Wikipedia

Jiangsu

(Redirected from 江苏省)

Jiangsu[a] is an eastern coastal province of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the leading provinces in finance, education, technology, and tourism, with its capital in Nanjing. Jiangsu is the third smallest, but the fifth most populous, with a population of 84.75 million, and the most densely populated of the 23 provinces of the People's Republic of China. Jiangsu has the highest GDP per capita and second-highest GDP of Chinese provinces, after Guangdong.[6] Jiangsu borders Shandong in the north, Anhui to the west, and Zhejiang and Shanghai to the south. Jiangsu has a coastline of over 1,000 kilometers (620 mi) along the Yellow Sea, and the Yangtze River passes through the southern part of the province.

Jiangsu
江苏
Province
Province of Jiangsu
chinese transcription(s)
 • Chinese江苏省 (Jiāngsū Shěng)
 • AbbreviationJS / 苏 (pinyin: Sū)
 • WuKaonsu San
 • Jiang–HuaiJiang1 su1 Sen3
From top to bottom, left to right: Zifeng Tower in Nanjing, Tiger Hill Pagoda in Suzhou, Xuzhou TV Tower, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Map showing the location of Jiangsu Province
Coordinates: 32°54′N 119°48′E / 32.9°N 119.8°E / 32.9; 119.8
CountryChina
Named for江 Jiāng – Jiangning (now Nanjing)
苏 sū – Suzhou
CapitalNanjing
Largest citySuzhou
Divisions
 - Prefecture-level
 - County-level
 - Township-
level
13 prefectures
95 counties
1237 towns and subdistricts
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyJiangsu Provincial People's Congress
 • Party SecretaryXin Changxing
 • Congress chairmanXin Changxing
 • GovernorXu Kunlin
 • Provincial CPPCC ChairmanZhang Yizhen
 • National People's Congress Representation144 deputies
Area
 • Province
102,600 km2 (39,600 sq mi)
 • Rank25th
Highest elevation
(Mount Huaguo)
625 m (2,051 ft)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Province
84,748,016
 • Rank4th
 • Density830/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
  • Rank4th
 • Urban
63,370,000 (74%)
 • Rural
21,780,000(26%)
DemonymJiangsunese
Demographics
 • Ethnic compositionHan – 99.6%
Hui – 0.2% (160,800)
 • Languages and dialectsMandarin (Official)
Central Plains Mandarin, Lower Yangtze Mandarin, Wu
GDP (2023)[2]
 • TotalCN¥ 12.82 trillion (2nd)
US$ 1.82 trillion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 150,487 (3rd)
US$ 21,356
ISO 3166 codeCN-JS
HDI (2022)0.827[3] (4th) – very high
Websitewww.jiangsu.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata (in Chinese)
English version
Jiangsu
"Jiangsu" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese江苏
Traditional Chinese江蘇
PostalKiangsu
Literal meaning"Jiang(ning) and Su(zhou)"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJiāngsū
Bopomofoㄐㄧㄤ   ㄙㄨ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhJiangsu
Wade–GilesChiang1-su1
IPA[tɕjáŋ.sú]
Wu
SuzhouneseKaon-sou
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGōng-sōu
JyutpingGong1-sou1
IPA[kɔŋ˥.sɔw˥]
Southern Min
Tâi-lôKang-soo

Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Jiangsu has been a national economic and commercial center, partly due to the construction of the Grand Canal. Cities such as Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and Shanghai (separated from Jiangsu in 1927) are all major Chinese economic hubs. Since the initiation of economic reforms in 1990, Jiangsu has become a focal point for economic development. It is widely regarded as one of China's most developed provinces, when measured by its Human Development Index (HDI).[3] Its 2021 nominal GDP per capita reached RMB 137,300 (US$21,287), becoming the first province in China to reach the $20,000 mark.

Jiangsu is home to many of the world's leading exporters of electronic equipment, chemicals and textiles.[7] It has also been China's largest recipient of foreign direct investment since 2006. In 2022, its GDP was more than CNY¥12.29 trillion (US$1.83 trillion in nominal), which is the sixth-highest of all administrative divisions.[2] If it were a country, it would be the twelfth-largest economy as of 2022 as well as the 19th most populous.[8]

Jiangsu is also one of the leading provinces in research and education in China. As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces.[9] Jiangsu has many highly ranked educational institutions,[10] with 16 number of universities listed in the Double First-Class Construction, ranking second after Beijing. As of 2023, four major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 200 (Nanjing 6th, Suzhou 40th, Zhenjiang 166th and Wuxi 188th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[11]

Name

edit

Jiangsu's name is a compound of the first elements of the names of the two cities of Jiangning (now Nanjing) and Suzhou. The abbreviation for this province is "苏" (Sū), the second character of its name.[12]

