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User:TompaDompa/sandbox

Fructose increases the rate of ethanol elimination in humans.[1]

Dunbar's number is "the number of people you would not feel embarrassed about joining uninvited for a drink if you happened to bump into them in a bar."[2]

The area of the Spanish Empire was 5,400,000 square miles (14,000,000 km2) in 1763.[3]

Rome may be considered the first global empire in the sense that it grew as big as was possible with the transportation technology that existed at the time,[4] or in the sense that it stretched across different time zones and cultures and dominated Europe, Africa and the Middle East politically for a millennium and a half.[5]

Petter Nesser only considers Western Europe, not all of Europe.[6] The Heritage Foundation does not consider the Balkans part of Europe.[7]

DYK QPQ

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DYK review DYK nomination
(None required) Deseret (film)
(None required) Immortality in fiction
(None required) Moon in science fiction
(None required) Mercury in fiction
(None required) Jupiter in fiction
5-Aminoimidazole ribotide Mars in fiction
How Civil Wars Start: And How to Stop Them Saturn in fiction
Celmisia major Time viewer
Down the rabbit hole (idiom) Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia
Rubicon (protein) Uranus in fiction
Isildur Sun in fiction
Hitler family of Ohio Neptune in fiction
Mango cult Bellona's Husband: A Romance‎
Manga Up! A Honeymoon in Space
Tolkien's sentience dilemma Pluto in fiction‎
Beaver drop Science-Fiction: The Gernsback Years
"The Discovery of Morniel Mathaway" A Plunge into Space
Cusrow Baug Imagining Mars: A Literary History
London shrunk George Griffith
Penelope (platypus) Comets in fiction
Obliterate! Asteroids in fiction (unreviewed backlog mode)
AT 2021lwx
Martingale (clothing) Supernovae in fiction
24 Hour Psycho Neutron stars in fiction
Fictional religion
Drone congregation area
If Books Could Kill
Wrinkle the duck
Triple Self-Portrait
The Science of Dune
Niftski
Personality neuroscience
Milkrun
Is This Band Emo?
Inner space (science fiction)
Balonem do bieguna
Destruction of the Moon
Virdem
Pharos (crater)
HE0435-1223
Heat 2
The Anacrusis

GAN reviews

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Review Result
Talk:Hyperspace/GA1   Passed
Talk:Venus in fiction/GA1   Passed
Talk:Scott Heim/GA1   Failed
Talk:United Nations in popular culture/GA1   Failed
Talk:The War of the Worlds/GA1   Failed
Talk:Noldor/GA1   Passed
Talk:Alphabet/GA2   Failed
Talk:Kyle MacLachlan/GA1   Failed
Talk:Paan Singh Tomar (film)/GA1   Failed
Talk:Archie Mafeje/GA1   Failed
Talk:Fëanor/GA1   Passed
Talk:Morgoth/GA1   Passed
Talk:Silmarils/GA2   Passed
Talk:Tuor and Idril/GA1   Passed
Talk:Túrin Turambar/GA1   Passed
Talk:Soha Ali Khan/GA1   Failed
Talk:Finwë and Míriel/GA1   Passed
Talk:Thingol/GA1   Passed
Talk:Fungi in art/GA1   Failed
Talk:Dunning–Kruger effect/GA1   Failed
Talk:Tolkien and the classical world/GA1   Passed
Talk:Ayrton Senna/GA3   Failed
Talk:24 Hour Psycho/GA1   Passed
Talk:The Last Ringbearer/GA1   Passed
Talk:Tolkien's modern sources/GA1   Passed
Talk:Etta Federn/GA1   Failed
Talk:Batman: The Animated Series/GA1   Failed
Talk:Family (1976 TV series)/GA1   Failed
Talk:Death of Robert Mallard/GA1   Failed
Talk:Boots theory/GA1   Failed
Talk:Master of Middle-Earth/GA1‎   Passed
Talk:C. K. Nayudu/GA1   Failed
Talk:Édith Piaf/GA1   Failed
Talk:Abdullahi dan Fodio/GA1   Failed
Talk:Ronald Hugh Barker/GA1   Failed
Talk:Tolkien and the Classical World (book)/GA1   Passed
Talk:Melian (Middle-earth)/GA1   Passed
Talk:Electronic literature/GA1   Failed
Talk:Zombivli (2022 film)/GA2   Failed
Talk:Two Trees of Valinor/GA1   Passed
Talk:Gondolin/GA1   Passed
Talk:Viggo Mortensen/GA1   Failed
Talk:Andy Serkis/GA1   Failed
Talk:Translation of The Lord of the Rings into Swedish/GA1   Failed
Talk:Criticism of Wikipedia/GA1   Failed
Talk:Live Oak plantation, Louisiana/GA1   Failed
Talk:Riskykidd/GA1   Failed
Talk:Oakland California Temple/GA1   Failed
Talk:Rise Up, Shepherd, and Follow/GA1   Failed
Talk:Parochial altruism/GA1   Failed
Talk:Sangte Aika/GA1   Failed
Talk:Lord of War/GA1   Failed
Talk:Valinor/GA1   Passed
Talk:Geodesy/GA1   Failed
Talk:E. Nolue Emenanjo/GA1   Failed
Talk:Gladiator (2000 film)/GA3   Failed
Talk:The Black Phone/GA1   Failed
Talk:Baahubali: The Beginning/GA1   Failed
Talk:Baahubali 2: The Conclusion/GA1   Failed
Talk:The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay/GA2   Failed
Talk:Phial of Galadriel/GA1   Passed
Talk:Celebrity Number Six/GA1   Passed

