Helong

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Helong
Native toIndonesia
RegionWest Timor
Native speakers
(14,000 cited 1997)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3heg
Glottologhelo1243
 
Location of the Helong Language in blue (Western Tip)

Helong (alternate names Helon, Kupang and Semau[2]) is a Central Malayo-Polynesian language of West Timor. Speakers are interspersed with those of Amarasi. This language has become endangered as a result of its native speakers marrying those who do not speak Helong, and as a result of coming in contact with the outside community.[1][3] Helong speakers are found in four villages on the South-Western coast of West Timor, as well as on Semau Island, a small island just off the coast of West Timor.[4]The mostly Christian, slightly patriarchal society of Semau do there best to send their children away to Bali (or elsewhere) to earn money to send home.

Classification

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Helong is an Austronesian language, a group of languages spoken in Polynesia, an area north of Australia. Helong belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of Austronesian languages, placing it among languages totaling over 385 million speakers[5] Helong shares its repetition of words in other words like dua~dua (english: pair) with the nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages. Some languages in this family include Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahitian, and Fijian. The Endangered Languages Project has classified Helong as "vulnerable", based on the most recent data from 1997.[6] The largest threat to Helong is a dialect of Malay spoken in Kupang, called Kupang Malay, as the native Helong speakers often visit Kupang, and use that dialect when there.[4]

History

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Helong was once the primary language spoken in Kupang, the capital of Indonesia located on the western tip of Timor. It was spoken by the Raja, or monarch, of Indonesia. It us unknown when exactly the Raja stopped using Helong to speak, but the language has since fallen out of popularity, now used sparsely around Kupang, but mostly used on Semau Island just off the coast of Kupang.[7] In recent years, the people in Kupang have spoken a local dialect of Malay, resulting in Helong being largely forgotten by those who visit the capital city often. While the new language has left behind a lot of the region's history, experts believe that Helong speakers contain a vast wealth of knowledge around the past, specifically the spreading of Atoni culture when the Dutch gave them weapons, which wiped out many of the other cultures that existed in West Timor, but leaving Helong traditions and culture widely intact.[8]

Grammar

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Morphology[4]

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Helong word structure follows a standard C(C)V(C)V(C) word structure. Additionally, there is always a consonant at the beginning of every non-clitic word. Ignoring suffixes, the last consonant in any word can only be a few things, the glottal or apical consonants found in the table in the Phonology section, with the exception of the letter d, which does not satisfy this rule. On the contrary, there are no such limits on the last vowel of a word, which can be any of the five.

Helong follows a VSO word order like the other languages closely related to it. Helong is similar to languages like Spanish when it comes to noun-adjective order. The noun will come before the adjective describing it in a sentence. For example, ana hmunan directly translates as "child first", but refers to somebody's first child. However, unlike in Spanish, punctuation will only come at the end of a sentence. Like most languages, the first word of each sentence, as well as proper nouns are capitalized.[9] Helong uses negative modifiers to change the meaning of a sentence to the opposite. For example, "... parsai lo" means "do not believe", with parsai being a word meaning believe, and lo being a negative modifier.[9]

Vocabulary

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Helong takes many loanwords, stems, suffixes, and prefixes from Malay, most of which are monosyllabic, but can be bisyllabic as well. Helong does have its own idioms and sayings, and a majority of its vocabulary is original, taking stems from similar languages like Malay. There are not words for each specific relative on either side, just words like baki (uncle) describing rough relation, with the name of the individual being necessary to determine the exact relative.

Writing System

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Helong uses the same Latin script used in the majority of languages around the world. While Helong does not use the full 26 character ISO basic Latin alphabet, but contains 27 characters total, which can be seen in the Phonology section below. [9][4] While most of Helong words are written in the same format as English words, one key difference is that when using modifiers such as plurals, distributive numerals, and frequencies, Helong uses Hyphens or Tildes to to connect the base word to the modifier.[9]

For example, in the sentence "Tode-s dua~dua le halin nahi-s deken", tode means lay, so tode-s would refer to laying multiple things, as the -s indicates plurality. Dua is the number two, so dua~dua would translate to the English "pair"

Phonology

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Vowels[4][9]
a e i o u

These vowels are identical to those in the English language, including the pronunciation.

