right to criticize Peat energy in Finland (equal to dirty coal) and the right to criticize the government energy demand estimations in respect to the new the new Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant investments. The leadership of VTT had demanded its approval of all statements prior to expression. Statements in conflict with the leadership political opinions were denied. This is in conflict with the human rights and principles of science development. If all critics would have been denied the world would still be a flat pancake. The persons that tried to deny the scientific freedom of expression continue in the same leadership positions. As it is in 2012 at least one ex-minister of government has already stated himself that the energy demand estimations were not correct two years ago.
- Finnish parliamentary election, 2011 [4]
- Carl Gustaf Ehrnrooth [5][6] 4&5 argumented
- Guggenheim Helsinki –Plan [7] [8] 6 argumented
User:Ryhanen removals
edit- REMOVED[12]
Peat (turf) is national treasure. Peatlands provide essential services to society, globally, nationally and locally. Peatlands are vitally important in the global carbon cycle and national greenhouse gas budgets. Peatland habitats are nationally and internationally important for biodiversity. Peatlands are important for drinking water. Damaged peatlands are expensive. Peatland restoration is cost-effective. ref.IUCN UK Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands Summary of Findings October 2011 SUMMARY
UK peatlands cover around 23,000 km2 or 9.5% of the UK land area and store at least 3.2 billion tonnes of carbon. A loss of only 5% of UK peatland carbon would equate to the total annual UK anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Healthy peat bogs have a net long-term ‘cooling’ effect on the climate. Peatlands rely on water. When drained, peatlands waste away through oxidation, adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Damaged and degraded peatlands place a substantial financial burden on society because of increased greenhouse gas emissions, poorer water quality and loss of other ecosystem services. ref.SUMMARY IUCN UK Commission of Inquiry on Peatlands Summary of Findings October 2011
- REMOVED[13]
According to the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (12/2005) temperature rose in 100 years 0.8 °C. There is a 25-30 years lag in the warming effect of carbon dioxide, before the complete influence in the climate. In 2006 the 0.8°C temperature raise was the consequence of the carbon emissions in the atmosphere until the end of year 1980. Since then the annual carbon emissions have increased. According to the best estimates the emissions during the past 30 years have raised the temperature an additional 0.7°C. Thus, humans have created already 1.5 °C temperature increase in total. The scientist may still argue what caused the extinction of dinosaurus. But there is no doubt, who is responsible for extinction now – humans. We may have only 15 years of time to prevent the irreversible climate change. [2]
- I feel editing is a KATASTROFI
Who is responsible?
editFossil fuels emission 2009
editAccording to data from the US Energy Information Administration, the top five countries by fossil fuels emissions (CO2) in total 2009 were: 1) China: 7,710 million tonnes (mt) (25.4%) ahead of 2) US: 5,420 mt (17.8%), 3) India: 1,600 mt (5.3%), 4) Russia: 1,570 mt (5.2%) and 5) Japan: 1,100 mt (3.6%).[1]
In 2009 (tonnes CO2) World 30,398, Asia & Oceania 13,264, North America 6,410, Europe 4,310, Eurasia 2,358, Middle East 1,714. Central & South America 1,220 and Africa 1,122.[1]
- By WRI/IEA in December 2011 the fossil fuel CO2 emissions per capita 2009: 1 Qatar 40.1 2 UAE 32.0 3 Trinidad & Tobago 30.0 4 Kuwait 28.9 5 Bahrain 28.9 7 Brunei 20.3 8 Luxembourg 20.1 9 Australia 17.9 11 US 16.9 12 Saudi Arabia 16.2 13 Canada 15.4 14 Oman 13.7 15 Kazakhstan 11.9 16 Estonia 10.9 17 Taiwan 10.9 18 Russia 10.8 19 Netherlands 10.7 20 South Korea 10.6 21 Czech 10.5 22 Finland 10.3 (This list does not include other climate gas emissions like methane. This list has omitted small countries like Gibraltar, Virgin Islands, Netherlands Antilles, Montserrat ranking does not include 6 and 10).