History

edit

During the earliest Chinese dynasties, the area that is now Jiangsu was far away from the center of Chinese civilization, which was in the northwest Henan; it was home of the Huai barbarians (淮夷), an ancient ethnic group. During the Zhou dynasty more contact was made, and eventually the state of Wu appeared in southern Jiangsu, one of the many hundreds of states that existed across northern and central China at that time. Near the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Wu became a great power under King Helu of Wu, and defeated in 484 BC the state of Qi, a major power in the north in modern-day Shandong province, and contest for the position of overlord over all states of China. The state of Wu was subjugated in 473 BC by the state of Yue, another state that had emerged to the south in modern-day Zhejiang province. Yue was in turn subjugated by the powerful state of Chu from the west in 333 BC. Eventually the state of Qin swept away all the other states, and unified China in 221 BC.[13]

 
One of the tortoise stelae of Xiao Dan (478–522), a member of the Liang royal family. Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, near Nanjing

Under the reign of the Han dynasty (206 BC to 220 AD), Jiangsu was removed from the centers of civilization in the North China Plain, and was administered under two zhou (provinces): Xu Province in the north, and Yang Province in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, southern Jiangsu became the base of the Eastern Wu (222 to 280), whose capital, Jianye (later renamed to Jiankang), is modern Nanjing. When nomadic invasions overran northern China in the 4th century, the imperial court of the Jin dynasty moved to Jiankang. Cities in southern and central Jiangsu swelled with the influx of migrants from the north. Jiankang remained as the capital for four successive Southern dynasties and became the largest commercial and cultural center in China.[14]

 
The Huqiu Tower of Tiger Hill, Suzhou, built in 961.

After the Sui dynasty united the country in 581, the political center of the country shifted back to the north, but the Grand Canal was built through Jiangsu to link the Central Plains with the prosperous Yangtze Delta. The Tang dynasty (618–907) relied on southern Jiangsu for annual deliveries of grain. It was during the Song dynasty (960–1279), which saw the development of a wealthy mercantile class and emergent market economy in China, that Jiangnan (southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, and adjacent areas) emerged as a center of trade. From then onwards, major cities like Suzhou or Yangzhou, would be synonymous with opulence and luxury in China. Today the region remains one of the richest parts of China.

The Jurchen Jin dynasty gained control of North China in 1127 during the Jin-Song wars, and Huai River, which used to cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea, was the border between the north, under the Jin, and the south, under the Southern Song dynasty. The Mongols took control of China in the thirteenth century. The Ming dynasty, which was established in 1368 after driving out the Mongols who had occupied China, initially put its capital in Nanjing. Regions surrounding Nanjing, corresponding to Jiangsu and Anhui today, were designated as the Nanzhili province (literally "southern directly governed"). Following a coup by Zhu Di (later, the Yongle Emperor), however, the capital was moved to Beijing, far to the north, although Nanjing kept its status as the southern capital. In late Ming, Jiangnan continued to be an important center of trade in China; some historians see in the flourishing textiles industry at the time incipient industrialization and capitalism, a trend that was however aborted.

 
The Beisi Pagoda of Suzhou, built between 1131 and 1162 during the Song dynasty, 76 m (249 ft) tall.

The Qing dynasty converted Nanzhili to "Jiangnan province"; in 1666 Jiangsu and Anhui were split apart as separate provinces. Jiangsu's borders have been for the most part stable since then.

With the start of Western incursion into China in the 1840s, the rich and mercantile Yangtze river delta was increasingly exposed to Western influence; Shanghai, originally an unremarkable little town of Jiangsu, quickly developed into a metropolis of trade, banking, and cosmopolitanism, and was split out later as an independent municipality. Jiangnan also figures strongly in the Taiping Rebellion (1851 – 1864), a massive and deadly rebellion that attempted to set up a Christian theocracy in China; it started far to the south, in Guangdong province, swept through much of South China, and by 1853, had established Nanjing as its capital, renamed as Tianjing (天京 "Heavenly Capital").

The Republic of China was established in 1912,[15] and China was soon torn apart by warlords. Jiangsu changed hands several times, but in April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek established a government at Nanjing; he was soon able to bring most of China under his control. This was however interrupted by the second Sino-Japanese War, which began full-scale in 1937; on December 13, 1937, Nanjing fell, and the combined atrocities of the occupying Japanese for the next three months would come to be known as the Rape of Nanjing, after which it became the seat of the collaborationist government of East China under Wang Jingwei, and most of Jiangsu remained under Japanese occupation until the end of the war in 1945.

After the war, Nanjing was once again the capital of the Republic of China, though now the Chinese Civil War had broken out between the Kuomintang government and Communist forces, based further north, mostly in Northeast China. The decisive Huaihai Campaign was fought in northern Jiangsu; it resulted in Kuomintang defeat, and the communists were soon able to cross the Yangtze River and take Nanjing. The Kuomintang fled southward and eventually ended up in Taipei, from which the Republic of China government continues to administer Taiwan, Pescadores, and its neighboring islands, though it also continues to claim (technically, at least) Nanjing as its rightful de jure capital.

After the communist takeover, Beijing (formerly Peiping) was made capital of the People's Republic, and Nanjing was demoted to be the provincial capital of Jiangsu. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping initially focused on the south coast of China, in Guangdong province, which soon left Jiangsu behind; starting from the 1990s they were applied more evenly to the rest of China. Suzhou and Wuxi, two southern cities of Jiangsu in close proximity to neighboring Shanghai, have since become particularly prosperous, being among the top 10 cities in China in terms of gross domestic product and outstripping the provincial capital of Nanjing. The income disparity between northern and southern Jiangsu however remains large.