Consonants[4][9]
Labials Apicals Laminals Dorsals Glottals
Stops p b t d c j k g ʔ
Nasals m n ɲ ŋ
Fricatives f s h
Laterals and Trills l r
Semivocals w j y

Numbers

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Numbers 1-30
mesa 1 hngul esa 11 buk dua beas esa

or

buk dua-s esa

21
dua 2 hngul dua 12 buk dua beas dua

or

buk dua-s dua

22
tilu 3 hngul tilu 13 buk dua beas tilu

or

buk dua-s tilu

23
aat 4 hngul aat 14 buk dua beas aat

or

buk dua-s aat

24
lima 5 hngul lima 15 buk dua beas lima

or

buk dua-s lima

25
eneng 6 hngul eneng 16 buk dua beas eneng

or

buk dua-s eneng

26
itu 7 hngul itu 17 buk dua beas itu

or

buk dua-s itu

27
palu 8 hngul palu 18 buk dua beas palu

or

buk dua-s palu

28
sipa 9 hngul sipa 19 buk dua beas sipa

or

buk dua-s sipa

29
hngulu 10 buk dua 20 buk tilu 30

The Helong language uses words for each base unit (ie. tens, hundreds, thousands). For example, the number 27 could be said as "tens two ones seven", indicating a 2 in the tens column and a 7 in the ones column.[9]

Base Units
beas ones
buk tens
ngatus hundreds
lihu thousands
juta millions

Ordinal numbers, with the exception of the word for first, simply add ke in front of the word for the number. Researchers have been unable to determine if ke is its own word, a prefix, or a proclitic.[9]

Ordinals
hmunan First ke eneng Sixth
ke dua Second ke itu Seventh
ke tilu Third ke palu Eighth
ke aat Fourth ke sipa Ninth
ke lima Fifth ke hngulu Tenth
Non-Numeric Quantity
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Non-Numeric Quantity
mamo, mamamo many
toang, totang all
hut, hutu many (crowded)
mamo kose plenty (many lots)
mamo tene plenty (many big)
mamo naseke too much (many excessive)
nuli entire (complete)
ketang kaa to way too many
ase none, nothing
sii alone, by yourself
mesa-mesa each

'ketang kaa to' is a Helong idiom that translates directly as "cockatoos eating seeds", which they use as a saying to describe way too many of a specific item.[9]

References

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  1. ^ Helong at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Lewis, Paul M; et al. (2014). Ethnologue: Languages of Asia, 17th Edition. Texas: Sil International, Global Publishing. pp. 163, 454. ISBN 978-1-55-671370-5. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help)
  3. ^ "Helong". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Steinhauer, Hein. Synchronic Metathesis and Apocope in Three Austronesian Languages of the Timor Area. Thesis. Leiden University, 1996. Retrieved 2017-3-7.
  5. ^ "Malayo-Polynesian languages". Wikipedia. 2017-04-11.
  6. ^ "Did you know Helong is vulnerable?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  7. ^ Bowden, John Metathesis in Helong 2010. Presentation. Accessed 2017-04-26
  8. ^ Fox, James T. (2003). "Out of the Ashes". press.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Klamer, Marian; et al. (2014). Number and quantity in East Nusantara. Asia-Pacific Linguistics, College of Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved 2017-03-02
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Potential Sources:

http://pacling.anu.edu.au/materials/SAL/APL012-SAL001.pdf - chapter 4 (p. 43-59) - many translations

http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/steinhauer1996synchronic.pdf - gen info and building blocks (vowels, word structure, etc.)

http://www.pnglanguages.org/asia/Philippines/ical/papers/Jacob-Grimes%20Kupang%20Malay.pdf - minor translation

http://jakarta.shh.mpg.de/docs/Metathesis_in_Helong,_John_Bowden.pdf - overview, gen info

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40328026.pdf - via Glottolog

https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=O78NAAAAQAAJ&rdid=book-O78NAAAAQAAJ&rdot=1 - On the Polynesian, or East-Insular languages by Marsden

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1d10h31.22.pdf - Poetry

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20172341.pdf - A couple translations and mentions

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt24h9cp.15.pdf - translation for relation/generation

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt2jbjgr.10.pdf - gen info / map