- By IEA in April 2011 among the world dirty top countries were (tonnes per capita 2009 (IEA)(world average 4.5) : 1) Gibraltar 152, 2) Virgin Islands U,S 114, 3) Qatar 80, 4) Netherlands Antilles 51, 5) Bahrain 43, 6) United Arab Emirates 40, 7) Trinidad and Tobago 39, 8) Singapore 34, 9) Kuwait 31, 10) Montserrat 29 11) Nauru 22, 12) Luxembourg 21.5 13) Australia 20, 14) Brunei 19.5, 15) Saudi Arabia 18.5 17.67, US 17.67 Oman 16.83 Canada 16.15 Netherlands 14.89 Estonia 13.46 Belgium 13.19 Taiwan 12.66 Hong Kong 12.19 Kazakhstan 12.02 Turkmenistan 11.62 Russia 11.23 Iceland 11.12 South Korea 10.89 Finland 9.93 Israel 9.74.[3] All emissions from building and cement production are local but some people may argue that a share of fuels and/or goods are consumed abroad.[1]
All greenhouse gas emissions 2005
editAmong the top emitter of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 including building and deforestation: 1. China: 7,220 mt (16.4%), 2. US: 6,930 mt (15.7%), 3. Brazil: 2,860 mt (6.5%), 4. Indonesia: 2,050 mt (4.6%), 5. Russia: 2,030 mt (4.6%), 6. India: 1,870 mt (4.2%), 7. Japan: 1,390 mt (3.1%), 8. Germany: 1,010 mt (2.3%), 9. Canada: 810 mt (1.8%), and 10. Mexico: 700 mt (1.6%).[1]
Cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007
editThe cumulative energy emissions between 1850 and 2007 were: 1. US: 339,200 mt (28.8%) 2. China: 105,900 mt (9.0%), 3. Russia: 94,700 mt (8.0%), 4. Germany: 81,200 mt (6.9%), 5. UK: 68,800 mt (5.8%), 6. Japan: 45,600 mt (3.87%), 7. France: 32,700 mt (2.77%), 8. India: 28,800 mt (2.44%), 9. Canada: 25,7100 mt (2.2%) and 10. Ukraine: 25,400 mt (2.2%) 11. Poland 22,664, 12. Italy 19,269 13. South Africa 13,134 14. Australia 13,108 15. Mexico 12,243 16. Spain 11,057 17. Belgium 10,903 18. Kazakhstan 10,565 19. South Korea 10,409 20. Czech Republic 10,395 Brazil 9,837 Netherlands 9,432 Iran 8,630 Romania 6,966 Indonesia 6,959 Saudi Arabia 6,892 Uzbekistan 6,000 Argentina 5,895 Turkey 5,751.[1]
- Cumulative CO2 emissions, 1850–2007, per current capita (tonnes CO2) : 1) Luxembourg 1,429 2) UK 1,127 3) US 1,126 4) Belgium 1,026 5) Czech 1,006 6) Germany 987 7) Estonia 877 8) Canada 779 9) Kazakhstan 682 10) Russia 666 11) Denmark 653 12) Bahrain 631 13) Kuwait 629 15) Australia 622 16) Poland 594 17) Qatar 584 18) Trinidad & Tobago 582 19) Slovakia 579 20) Netherlands 576 Austria 547 Ukraine 547 France 527 UAE 483 Finland 475 Sweden 473 Brunei 458 Belarus 452 Hungary 423 Bahamas 418 Bulgaria 414 Norway 399 Ireland 390 Nauru 380 Turkmenistan 371 Japan 357.[4]
Private persons, companies or politicians?
editAccording to Swedish Professor Christian Azar it may be even dangerous to accuse the private persons of their emissions if this discussion will focus the problem solution in a wrong way. The political decisions are more effective.[5] Both private persons and companies act when there are political and economical incentives in place. Climate change can be solved by political decision.[citation needed]
We have the technology. Who is Holding Us Back?
editIn Durban, it’s time for governments to listen to the people, not the polluting corporations. We have the technology today to ensure a transition to a greener, safer and more equitable economy. Carbon-intensive industry is preventing effective climate legislation. The Dirty Dozen represent those corporate polluters that are holding us back from a global deal to limit and reverse GHG emissions worldwide.
1. Jorma Ollila Royal Dutch Shell, 2. Lorraine Mitchell,, toimitusjohtaja, Shell, Canada, 3. David Collyer Canadian Association of Petroleum, 4. Thomas Donohue US Chamber of Commerce, 5. Lakshmi Mittal ArcelorMittal, 6. Jürgen R. Thumann BusinessEurope, 7. David Koch and Charles Koch Koch Industries, 8. Marius Kloppers BHP Billiton, 9. Dr. Kurt Bock BASF, 10. Jean-Guy Carrier International Chamber of Commerce, 11. Jack N. Gerard American Petroleum Institute and 12. Brian Dames, Eskom [6]
Financing coal 2005-2011
editNew coal investments risk seriously the scientifically estimated carbon emissions decline needed. The world’s financial markets are carrying an enormous carbon bubble and that is not fit to manage the transition to a low-carbon economy. For the short-term gains banks are setting the stage for long-term catastrophic climate change .[7]
Top investment and commercial banks financing coal investments during 2005-2011 were JPMorgan Chase, Citi, Bank of America, Morgan Stanley, Barclays, Deutsche Bank, Royal Bank of Scotland, BNP Paribas, Credit Suisse and UBS. Top twenty banks have provided over 171 billion Euros to the coal industry since 2005 to start of December 2011.[7]
Polluter pays principle is supported by public to cover all climate change caused external costs. The climate gas emission have been proposed to be calculated from the year 1750 or 1950. ref. State of the World 2009, Robert Engelman Worldwatch Institute According to Stern Report the benefits of strong, early action considerably outweigh the costs. ref. Sir Nicholas Stern: Stern Review : The Economics of Climate Change, Executive Summary,10/2006
Coal-fired power stations have been estimated to cause world wide €356 billion minimum damage in 2007 and €356 trillion in ten years. ref Delf 2008 p.9
How to solve climate crises? According to James Hansen (2009): The first action that people should take is to use the democratic process. What is frustrating people, is that democratic action affects elections but what we get then from political leaders is greenwash. Stronger action is needed. ref Leading climate scientist: 'democratic process isn't working' Guardian 18.3.2009 Global public critics demand strong and fast international action on climate agreements, more democracy in the energy business, enhanced energy competition that decrease price and enhance quality, service, employment and domestic energy supplies. Promotion of new local renewable energy entrepreneurs, end of public support to fossil energy and strong action to prevent political, public and business corruption related to energy. In the fight against the corruption the free media has vital role and should be provided with more public information including the finance data.