Geography

edit
 
Population density and low elevation coastal zones in Jiangsu. Jiangsu is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.
 
Jiangsu in 1946
 
Tourists cross a bridge in Chengxu temple, a Taoist temple which was built in 1086-1093 during the Song dynasty

Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than 50 meters (160 ft) above sea level. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of traditional Chinese: 水鄕; simplified Chinese: 水乡 (shuǐxiāng "land of water"). The southern city of Suzhou has so many canals that it has been dubbed "Venice of the East" or the "Venice of the Orient".[16][17] The Grand Canal of China cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east–west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the Yellow Sea. The Yangtze River, the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the East China Sea, which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division.[18] Mount Huaguo, near the city of Lianyungang, is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of 625 meters (2,051 ft) above sea level. Large lakes in Jiangsu include Lake Tai (the largest), Lake Hongze, Lake Gaoyou, Lake Luoma, and Lake Yangcheng.

Before 1194 A.D., the Huai River cut through north Jiangsu to reach the Yellow Sea. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between North China and South China. Since 1194 A.D., the Yellow River further to the north changed its course several times, running into the Huai River in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into Bohai Bay. The silting caused by the Yellow River was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging Lake Hongze and Lake Gaoyou), and flowed southwards through the Grand Canal into the Yangtze. The old path of the Huai River is now marked by a series of irrigation channels, the most significant of which is the North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal (traditional Chinese: 蘇北灌溉總渠; simplified Chinese: 苏北灌溉总渠), which channels a small amount of the water of the Huai River alongside south of its old path into the sea.

 
Xuanwu Lake in Nanjing

Most of Jiangsu has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa or Cwa in the Köppen climate classification), beginning to transition into a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of −1 to 4 °C (30 to 39 °F) in January and 26 to 29 °C (79 to 84 °F) in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer (meiyu), typhoons with rainstorms occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is 800 to 1,200 millimeters (31 to 47 in), concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast monsoon.

Climate change in Jiangsu

edit

Due to its flat terrain, low altitude, and dense population, Jiangsu is one of the most vulnerable regions in China to climate change and its ensuing sea level rise.[19] According to the data collected by the Center of Climate Change in Jiangsu from 1961 to 2007, on average, the province experiences an temperature increase between 0.16 and 0.45 Celsius per 10 years and total precipitation change between -28.7 and 37.09 mm per 10 years. Extreme weather have become stronger and more common. Jiangsu's agriculture, ecosystem, water resource, transportation, and coastline are all negatively impacted. The speed of sea level rise exceeds the world's average by a large margin.[20]

Specifically, a ranking on climate change risk of global regions released in early 2023 by The Cross Dependency Initiative (XDI) puts Jiangsu as the most vulnerable of the entire world.[19] Jiangsu is at more risk due to its extensive industrial, trade, residential, and commercial development.[21]

In response to climate disturbance across the country, the fourteenth five-year plan, endorsed by the National People's Congress in 2021, indicates the general direction and various steps towards a low-carbon transition.[22] On a provincial level, the Jiangsu government aims to achieve an 18% carbon dioxide decrease per unit GDP and accelerate the development of a green, low-carbon economy, as indicated in the 14th five-year development. The province also plans to recover the damaged coastal regions such as Lianyugang and Yancheng, and improve resilience against rising sea level by implementing seawalls and river floodgates.[23]

Major cities:[24]

Administrative divisions

edit
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu and List of township-level divisions of Jiangsu

Jiangsu is divided into thirteen prefecture-level divisions, all prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city):

Administrative divisions of Jiangsu
Division code[25] Division Area in km2[26] Population 2020[27] Seat Divisions[28]
Districts Counties CL cities
320000 Jiangsu Province 102,600.00 84,748,016 Nanjing city 55 19 21
320100 Nanjing city 6,582.31 9,314,685 Xuanwu District 11
320200 Wuxi city 4,787.61 7,462,135 Binhu District 5 2
320300 Xuzhou city 11,764.88 9,083,790 Yunlong District 5 3 2
320400 Changzhou city 4,384.57 5,278,121 Xinbei District 5 1
320500 Suzhou city 8,488.42 12,748,262 Gusu District 5 4
320600 Nantong city 8,001.00 7,726,635 Chongchuan District 3 1 3
320700 Lianyungang city 7,615.29 4,599,360 Haizhou District 3 3
320800 Huai'an city 9,949.97 4,556,230 Qingjiangpu District 4 3
320900 Yancheng city 16,972.42 6,709,629 Tinghu District 3 5 1
321000 Yangzhou city 6,591.21 4,559,797 Hanjiang District 3 1 2
321100 Zhenjiang city 3,840.32 3,210,418 Jingkou District 3 3
321200 Taizhou city 5,787.26 4,512,762 Hailing District 3 3
321300 Suqian city 8,555.00 4,986,192 Sucheng District 2 3
  Sub-provincial cities
 