Historical polities

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Polity Max. land area (million km2) Max. land area (million mi2) % of world land area Year
British Empire 35.5[8] 13.71 23.84% 1920[8]
Mongol Empire 24.0[9][10] 9.27 16.11% 1270[9] or 1309[10]
Russian Empire 22.8[11][12] 8.80 15.31% 1895[11][12]
Qing dynasty 14.7[9][13] 5.68 9.87% 1790[9][13]
Spanish Empire 13.7[10] 5.29 9.20% 1810[10]
Second French colonial empire 11.5[8] 4.44 7.72% 1920[8]
Abbasid Caliphate 11.1[12][14] 4.29 7.45% 750[12][14]
Umayyad Caliphate 11.1[14] 4.29 7.45% 720[14]
Yuan dynasty 11.0[10] 4.25 7.39% 1310[10]
Canada 9.98[15] 3.85 6.70% 1945[15]
United States of America 9.67[15] 3.73 6.49% 1899[15]
Xiongnu Empire 9.0[9][16] 3.47 6.04% 176 BC[9][16]
Empire of Japan 8.51 3.285[17] 5.71% 1942[17]
Brazilian Empire 8.337[18] 3.22 5.60% 1889[18]
Australia 7.68[15] 2.97 5.16% 1945[15]
Eastern Han Dynasty 6.5[16] 2.51 4.36% 100[16]
Ming dynasty 6.5[9][13] 2.51 4.36% 1450[9][13]
Rashidun Caliphate 6.4[19] 2.47 4.30% 655[19]
Göktürk Khaganate 6.0[9][20] 2.32 4.03% 557[9][20]
Golden Horde Khanate 6.0[9][11] 2.32 4.03% 1310[9][11]
Western Han Dynasty 6.0[9][16] 2.32 4.03% 50 BC[9][16]
Achaemenid Empire 5.5[12][21] 2.12 3.69% 500 BC[12][21]
Second Portuguese Empire 5.5[8] 2.12 3.69% 1820[8]
Tang dynasty 5.4[9][22] 2.08 3.63% 715[9][22]
Macedonian Empire 5.2[12][21] 2.01 3.49% 323 BC[12][21]
Ottoman Empire 5.2[11][12] 2.01 3.49% 1683[11][12]
Maurya Empire (Turchin et al.) 5.0[12] 1.93 3.36% 250 BC[12]
Roman Empire 5.0[9][23] 1.93 3.36% 117[9][23]
Tibetan Empire 4.6[9][24] 1.78 3.09% 800[9][24]
Timurid Empire 4.4[9][13] 1.70 2.95% 1405[9][13]
Fatimid Caliphate 4.1[9][19] 1.58 2.75% 969[9][19]
Eastern Turkic Khaganate 4.0[20] 1.54 2.69% 624[20]
Hephthalite Empire 4.0[25] 1.54 2.69% 470[25]
Hunnic Empire 4.0[9][26] 1.54 2.69% 441[9][26]
Mughal Empire 4.0[12][13] 1.54 2.69% 1690[12][13]
Great Seljuq Empire 3.9[12][14] 1.51 2.62% 1080[12][14]
Seleucid Empire 3.9[12][21] 1.51 2.62% 301 BC[12][21]
Italian Empire 3.798[27] 1.47 2.55% 1938[27]
Ilkhanate 3.75[12][13] 1.45 2.52% 1310[12][13]
Khwarazmian Empire (Taagepera) 3.6[28] 1.39 2.42% 1218[28]
Chagatai Khanate 3.5[9][10] 1.35 2.35% 1310[10] or 1350[9][10]
Gupta Empire (Turchin et al.) 3.5[12] 1.35 2.35% 400[12]
Sasanian Empire 3.5[12][29] 1.35 2.35% 550[12][29]
Western Turkic Khaganate 3.5[20] 1.35 2.35% 630[20]
Western Xiongnu 3.5[16] 1.35 2.35% 20[16]
First French colonial empire 3.4[15] 1.31 2.28% 1670[15]
Ghaznavid Empire 3.4[12][14] 1.31 2.28% 1029[12][14]
Maurya Empire (Taagepera) 3.4[30] 1.31 2.28% 261 BC[30]
Delhi Sultanate 3.2[10][12] 1.24 2.15% 1312[10][12]
German colonial empire 3.199[31][32] 1.24 2.15% 1912[32]
India 3.19[15] 1.23 2.14% 1947[15]
Song dynasty 3.1[9][22] 1.20 2.08% 980[9][22]
Uyghur Khaganate 3.1[9][24] 1.20 2.08% 800[9][24]
Western Jin dynasty 3.1[16] 1.20 2.08% 280[16]
Khazar Khanate (Turchin et al.) 3.0[9] 1.16 2.01% 850[9]
Sui Dynasty 3.0[20] 1.16 2.01% 589[20]