Forests: A scheme to protect tropical forests deforestation by carbon credits is discussed. Concern includes corruption and fare use of trees between industry and local communities.ref. Deforestation REDD
| Population in the US[8] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Million | ||
| 1971 | 207.7 | ||
| 1980 | 227.7 | ||
| 1990 | 250.2 | ||
| 2000 | 282.4 | ||
| 2004 | 293.3 | ||
| 2008 | 304.5 | ||
| Large Centers and Metropolitan Areas ( 2010 U.S. Census) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Core City | Population[9] | Areas | Region[10] |
| 1 | New York | 18,897,109 | Area | Northeast |
| 2 | Los Angeles | 12,828,837 | Area | West |
| 3 | Chicago | 9,461,105 | Area | Midwest |
| 4 | Dallas | 6,371,773 | Area | South |
| 5 | Philadelphia | 5,965,343 | Area | Northeast |
| 6 | Houston | 5,946,800 | Area | South |
| 7 | Washington, D.C. | 5,582,170 | Area | South |
| 8 | Miami | 5,564,635 | Area | South |
| 9 | Atlanta | 5,268,860 | Area | South |
| 10 | Boston | 4,552,402 | Area | Northeast |
Population in the United States increased from 1990 to 2008 with 54 million and 22 % growth in population.[8]
- ^ a b c d e f Which nations are most responsible for climate change? Guardian 21 April 2011 Cite error: The named reference "Guardian2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Paul Brown Brown (journalist for The Guardian), Global Warming, The last chance for change, London 2006, p. 43-45 and 13
- ^ World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest Guardian 31 January 2011
- ^ Which nations are really responsible for climate change - interactive map [[The Guardian] 8.12.2011 (All goods and services consumed, source: Peters et al PNAS, 2011)
- ^ Chriastian Azar: Makten over klimatet, Bonnier hösten 2008 (from editors memory, please check)
- ^ Who is Holding Us Back, How carbon-intensive industry is preventing effective climate legislation Greenpeace November 2011
- ^ a b Bankrolling climate change 30. November 2011 urgewald, groundWork, Earthlife Africa Johannesburg and BankTrack p. 15 Cite error: The named reference "Urgewald11" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 IEA (pdf pages 83-85)
- ^ "2010 Census National Summary File of Redistricting Data". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2011-05-05.
- ^ "Figure A–3. Census Regions, Census Divisions, and Their Constituent States" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2007-06-17.
{{cite web}}: Text "PDF" ignored (help)
| Government energy strategy in October 2008 [1] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Use 2005 TWh | Use 2020 TWh | Growth /% | |
| Primary energy | 381 | 430 | 12.9 % |
| Electricity total | 84.9 | 98 | 15.4 % |
| - Industry and building | 44.2 | 56 | 26.7 % |
| - Houses | 12.7 | 13 | 2.4 % |
| - Electric warming | 8.8 | 8 | -9.1 % |
| - Services | 14.7 | 16 | 8.8 % |
| - Other use | 4.6 | 5 | 8.7 % |
| Other energy | 216.7 | 212 | -2.2 % |
| Energy end use | 302 | 310 | 2.6 % |
| RE of end use | 86 | 118 | |
| RE of end use | 28.5 % | 38.0 % | 9.5 %-units |
| RE of primary energy* | 24.9 % | 29.8 % | 4.9 %-units |
| *page 41: 84.9 TWh year 2005 and 128 TWh year 2020 | |||
| Renewable Electricity[2] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | RE | RE electricity/ total electricity (GWh) |
RE without hydro electricity |
| 1997 | 26.2 % | 19,269 / 73,603 | 10.2 % |
| 2000 | 28.6 % | 22,676 / 79,158 | 10.4 % |
| 2001 | 25.7 % | 20,887 /81,188 | 9.7 % |
| 2005 | 26.7 % | 22,586 / 84,672 | 10.8% |
| 2006 | 24.1 % | 21,670 / 90,024 | 11.5 % |
| 2009 | 25.9 % | 20,900 / 80,795 | 10.3 % |
| RE = Renewable electricity | |||
| Population growth 1990-2008 (%)[3] | |
|---|---|
| Africa | 55 % |
| Middle East | 51 % |
| Asia | 35 % |
| Latin America | 30 % |
| OECD North America | 24 % |
| OECD Europe | 9 % |
| OECD Pacific | 8 % |