Population distribution of Jiangsu in 2010

These prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 95 county-level divisions (55 districts, 21 county-level cities, and 19 counties). Those are in turn divided into 1,237 township-level divisions (699 towns, 19 townships, and 519 subdistricts). At the end of the year 2021, the total population was 85.05 million.[2]

Urban areas

edit
Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
No. Cities 2020 Urban area[29] 2010 Urban area[30] 2020 City proper
1 Nanjing 8,085,241 5,827,888[b] 9,314,685
2 Suzhou 5,892,892 3,302,152[c] 12,748,262
3 Wuxi 3,956,985 2,757,736 7,462,135
4 Changzhou 3,572,349 2,257,376[d] 5,278,121
5 Xuzhou 2,517,693 1,735,166[e] 9,083,790
6 Nantong 1,993,344[f] 1,612,385 7,726,635
7 Yangzhou 1,846,656 1,077,531[g] 4,559,797
8 Yancheng 1,678,542 1,136,826[h] 6,709,629
9 Kunshan 1,652,159 1,118,617 see Suzhou
10 Huai'an 1,561,105 1,523,655[i] 4,556,230
11 Lianyungang 1,395,701 897,393[j] 4,599,360
12 Jiangyin 1,331,352 1,013,670 see Wuxi
13 Changshu 1,230,599 929,124 see Suzhou
14 Taizhou 1,140,206 676,877[k] 4,512,762
15 Zhenjiang 1,123,813 950,516 3,210,418
16 Zhangjiagang 1,055,893 762,625 see Suzhou
17 Suqian 940,921 783,376 4,986,192
18 Yixing 889,871 710,497 see Wuxi
19 Pizhou 850,815 631,572 see Xuzhou
20 Danyang 792,584 500,572 see Zhenjiang
21 Rugao 761,879 614,909 see Nantong
22 Xinghua 649,849 575,288 see Taizhou
23 Taixing 619,033 553,079 see Taizhou
24 Hai'an 601,165 [l] see Nantong
25 Taicang 586,830 435,225 see Suzhou
26 Qidong 580,157 479,243 see Nantong
27 Xinyi 549,911 402,169 see Xuzhou
28 Dongtai 524,562 489,815 see Yancheng
29 Liyang 495,507 368,409 see Changzhou
30 Jingjiang 453,970 388,119 see Taizhou
31 Gaoyou 422,816 341,069 see Yangzhou
32 Jurong 412,996 299,033 see Zhenjiang
33 Yizheng 356,995 271,969 see Yangzhou
34 Yangzhong 221,434 179,771 see Zhenjiang
— Haimen 661,983[f] 453,781 see Nantong
— Wujiang see Suzhou 781,771[c] see Suzhou
— Jiangdu see Yangzhou 506,706[g] see Yangzhou
— Jiangyan see Taizhou 376,724[k] see Taizhou
— Dafeng see Yancheng 347,389[h] see Yancheng
— Jintan see Changzhou 275,185[d] see Changzhou
  1. ^ UK: /dʒæŋˈsuː/;[4] US: /ˈdʒjɑːŋˈsuː/ [5] Chinese: 江苏ⓘ; pinyin: Jiāngsū, alternatively romanized as Kiangsu or Chiangsu
  2. ^ New districts established after 2010 census: Lishui (Lishui County), Gaochun (Gaochun County). These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  3. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Wujiang (Wujiang CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  4. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Jintan (Jintan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  5. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Tongshan (Tongshan County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  6. ^ a b New district established after 2020 census: Haimen (Haimen CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  7. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Jiangdu (Jiangdu CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  8. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Dafeng (Dafeng CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  9. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Hongze (Hongze County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  10. ^ New district established after 2010 census: Ganyu (Ganyu County). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  11. ^ a b New district established after 2010 census: Jiangyan (Jiangyan CLC). The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.
  12. ^ Hai'an County is currently known as Hai'an CLC after 2010 census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Jiangsu
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[31]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
 
Nanjing
 
Suzhou 		1 Nanjing 6,572,000 11 Taizhou 967,600  
Wuxi
 
Changzhou
2 Suzhou 3,572,500 12 Zhenjiang 888,500
3 Wuxi 2,588,400 13 Suqian 823,900
4 Changzhou 2,340,700 14 Kunshan 527,400
5 Xuzhou 2,066,900 15 Yixing 510,400
6 Nantong 1,634,100 16 Changshu 436,500
7 Huai'an 1,604,500 17 Pizhou 405,000
8 Yancheng 1,342,700 18 Zhangjiagang 384,000
9 Yangzhou 1,219,400 19 Jiangyin 382,500
10 Lianyungang 1,102,000 20 Danyang 364,400

Politics

edit
Main articles: Politics of Jiangsu and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China

The politics of Jiangsu is structured in a one party (Communist) government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu CCP Party Chief".