| Former Soviet Union | -1 % |
| Non-OECD Europe | -11 % |
| Population growth 1990-2008 (%)[3] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Qatar | 174 % | ||
| UAE | 140 % | ||
| Jordan | 86 % | ||
| Benin | 81 % | ||
| Congo | 69 % | ||
| Angola | 69 % | ||
| Tanzania | 67 % | ||
| Syria | 67 % | ||
| Togo | 65 % | ||
| Kenya | 64 % | ||
| Côte d'Ivoire | 63 % | ||
| Senegal | 62 % | ||
| Mozambique | 61 % | ||
| Nigeria | 60 % | ||
| Zambia | 60 % | ||
| Singapore | 59 % | ||
| Eritrea | 57 % | ||
| Ethiopia | 57 % | ||
| Gabon | 56 % | ||
| Israel | 56 % | ||
| Ghana | 56 % | ||
| Iraq | 56 % | ||
| Bahrain | 56 % | ||
| Brunei | 54 % | ||
| Cameroon | 54 % | ||
| Pakistan | 54 % | ||
| Guatemala | 54 % | ||
| Sudan | 53 % | ||
| Oman | 51 % | ||
| Population (1000 million) and growth 1990-2008 (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 2008 | % | |
| Eritrea* (1992) | 3184 | 5674 | 78 % |
| Ethiopia* | 50974 | 79221 | 55 % |
| Sudan** | 25204 | 42272 | 68 % |
| Chad (2009) | 5679 | 10329 | 82 % |
| Niger (2009) | 7732 | 15306 | 98 % |
| Nigeria | 88500 | 158259 | 79 % |
| Mali (2010) | 8156 | 14517 | 78 % |
| Mauritania (2009) | 2025 | 3291 | 63 % |
| Senegal (2009) | 7327 | 13712 | 87 % |
| Gambia | 861000 | 1705000 | 98 % |
| Algeria | 25012 | 34895 | 40 % |
| Zaire | 35562 | 70916 | 99 % |
| Egypt | 53153 | 79090 | 49 % |
| Chile (2011) | 13173 | 17224 | 31 % |
| Colombia (2010) | 32987 | 45925 | 39 % |
| Brazil (2010) | 150368 | 190733 | 27 % |
| Mexico (2010) | 86154 | 112323 | 30 % |
| Fiji (2010) | 765 | 849 | 11 % |
| Nauru (2011) | 10000 | 9322 | -7 % |
| Jamaican (2010) | 2420 | 2847 | 18 % |
| Australia (2010) | 17086 | 22687 | 33 % |
| Albania (2010) | 3250 | 2987 | -8 % |
| Poland(2010) | 38180 | 38192 | 0 % |
| Hungary (2010) | 10553 | 9979 | -5 % |
| Bulgaria (2011) | 8980 | 7351 | -18 % |
| UK (2010) | 57411 | 62008 | 8 % |
| Ireland/Éire (2010) | 3503 | 4471 | 28 % |
| China(2010) | 1139060 | 1339725 | 18 % |
| Japan (2010) | 123537 | 127420 | 3 % |
| India (2011) | 843931 | 1210193 | 43 % |
| Year after country if different, refs as in the previous table | |||
| Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990-2008 (%)[4] [5] | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kWh/capita | Population (million) | Energy use (1,000 TWh) | |||||||
| 1990 | 2008 | Growth | 1990 | 2008 | Growth | 1990 | 2008 | Growth | |
| USA | 89,021 | 87,216 | - 2 % | 250 | 305 | 22 % | 22.3 | 26.6 | 20 % |
| EU-27 | 40,240 | 40,821 | 1 % | 473 | 499 | 5 % | 19.0 | 20.4 | 7 % |
| Middle East | 19,422 | 34,774 | 79 % | 132 | 199 | 51 % | 2.6 | 6.9 | 170 % |
| China | 8,839 | 18,608 | 111 % | 1,141 | 1,333 | 17 % | 10.1 | 24.8 | 146 % |
| Latin America | 11,281 | 14,421 | 28 % | 355 | 462 | 30 % | 4.0 | 6.7 | 66 % |
| Africa | 7,094 | 7,792 | 10 % | 634 | 984 | 55 % | 4.5 | 7.7 | 70 % |
| India | 4,419 | 6,280 | 42 % | 850 | 1,140 | 34 % | 3.8 | 7.2 | 91 % |
| Others* | 25,217 | 23,871 | nd | 1,430 | 1,766 | 23 % | 36.1 | 42.2 | 17 % |
| The World | 19,422 | 21,283 | 10 % | 5,265 | 6,688 | 27 % | 102.3 | 142.3 | 39 % |
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
| |||||||||
From 1990 to 2008 the average use of energy per person as IEA data increased 10 % and the world population increased 27 %. Annual energy use grew 39 % in 2008 compared to 1990.
Regional energy use kWh pro capita increased 10 % from 1990 to 2008. In the same time world population increased 27 %. The high population growth rate is a significant ecological and energy consumption challenge. Population growth in 18 years was about 50 % in Africa and the Middle East, 30 % in Latin America and India and 20 % in the USA and China and 4 % in Europe. The end in the population growth could be one of the effective means to stop the energy and other resources consumption growth.
The world energy consumption increased 39 % from 1990 to 2008 and by region most in the Middle East 170 %, China 146 % and India 91 %. USA, EU-27 and China used 50 % of the annual energy consumption with 32 % population (2008). In 2008 compared to 1990 the energy consumption increased 40,100 TWh (39 %) of which 58 % in three areas of China 14,700 TWh, Middle East 4,400 TWh and the USA 4,400 TWh. If the world population (6,688 Million) had used energy as in average in the United States (87,216 kWh/capita) (2008), the world annual energy consumption would have been 4 times higher (583,000 TWh) than it now was. The average energy consumption was 21,283 kWh/capita in 2008. This was less than in the USA (87,216 kWh/capita), EU 27 (40,821 kWh/capita) and Middle East (34,774 kWh/capita.
Singapore is a financial centre in Southeast Asia. According to the Human Rights Watch Singapore is criticized for reportedly hosting bank accounts containing ill-gotten gains of corrupt leaders and their associates, including billions of dollars of Burma’s state gas revenues hidden from national accounts.[6]
- Solar heating
- Renewable energy in the European Union
- Solar power in the European Union, included here even if no power
During 2010, the European solar heating yield was 17.3 TWh, annual turnover 2.6 Billion € and employment 33,500 persons (1 job for 80 kW new capacity). Turnover is concentrated in local small and medium businesses.[7]
In June 2009, the European Parliament and Council adopted the Directive on the promotion of the use of energy from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). For the first time, heating and cooling accounting for half of the final energy demand will be covered by a European directive promoting renewable energies. The overall renewable target is legally binding but renewable mix is free. According to the delivered national plans the highest of solar heating markets during 2010-2020 will be in Italy, Germany, France, Spain and Poland in respect to the national target in 2020 and capacity increase. Top countries per capita will be Cyprus, Greece, Austria, Italy and Belgium.[7]
In some European countries the solar thermal market is still in its infancy. Bulgaria, Denmark, Netherlands, Sweden, and United Kingdom have extremely low targets in their plans. Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Romania have not included solar thermal in their national plans at all. Total solar thermal capacity in EU was 14 GW in 2006. According to the National Renewable Energy Action Plans it will be 102 GW in 2020 and over the next 10 years solar thermal will grow on average at a rate of 15% per annum.[7]
| # | Country | 2008 | 2009 | 2010[11] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Germany |
7,766 | 8,896 | 9,677 |
| 2 |  Greece |
2,708 | 2, 852 | 2,859 |
| 3 |  Austria |
2,268 | 2,518 | 2,686 |
| 4 |  Italy |
1,124 | 1,404 | 1,870 |
| 5 |  Spain |
988 | 1,262 | 1,475 |
| 6 |  France |
1,137 | 1,371F | 1,102 |
| 7 |  Switzerland |
416 | 538 | 627 |
| 8 |  Cyprus |
485 | 515 | 501 |
| 9 |  Portugal |
223 | 345 | 471 |
| 10 |  Poland |
256 | 357 | 459 |
| 11 |  United Kingdom |
270 | 333 | 401 |
| 12 |  Denmark |
293 | 331 | 368 |
| 13 |  Netherlands |
254 | 285 | 313 |
| 14 |  Belgium |
188 | 204 | 230 |
| 15 |  Sweden |
202 | 217 | 227 |
| 16 |  Czech Republic |
116 | 148 | 216 |
| 17 |  Slovenia |
96 | 112 | 123 |
| 18 |  Hungary |
18 | 58 | 105 |
| 19 |  Ireland |
52 | 75 | 92 |
| 20 |  Slovakia |
67 | 76 | 85 |
| 21 |  Bulgaria * |
22 | 90 | 74 |
| 22 |  Romania * |
66 | 80 | 73 |
| 23 |  Malta* |
25 | 29 | 32 |
| 24 |  Finland * |
18 | 19 | 23 |
| 25 |  Luxembourg * |
16 | 19 | 22 |
| 26 |  Estonia* |
1 | 2 | 2 |
| 27 |  Lithuania * |
3 | 2 | 2 |
| 28 |  Latvia * |
5 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | EU27+Sw (MWth) | 19,083 | 22,137 | 24,114 |
| * = estimation, F = France as a whole | ||||
I started: Peat energy in Finland since the publication in the Wikinews: n: Peat energy war in Finland was deleted. Peat and hard coal are the most harmful energy sources for global warming in Finland. Finland and Ireland are the two main peat fuel users in the world together more than half of the world total. It may be compared to brown coal (lignite) or worse than this lowest rank of coal.
Fossil fuels carbon dioxide emissions were 20.7 % higher in 2006 than in 1990. Coal based CO22 emissions were 43.1 % higher in 2006 than in 1990. Coal based emissions were 45.1% of all fossil fuel CO2 emissions in 2006 while 36.5 % in year 2000. In 2006 fossil fuels carbon dioxide emissions were 64.1 mil. t CO22 and wood fuels emissions 33.8 mil. t CO22. Fossil fuel emission shares by fuel were: Coal (hard coal, other coal and peat) 45.1 %, transport fuels 20.1 %, oil 20.6 % and natural gas 13.6 %.