Courts

edit

In July 2021, the Jiangsu Intermediate Court established a labor tribunal to handle labor disputes arising from the platform economy.[32]: 183 

Economy

edit
 
An industrial landscape in Ganjiaxiang, Qixia District, Nanjing

As of 2022, Jiangsu had a gross domestic product (GDP) of CNY¥12.29 trillion (US$1.83 trillion),[2] the second-highest in China after Guangdong. Its GDP is greater than those of Australia and South Korea, which are the world's 12th- and 13th-largest economies respectively.[33] In 2022, Jiangsu's GDP adjusted by purchasing power parity was $3.04 trillion, making it the 3rd-largest of any country subdivision globally, behind California and Guangdong.[34] Jiangsu's economy in PPP also was just behind that of Italy with a GDP PPP of $ $3.05 trillion, the 12th largest in the world.[33]

Jiangsu is very wealthy among the provinces of China. Its 2022 nominal GDP per capita reached ¥144,390 (US$21,467), becoming the first province in China to reach the $20,000 mark.[35][33] Cities like Nanjing, Suzhou, and Wuxi have GDPs per capita around twice the provincial average, making south Jiangsu one of the most prosperous regions in China.

The province has an extensive irrigation system supporting its agriculture, which is based primarily on rice and wheat, followed by maize and sorghum. Main cash crops include cotton, soybeans, peanuts, rapeseed, sesame, ambary hemp, and tea. Other products include peppermint, spearmint, bamboo, medicinal herbs, apples, pears, peaches, loquats, ginkgo. Silkworms form an important part of Jiangsu's agriculture, with the Lake Tai region to the south a major base of silk production in China. Jiangsu is an important producer of freshwater fish and other aquatic products.

Jiangsu has coal, petroleum, and natural gas deposits, but its most significant mineral products are non-metal minerals such as halite (rock salt), sulfur, phosphorus, and marble. The city of Xuzhou is a coal hub of China. The salt mines of Huaiyin have more than 0.4 trillion tonnes of deposits, one of the greatest collections of deposits in China.

Jiangsu is historically oriented toward light industries such as textiles and food industry. Since 1949, Jiangsu has developed heavy industries such as chemical industry and construction materials. Jiangsu's important industries include machinery, electronic, chemicals, and automobile.[36][37] The government has worked hard to promote the solar industry and hoped by 2012 the solar industry would be worth 100 billion RMB.[38] Jiangsu's economy growth has directly benefited from the reform Chinese's policies, and its growth trajectory reflects that of many other coastal provinces, such as Zhejiang and Shandong.[39] The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping have greatly benefited southern cities, especially Suzhou and Wuxi, which outstrip the provincial capital, Nanjing, in total output. In the eastern outskirts of Suzhou, Singapore has built the Suzhou Industrial Park, a flagship of Sino-Singaporean cooperation and the only industrial park in China that is in its entirety the investment of a single foreign country.

Jiangsu contains over 100 different economic and technological development zones devoted to different types of investments.[40]

Demographics

edit
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[41] 32,283,000—    
1928[42] 34,126,000+5.7%
1936–37[43] 36,469,000+6.9%
1947[44] 36,080,000−1.1%
1954[45] 41,252,192+14.3%
1964[46] 44,504,608+7.9%
1982[47] 60,521,114+36.0%
1990[48] 67,056,519+10.8%
2000[49] 73,043,577+8.9%
2010[50] 78,659,903+7.7%
Shanghai was part of Jiangsu Province until 1927.
Nanjing part of Jiangsu Province until 1927; dissolved in 1952 and incorporated into Jiangsu Province.

The majority of Jiangsu residents are ethnic Han Chinese. Other minorities include the Hui and the Manchus. In 2021, 73.94 percent of the province lived in urban areas, while 26.06 lived in rural areas.[2]

Demographic indicators in 2021

Population: 85.05 million (urban: 62.89 million; rural: 39.421 million)
Birth rate: 5.65 per 1000
Death rate: 6.77 per 1000
Sex ratio: 103.05 males per 100 females
Literacy rate: 96.94%

Religion

edit

Religion in Jiangsu[51][note 1]

  Chinese ancestral religion (16.67%)
  Christianity (2.64%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 2] (80.69%)

The predominant religions in Jiangsu are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 16.67% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 2.64% of the population identifies as Christian.[51] The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 80.69% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects, and small minorities of Muslims.

In 2010, there were 130,757 Muslims in Jiangsu.[52]

Transportation

edit

Jiangsu is home to one of the most extensive transportation networks in China.

Air

edit

Nanjing Lukou International Airport (IATA: NKG) serves as the major airport in the province, with flights to Tokyo, Osaka, Hong Kong, Seoul-Incheon, Frankfurt, Bangkok, Milan, Vancouver and Los Angeles. Other passenger airports include Sunan Shuofang International Airport, Changzhou Benniu Airport, Yangzhou Taizhou International Airport, and Nantong Xingdong Airport. Air traffic in the populated Suzhou area is often diverted to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport, to which Suzhou is conveniently connected to via bus services and by expressway.

Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport, Yancheng Nanyang International Airport, and Lianyungang Baitabu Airport serve as hubs in northern Jiangsu.