| Peat energy[12][13][14][15] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Production GWh |
Consumption GWh |
| 1990 | 18,950 | 15,522 |
| 1991 | 8 ,978 | 15,657 |
| 1992 | 18,945 | 15,353 |
| 1993 | 11,513 | 16,210 |
| 1994 | 25,344 | 18,522 |
| 1995 | 25,367 | 20,645 |
| 1996 | 25,000 | 23,544 |
| 1997 | 31,180 | 23,144 |
| 1998 | 5,304 | 22,110 |
| 1999 | 25,742 | 19,591 |
| 2000 | 12,663 | 17,203 |
| 2001 | 19,538 | 23,868 |
| 2002 | 25,471 | 24,930 |
| 2003 | 21,306 | 27,550 |
| 2004 | 10,429 | 24,667 |
| 2005 | 24,864 | 19,107 |
| 2006 | 36,773 | 26,000 |
| 2007 | 12,663 | 28,406 |
| 2008[16] | 22 627 | |
| 2009[16] | 19 322 | |
Energy by country
edit- Coal mining in the People's Republic of China
- Coal mining in India
- Coal mining in the United States
- Coal mining in the United Kingdom
- Coal in Australia
Top oil producers in 2009 were (Mt): Russia 494 Mt (13 %), Saudi Arabia 452 Mt (12 %), US 320 Mt (8 %), Iran 206 Mt (5 %), China 194 Mt (5%), Canada 152 Mt (4 %), Mexico 146 Mt (4 %), Venezuela 126 Mt (3 %), Kuwait 124 Mt (3 %) and United Arab Emirates 120 Mt (3 %).IEA Key energy statistics 2010 pages 11, 21
Top ten countries produced 67 % of electricity in 2008. The top producers of electricity in 2008 were 1) United States 21.5 % 2) China 17.1% 3) Japan 5.3 % 4) Russia 5.1 % 5) India 4.1 % 6) Canada 3.2 % 7) Germany 3.1 % 8) France 2.8 % 9) Brazil 2.3 % and 10) South Korea 2.2 %. The rest of the world produced 33.3 %.IEA Key stats 2010 p.27
| Energy in Finland[17][18][19] | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Import | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
| Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
| 2004 | 5.23 | 443 | 185 | 247 | 87.7 | 68.9 |
| 2007 | 5.29 | 424 | 185 | 232 | 90.8 | 64.4 |
| 2008 | 5.31 | 410 | 193 | 230 | 86.9 | 56.6 |
| Change 2004-2008 | 1.5 % | -7.4 % | 4.2 % | -6.7 % | -1.0 % | -17.9 % |
| Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses that are 2/3 for nuclear power[20] | ||||||
There was no sustainable decline in CO2 emission in Finland during 1990-2007. The annual changes of CO2 emissions of Finland were in some years 7-20 % during 1990-2007. Increase of emissions was 18 % in 1996 and 20 % in 2006. The peat energy use and CO2 emissions per capita had correlation in 1990-2007. [21][22]
| CO2 tonnes per capita in Finland | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| t/capita | Annual change % | Peat TWh | |
| 1990 | 10.2 | 16 | |
| 1991 | 11.0 | 108 % | 16 |
| 1995 | 10.2 | 21 | |
| 1996 | 12.0 | 118 % | 24 |
| 2000 | 10.1 | 17 | |
| 2001 | 10.9 | 108 % | 24 |
| 2003 | 13.2 | 28 | |
| 2004 | 12.8 | 25 | |
| 2005 | 10.4 | 19 | |
| 2006 | 12.6 | 121 % | 26 |
| 2007 | 12.1 | 29 | |
Overview of countries for own use
edit| “Top” energy producer, exporter or consumer 2008/2009 (x)[17] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coal | Oil | Gas | Electricity | Nuclear | |
| Algeria ok | |||||
| Australia ok | x | ||||
| Belgium ok | |||||
| Brazil | x | ||||
| Canada ok | x | x | x | ||
| China ok | x | x | x | x | |
| Colombia | x | ||||
| Czech Republic | x | ||||
| Denmark ok | |||||
| Egypt ok | |||||
| Finland ok | |||||
| France ok | x | ||||
| Germany ok | x | ||||
| India ok | x | x | |||
| Indonesia ok | x | x | |||
| Iran ok | x | x | |||
| Iraq ok | |||||
| Italy ok | |||||
| Japan ok | x | ||||
| Kazakhstan ok | x | ||||
| Kuwait ok | x | ||||
| Libya ok | |||||
| Mexico ok | x | ||||
| Netherlands ok | x | ||||
| Nigeria | |||||
| Norway | x | ||||
| Poland ok | x | ||||
| Qatar ok | x | ||||
| Russia ok | x | x | x | x | |
| Saudi Arabia ok | x | ||||
| Singapore ok | |||||
| South Africa ok | x | ||||
| South Korea | x | ||||
| Spain ok | |||||
| Sweden ok | |||||
| United Arab Emirates ok | x | ||||
| United Kingdom ok | |||||
| United States ok | x | x | x | x | |
| Venezuela ok | x | ||||
| Vietnam ok | x | ||||
| for own use | |||||
Peat energy war in Finland
editI started: Peat energy in Finland since the publication in the Wikinews: n: Peat energy war in Finland was deleted. Maybe it was misunderstanding. In my opinion, Wikipedia needs more peat information. Please join the project since teamwork is Wikipedia's success factor. This is actual subject and in the news frequently e.g. 15.2: The peat industry will have extensive rights for the peat lands, 16.2: The disputes of the use of peat lands continue in the north and 17.2.UN:s corruption group: Finnish laws needs to be stregthen.
Corruption in Finland
edit17.2.UN:s corruption group: Finnish laws needs to be stregthen. Ex prime minister Matti Vanhanen gave public money to an organization that gave election money to him back. The Parlament will vote in the near future if this is leagal or should it be investigated in the court. Matti Vanhanen guilty of negligent dereliction of duty as Prime Minister. A final decision on the matter is next Tuesday in the parlament. in English
According to Vanhanen this matter should never have been investigated.[14] His party declears a conservative ideology with less energy taxes and the reduction of business taxes.[15] His party is also the most devoted peat energy advocate and promotes with Kokoomus the nuclear power. Both conservative parties, Keskusta and Kokoomus, received extensive financing from the construction business before the last election. The hidden financing effected the forming of the government and both the energy policy and the construction policy. The four years media has critizesed the money laundring, the election process problems and the corruption in the construction business. Nothing has changed. The present prime minister Mari Kiviniemi has not told, where she received financing in 2007 but it was a lot.
The memebers of parlament and ministers did not publish their financing since the law (they made themselves) gives no punishments from braking the law. I believe this is still valid.
The political dissatisfaction of conservatism is (in the media tried to) directed to the extream right party Perussuomalaiset, Timo Soini leading. This would prevent the alternatives to the conservative politics. Unfortunately corruption is found in all parties.
Peat
editAccording to IEA country report 26.3.2008 the subsidies for peat undermine goal to reduce CO2 emissions and counteracts other environmental policies and The European Union emissions trading scheme. IEA recommends to adhere to the timetable to phase out the peat subsidies in 2010.[23]
Eurpean Union and IEA statistics list coal and peat combined. The CO2 emission factor (g CO2 / kWh) is higher for peat than for coal. According to statistics of Finland standard emissions g CO 2 / kWh) are hard coal 341, peat 381, wood residues 395 and black liquer 395.
Controversial
editAcoording to environmental activists (Association of Finnish Nature, Friends of the earth, Greenpeace, WWF, scientist) the controversial issues in the Finnish energy politics include nuclear power, peat, renewable energy and energy saving policy and construction guidelines.
In the pharmaceutical science the authers and lectures have the tradition of publishing their connections with industry. According to emiritus chancellor Kari Raivio (Helsinki University) Ms. Satu Helynen would have been more credible if she had done the same.[24]
Tax reform
editThe Finnish government ordered a report from VTT for energy tax reform which was published in 2010. This report studies the carbon tax. Nevertheless, the report includes no tax recommendations for peat. According to Helsingin Sanomat the responsible technology director Satu Helynen has (had) relationships with the peat industry associations.
Freedom of speech
editAccording to critics VTT directors Satu Helynen and Erkki Leppävuori suppressed the expressions of critical peat opinions publicly. Based on public discussion VTT drew up new official statement guidelines for its employees. According to Finnish juridical professors Olli Mäenpää, Seppo Koskinen and Niklas Bruun the new guidelines are more or less also in conflict with the freedom of speech.
Peat industry
editThe peat industry is also the nuclear energy producer in Finland. According to VTT Teollisuuden voima and Pohjolan voima owners UPM, Stora Enso and Fortum are all major peat energy producers.[25]
Vapo
editVapo is a forest industry and state owned company that is specialized in peat industry. In 2010 Vapo aims to dobble the area of peat collection.[26]
Vapo has ongoing 100 applications to new peat collection areas. The environmental councellor Antti Ylitalo has written public appeals to protect endangered natural bogs (moss, moor). According to Vapo these statements formed the conflict of interests to the official evaluations of Vapo’s applications. Environmental councellor Antti Ylitalo felt that the disqualification appeal of Vapo addressed his freedom of speech.[27]
Renewable energy
editThe Finnish government energy strategy 2008 is based on 12,9 % increase in the primary energy consumption and 15,4 % increase in electricity consumption between 2005-2020. The goal is to add 2005-2020: wood 18,2 TWh, biofuel 6 TWh, biogas 0,5 TWh (1,8 TWh), water power 1 TWh, wind power 6 TWh (2 GW) and heat pumps 3,2 TWh.
Neste Oil produces contraversial palm oil based biofuel not only in Finland but also e.g. in Singapore and Amsterdam. Finland’s wind power goal 6 TWh (2020) is modest compared to Sweden 30 TWh in 2020. As a matter of fact the Swedish wind power goal is 1,4 times Finlands present nuclear power production (30TWh/22TWh).
Finland has under construction the fifth nuclear reactor. The parliament gave permission to sixth and seventh reactor in 2020. According to the Finnish government energy strategy 2008 after the sixth nuclear reactor Finlands nuclear power capasity will be 47 TWh in 2020 (page 51).