Rail

edit
Main article: Railways in Jiangsu

The southern part of the province, namely the Shanghai-Nanjing corridor, has very high-frequency rail services. Jiangsu is on the Jinghu railway from Beijing to Shanghai, as well as the high speed line between the two cities: Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway and Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway, completed in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Since the completion of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed line, travel time between Beijing and Nanjing has been reduced to approximately four hours (from eleven hours previously); travel time between Nanjing and Shanghai on the fastest high-speed trains takes just over an hour.

As of 2022, all major cities in Jiangsu have been connected by high-speed lines, including: Shanghai-Nanjing intercity railway since 2010, Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway since 2011, Nanjing–Hangzhou high-speed railway since 2013, Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway since 2015, Lianyungang–Zhenjiang high-speed railway since 2020, Xuzhou–Yancheng high-speed railway since 2019, Yancheng–Nantong high-speed railway since 2020, Shanghai–Suzhou–Nantong railway since 2020, and Lianyungang–Xuzhou high-speed railway since 2021.

Road

edit

Jiangsu's road network is one of the most developed in the country.[53] The Beijing–Shanghai Expressway (G2) enters the province from the north and passes through Huai'an, Yangzhou, Taizhou, and Wuxi on the way to Shanghai; travelling from Shanghai westbound, the G2 forks at Wuxi and continues onto Nanjing separately as G42, the Shanghai–Nanjing Expressway, which serves the widely travelled southern corridor of the province. The Ningchang Expressway links Nanjing with Changzhou. The Suzhou area is extensively networked with expressways, going in all directions. The Yanhai Expressway links the coastal regions of the province, passing through Nantong, Yancheng, and Lianyungang.

Historically, the province was divided by the Yangtze River into northern and southern regions. The first bridge across the river in Jiangsu, the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, was completed in 1968 during the Cultural Revolution. The second bridge crossing, Jiangyin Bridge, opened 30 years later at Jiangyin. As of October 2014, there were 11 cross-Yangtze bridges in the province, including the five in Nanjing, which also has two cross-river tunnels. The Jiangyin Bridge (1,385 m (4,544 ft)), Runyang Bridge (opened in 2005, connecting Yangzhou and Zhenjiang, 1,490 m (4,890 ft)), and Fourth Nanjing Bridge (opened in 2012; 1,418 m (4,652 ft)) all rank among the ten longest suspension bridges in the world. The Sutong Bridge, opened in 2008, connecting Nantong and Changshu, has one of the longest cable-stayed bridge spans in the world, at 1,088 m (3,570 ft).

Metro (subway)

edit

As of December 2022, Jiangsu has six cities that have operational subway systems, together with an extra city (Huai'an) currently under construction. These six cities are Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Xuzhou and Nantong.

The Nanjing Metro was opened in September 2005. It was the sixth city in mainland China that opened up a metro system. As of December 2019 the city currently has 11 metro lines (Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 10, Line S1, Line S3, Line S6, Line S7, Line S8 and Line S9), with several extra ones (i.e. Line 5) under construction.

The Suzhou Rail Transit, also known as the Suzhou Metro, was opened in April 2012. As of October, 2022, it currently has five operational lines: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4 and Line 5. It also has four other lines under construction (Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line S1) and 11 lines under planning (Lines 9, 10, 11 through 16, Line 18, Line 20, Line S4, Line S5). Currently under construction lines are expected to be operational by 2024 and planned lines are expected to be operational by 2035.

The Wuxi Metro was opened in July 2014. The system is currently composed of four operational lines by 2022: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3 and Line 4. It also has two other lines under construction: Line S1 and an extension of Line 4.

The Changzhou Metro was opened in September 2019. The system currently only has two lines operational, Line 1 and Line 2.

The Xuzhou Metro was opened in September 2019, a few days after the Changzhou Metro started operations. The system currently only has three lines operational, Line 1, Line 2 and Line 3.

The Nantong Metro was opened in November 2022. It has one operating line: Line 1 and another line under construction: Line 2.[54]

The Huai'an Metro, also known as the Huai'an Rail System, began construction in November 2018. There are seven lines planned: Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line S1, and Line S2. It is expected to start operations before 2025.

Culture

edit

The four mass migrations in the 4th, 8th, 12th and 14th centuries had been influential in shaping the regional culture of Jiangsu. According to dialects and the other factors, the province can be roughly segmented four major cultural subdivisions: Wu (吴), Jinling (金陵), Huaiyang (淮扬) and Xuhuai (徐淮), from southeast to northwest.[citation needed] The belts of transition blurred the boundaries.[55][56][57]

Group Wuyue Lower Yangtze Central Plains
Designation Wu Jinling Huaiyang Xuhuai
Major dialect Wu Chinese Lower Yangtze Mandarin Lower Yangtze Mandarin Central Plains Mandarin
Core Suzhou Nanjing Yangzhou Xuzhou
 
The Humble Administrator's Garden, one of the classical gardens of Suzhou.

Jiangsu is rich in cultural traditions. Kunqu, originating in Kunshan, is one of the most renowned and prestigious forms of Chinese opera.[58][citation needed] Pingtan, a form of storytelling accompanied by music, is also popular: it can be subdivided into types by origin: Suzhou Pingtan (of Suzhou), Yangzhou Pingtan (of Yangzhou), and Nanjing Pingtan (of Nanjing). Wuxi opera, a form of traditional Chinese opera, is popular in Wuxi, while Huaiju is popular further north, around Yancheng. Jiangsu cuisine is one of the eight great traditions of the cuisine of China.