Parliamentary Commissioner
editThe Commissioner of Parliament Mr. Petri Jääskeläinen published in 22.9.2010 that he will examine if the VTT violates the freedom of speech. He rose the controversial under examination based on the public discussions in the newspapers.[28] In the summer 2010 Finnish parliament voted yes to two additional nuclear power reactors. Before the voting one researcher specialist from VTT expressed his/her critics about the reliability of the electricity market report for the parliament. VTT gave him/her a warning since according to VTT the statement was given in the name of VTT and she/he was not qualified for it. This special researcher claims that he acted privately and revealed in general the contradictions of the electricity market report.[28] Satu Helynen denied another researcher to write and publish her/his critical opinions of peat energy (most probably in the Opinion page or Visitor page) in the Helsingin Sanomat.[28] The Commissioner of Parliament will also evaluate the VTT publication guidelines.[28]
See also
editCategory: Finland Category: Energy
- ^ Year 2008 climate and energy strategy Note Report 6.11.2008 page 41 (in Finnish)
- ^ Energy statistics, Annual year book, Statistics of Finland 2010 (in Finnish)
- ^ a b CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Population 1971-2008 IEA
- ^ Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures Table 55 Regional energy use, 1990 and 2008 (kWh per capita)
- ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Population page 48 forward
- ^ Human Rights Watch World Report 2011 page 369
- ^ a b c [Solar Thermal Markets in Europe Trends and Market Statistics 2010], European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF) June 2011 p. 14-15, Figure Capacity in operation 2010/2020
- ^ Solar thermal market in Europe 2010 Trends and Market Statistics, ESTIF 6/2011
- ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2009 ESTIF 2010
- ^ Solar thermal market grows strongly in Europe 2008 ESTIF 5/2009
- ^ Solar thermal energy barometer 2010 EurObserv’ER Systèmes solaires Le journal des énergies renouvelables n° 197, 5/2010
- ^ Energy , Annual statistics 2006, Statistics Finland, Table 2.7 Energy peat production and consumption
- ^ Fossil and renewable energy , TJ Statistics Finland, Preliminary 2007
- ^ Energy , Annual statistics 2007, Table 2.7 (Turveteollisuusliitto ry, Suomen turvetuottajat ry ja Vapo Oy), Statistics Finland December 2007
- ^ Energy , Annual statistics 2008, Table 2.7 February 2009
- ^ a b Preliminary 2009 Statistics Finland Cite error: The named reference "tilasto2009" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48 Cite error: The named reference "IEA2010" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Key world energy statistics 2009
- ^ Key world energy statistics 2006
- ^ Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures, The Swedish Energy Agency, Table 8 Losses in nuclear power stations Table 9 Nuclear power brutto
- ^ Energy in Finland statistics, Statistics of Finland (Peat TWh)
- ^ US Department of Energy's Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) based on the United Nations Statistics Division, List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions per capita
- ^ Energy Policies of IEA Countries – ¨Finland 2007 Review IEA 26.3.2008, pages 80 and 83
- ^ Emiritus chancellor Kari Raivio: Saako tutkijalla olla jytköksiä teollisuuteen, Helsingin Sanomat 22.9.2010 A2
- ^ Fuel Peat Industry in EU, Country reports – Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania 30.12.2005 VTT
- ^ Turveteollisuus laajentaa - mökkiläiset takajaloillaan yle 19.9.2010
- ^ Vapo haluaa hyllyttää suolupien käsittelijän yle 18.9.2010
- ^ a b c d Oikeusasiamies tutkii VTT:n tutkijoiden painostusväitteet HS 22.9.2010 A9
1.Tutkijoiden vaientaminen vie laitokselta uskottavuutta, HS 24.8.2010 Dosentti Timo Kuuluvainen
2. VTT:n painostuspuheet eivät yllätä professoria, VTT on tarkentanut työntekijöidensä julkisuusohjeita, HS 27.8.2010 A10
3.Energiläget 2006 Energimyndigheten Ruotsi s. 49-50
4.Energy Policies of IEA Countries – ¨Finland 2007 Review IEA 26.3.2008, s. 9, 71-72, 80, 83
5. VTT:n johtajalla turvekytkös, Ministeriölle energiaveroraportin laatineen tutkijan tausta arveluttaa, Teknologiajohtajan esimies kiistää alaisensa edustavan turvelobbareita, HS 9.9.2010 A3
6.VTT:n johtaja puolustaa jäsenyyttään turveyhdistyksessä, HS 10.9.2010 A5 Piia Elonen
7.VTT:llä yhteys turvelobbareihin, Energiaselvityksen luotettavuudesta syntyi kohu HS 9.9.2010 A5
8. ”Tukka nousi pystyyn”, Oikeusoppineet: VTT:n viestintäohje ristiriidassa perustuslain kanssa. Professori Mäenpään mukaan ”pimittämisohjeet rajoittavat sananvapautta, HS 10.9.2010 A5
9. Professori: Selvityksessä ei tarkoitushakuisuutta HS 9.9.2010 A5 Joonas Laitinen
10. Tutkimustieto turpeen käytön pohjaksi, Helsingin Sanomat 14.7.2008 C5.
11. Energian kokonaiskulutus energialähteittäin Tilastokeskus
12.Sähkön ja lämmön tuotanto tuotantomuodoittain ja polttoaineittain Tilastokeskus
13.Energiatilastot 2007 Hiilidioksidipäästöt polttoaineittain Taulukko 11.3.1