Suzhou is also well known for its silk, Chinese embroidery, jasmine tea, stone bridges, pagodas, and classical gardens. Nearby Yixing is noted for its teaware while Yangzhou is known for its lacquerware and jadeware. Nanjing's yunjin is a noted type of woven silk.

Since ancient times, south Jiangsu has been famed for its prosperity and opulence, and simply inserting south Jiangsu place names (Suzhou, Yangzhou, etc.) into poetry gave an effect of dreaminess,[citation needed] as was indeed done by many famous poets. In particular, the fame of Suzhou (as well as Hangzhou in neighbouring Zhejiang) has led to the popular saying: 上有天堂，下有蘇杭 ("above there is heaven; below there are Suzhou and Hangzhou"), a saying that continues to be a source of pride for the people of these two still prosperous cities. Similarly, the prosperity of Yangzhou has led poets to dream of: 腰纏十萬貫，騎鶴下揚州 ("with a hundred thousand strings of coins wrapped around its waist, a crane landed in Yangzhou").

Education and research

edit

Higher education

edit
For a more comprehensive list, see List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu and Project 211.

As of 2022, Jiangsu hosts 168 institutions of higher education, ranking first of all Chinese provinces.[59] There are two Project 985, 11 Project 211, and 16 Double First-Class Construction universities in the province. A combination of 93 members of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Engineering work in Jiangsu.[60] As of 2023, four major cities in Jiangsu ranked in the world's top 200 (Nanjing 6th, Suzhou 40th, Zhenjiang 166th and Wuxi 188th) cities by scientific research output, as tracked by the Nature Index.[11]

Double First Class Universities in Jiangsu

edit
Jiangsu (16) Nanjing (13)
Wuxi
Suzhou
Xuzhou

Other Major Research Universities in Jiangsu

Additional schools

edit

Tourism

edit

Nanjing was the capital of several Chinese dynasties and contains a variety of historic sites, such as the Purple Mountain, Purple Mountain Observatory, the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Ming dynasty city wall and gates, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum (the mausoleum of the first Ming Emperor, Hongwu Emperor), Xuanwu Lake, Jiming Temple, the Nanjing Massacre Memorial, Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, and the Nanjing Zoo, along with its circus. Suzhou is renowned for its classical gardens (designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site), as well as the Hanshan Temple, and Huqiu Tower. Nearby is the water-town of Zhouzhuang, an international tourist destination with Venice-like waterways, bridges and dwellings, which have been preserved over centuries. Yangzhou is known for Slender West Lake. Wuxi is known for being the home of the world's tallest Buddha statue. In the north, Xuzhou is designated as one of China's "eminent historical cities". The official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu[61] was set up in 2008.

Sports

edit
 
Nanjing Olympic Sports Center.

Professional sports teams in Jiangsu include:

International relations

edit

Twin Provinces

edit

Source:[62]

Country State/Province Time
  Australia Victoria 1979/11/18
  Japan Aichi 1980/7/28
  North Korea Kangwon 1984/11/8
  Canada Ontario 1985/11/21
  United States New York 1989/4/21
  United Kingdom Essex 1992/7/16
  Germany North Rhine-Westphalia 1992/8/1
  Italy Tuscany 1992/9/18
  Japan Fukuoka 1992/11/4
  Pakistan Punjab 1993/12/28
  Germany Baden-Württemberg 1994/4/23
  Netherlands North Brabant 1994/9/9
  South Korea North Jeolla 1994/10/27
  Brazil Minas Gerais 1996/3/27
  Italy Veneto 1998/6/22
  Sweden Östergötland 1999/3/22
  Russia Moscow Oblast 1999/8/20
  Belgium Namur 2000/5/7
  South Africa Free state 2000/6/7
  Poland Lesser Poland 2000/11/16
  Finland Southern Finland 2001/5/11
  Colombia Atlántico 2001/6/4
  Malaysia Malacca 2002/9/18
  France Alsace 2007/05/24
  Mexico Baja California 2006/8/23
  Switzerland Lucerne 2011/4/26
  United States California 2011/7/18
  Turkey İzmir 2012/4/30
  Spain Basque 2012/4/27
  Denmark Capital Region 2015/1/30
  Belarus Mogilev 2015/5/10
  Namibia Khomas 2015/6/19
  Malaysia Kedah 2023/10/6

Twin towns and sister cities

edit

Source:[63]

See also

edit

Notes

edit
  1. ^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[51] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organized into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ^ This may include:

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. see also "National Data". China NBS. March 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.; see also "zh: 2023年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报". jiangsu.gov.cn. March 5, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024. The average exchange rate of 2023 was CNY 7.0467 to 1 USD dollar "Statistical communiqué of the People's Republic of China on the 2023 national economic and social development" (Press release). China NBS. February 29, 2024. Retrieved June 22, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Human Development Indices (8.0)- China". Global Data Lab. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
  4. ^ "Jiangsu". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021.
  5. ^ "Jiangsu". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster.
  6. ^ 赵婷婷. "Top 10 regions with highest GDP in China[2]- Chinadaily.com.cn". ChinaDaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  7. ^ "China provinces 'to be bigger than Russia'". FT.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  8. ^ "GDP (current US$) | 2021 Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  9. ^ "Jiangsu authorities recount achievements in higher education field over past decade". Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education. September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  10. ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Best Chinese Universities Ranking". www.shanghairanking.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  11. ^ a b "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2023 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved November 22, 2023.
  12. ^ (in Chinese) Origin of the Names of China's Provinces Archived 2016-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online. (in Chinese)
  13. ^ "Jiangsu - province, China". Britannica.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  14. ^ 管玉春, 六代繁华帝王都 东晋、南朝的都城——建康 (in Simplified Chinese). June 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved January 4, 2015.
  15. ^ "Republic of China (1912 AD－1949 AD) - China culture". cultural-china.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  16. ^ "Suzhou -'Venice in the Orient' – China Travel Guide". Uvista.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  17. ^ "Nikonians Photo Galleries – Venice of the East". Images.nikonians.org. Archived from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  18. ^ Jiangsu, New York's China Sister Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, 2009-04-27
  19. ^ a b "XDI releases world-first comparison of every state's physical climate risk". www.preventionweb.net. February 20, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  20. ^ 苏, 政发 (2009). "江苏省政府关于印发江苏省应对气候变化方案的通知". 中国气候变化信息网.
  21. ^ "XDI Benchmark Series - Gross Domestic Climate Risk". XDI. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  22. ^ "Issue Brief - China's 14th 5-Year Plan: Spotlighting Climate & Environment | United Nations Development Programme". UNDP. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  23. ^ 内详; 林森 (April 11, 2022). "江苏省印发《江苏省"十四五"应对气候变化规划》的通知". 中国绿色碳汇基金会. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
  24. ^ "Cities and Towns in Jiangsu". Jiangsu.net. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  25. ^ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  26. ^ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  27. ^ "江苏省人民政府 数据发布 江苏省第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）". www.jiangsu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on December 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  28. ^ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  29. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). 中国2020年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
  30. ^ 国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.
  31. ^ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2021.
  32. ^ Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024). High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780197682258.
  33. ^ a b c International Monetary Fund. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023". International Monetary Fund.
  34. ^ "Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? - Full Size". www.visualcapitalist.com. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  35. ^ "Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers". China Briefing News. February 7, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
  36. ^ "Jiangsu Province: Economic News and Statistics for Jiangsu's Economy". Thechinaperspective.com. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  37. ^ "Country Profile:Jiangsu province -People's Daily Online". English.peopledaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  38. ^ [The China Perspective http://thechinaperspective.com/articles/jiangsusettoreacha100bphotovoltaicindustry6597/index.html Archived 2009-11-19 at the Wayback Machine]
  39. ^ Wei, Yehua Dennis; Fan, C. Cindy (September 17, 2010). "Regional Inequality in China: A Case Study of Jiangsu Province". The Professional Geographer. 52 (3): 455–469. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.00238. S2CID 11030401.
  40. ^ "Search Results: Economic and Technological Development Zones in Jiangsu". Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  41. ^ 1912年中国人口. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  42. ^ 1928年中国人口. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  43. ^ 1936–37年中国人口. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  44. ^ 1947年全国人口. Archived from the original on September 13, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  45. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009.
  46. ^ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on September 14, 2012.
  47. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012.
  48. ^ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on June 19, 2012.
  49. ^ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012.
  50. ^ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013.
  51. ^ a b c China General Social Survey 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15) Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
  52. ^ "Muslim in China, Muslim Population & Distribution & Minority in China". topchinatravel.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  53. ^ "Jiangsu Chamber of International Commerce". coicjs.org. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
  54. ^ "南通轨道交通". www.ntrailway.com. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
  55. ^ 江苏省地方志 文化. jssdfz.jiangsu.gov.cn. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  56. ^ "Jiangsu Provincial Geography" (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing Normal University Publishing Group. 2011. ISBN 9787303131686.
  57. ^ 江苏省2001-2010年文化大省建设规划纲要 淮安宣传网-中共淮安市委宣传部主办. xcb.huaian.gov.cn. Huai'an People's Government. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
  58. ^ Luxembourg, China Collection -. "China Collection: Online Gallery - Discover Asia - Geography, Provinces, 4". www.china-art-collection.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
  59. ^ ""List of National Colleges and Universities - Government Portal of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved August 7, 2022.
  60. ^ 2015年江苏省国民经济和社会发展统计公报. Jiangsu Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
  61. ^ "official travel and tourism website for Jiangsu". Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
  62. ^ "江苏省外事办 友城风采 省级友城统计表（截止2016年9月，共32对）".
  63. ^ "江苏省外事办 友城风采 市县友城统计表（截止2016年9月，共268对）".
  64. ^ ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結. Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.

Sources

edit
edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 江苏.
 
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Jiangsu.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiangsu&oldid=1259972578"