Samanid Empire 2.85[12][14] 1.10 1.91% 928[12][14]
Byzantine Empire 2.8[23] 1.08 1.88% 450[23]
Eastern Jin dynasty 2.8[16] 1.08 1.88% 347[16]
Median Empire 2.8[12][21] 1.08 1.88% 585 BC[12][21]
Parthian Empire 2.8[12][21] 1.08 1.88% 0[12][21]
Rouran Khaganate 2.8[9][20] 1.08 1.88% 405[9][20]
Indo-Scythian Kingdom 2.6[30] 1.00 1.75% 20[30]
Liao dynasty 2.6[9][24] 1.00 1.75% 947[9][24]
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 2.5[30] 0.97 1.68% 184 BC[30]
Kushan Empire (Taagepera) 2.5[30] 0.97 1.68% 200[30]
Later Zhao 2.5[16] 0.97 1.68% 329[16]
Maratha Empire 2.5[12] 0.97 1.68% 1760[12]
Almohad Caliphate (Taagepera) 2.3[19] 0.89 1.54% 1150[19]
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 2.3[9][33] 0.89 1.54% 1126[9][33]
Khwarazmian Empire (Turchin et al.) 2.3[9] 0.89 1.54% 1210[9]
Qin dynasty 2.3[16] 0.89 1.54% 220 BC[16]
First French Empire 2.1[15] 0.81 1.41% 1813[15]
Kievan Rus' 2.1[9][33] 0.81 1.41% 1000[9][33]
Mamluk Sultanate 2.1[9][19] 0.81 1.41% 1300[19] or 1400[9]
Third Portuguese Empire 2.1[8] 0.81 1.41% 1900[8]
Almohad Caliphate (Turchin et al.) 2.0[9] 0.77 1.34% 1200[9]
Ayyubid dynasty (Turchin et al.) 2.0[12] 0.77 1.34% 1190[12]
Cao Wei 2.0[16] 0.77 1.34% 263[16]
Former Qin 2.0[20] 0.77 1.34% 376[20]
Former Zhao 2.0[16] 0.77 1.34% 316[16]
Inca Empire 2.0[9][28] 0.77 1.34% 1527[9][28]
Kushan Empire (Turchin et al.) 2.0[12] 0.77 1.34% 200[12]
Liu Song dynasty 2.0[16] 0.77 1.34% 450[16]
Northern Wei 2.0[20] 0.77 1.34% 450[20]
Ayyubid dynasty (Taagepera) 1.7[19] 0.66 1.14% 1200[19]
Gupta Empire (Taagepera) 1.7[30] 0.66 1.14% 440[30]
Buyid dynasty 1.6[12][14] 0.62 1.07% 980[12][14]
Eastern Wu 1.5[16] 0.58 1.01% 221[16]
Northern Qi 1.5[20] 0.58 1.01% 557[20]
Northern Xiongnu 1.5[16] 0.58 1.01% 60[16]
Northern Zhou 1.5[20] 0.58 1.01% 577[20]
Qara Khitai (Turchin et al.) 1.5[9] 0.58 1.01% 1210[9]
Assyria 1.4[12][34] 0.54 0.94% 670 BC[12][34]
Eastern Maurya Empire 1.3[30] 0.50 0.87% 210 BC[30]
Liang dynasty 1.3[9][20] 0.50 0.87% 502,[20] 549,[20] or 579[9]
Kingdom of Aksum 1.25[9] 0.48 0.84% 350[9]
Shang dynasty 1.25[9][35] 0.48 0.84% 1122 BC[9][35]
Francia 1.2[9][33] 0.46 0.81% 814[9][33]
Srivijaya 1.2[12] 0.46 0.81% 1200[12]
Indo-Greek Kingdom 1.1[30] 0.42 0.74% 150 BC[30]
Mali Empire 1.1[9][28] 0.42 0.74% 1380[9][28]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1.1[12][28] 0.42 0.74% 1480[12] or 1650[28]
Almoravid dynasty 1.0[9] 0.39 0.67% 1120[9]
Empire of Harsha 1.0[12][24] 0.39 0.67% 625[24] or 648[12][24]
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty 1.0[24] 0.39 0.67% 860[24]
Holy Roman Empire 1.0[33] 0.39 0.67% 1050[33]
Khazar Khanate (Taagepera) 1.0[33] 0.39 0.67% 900[33]
Khmer Empire 1.0[12][24] 0.39 0.67% 1290[12][24]
New Kingdom of Egypt 1.0[9][36] 0.39 0.67% 1450 BC[36] or 1300 BC[9]
Ptolemaic Kingdom 1.0[23] 0.39 0.67% 301 BC[23]
Qara Khitai (Taagepera) 1.0[24] 0.39 0.67% 1130[24]
Shu Han 1.0[16] 0.39 0.67% 221[16]
Tahirid dynasty 1.0[14] 0.39 0.67% 800[14]
Western Xia 1.0[9] 0.39 0.67% 1100[9]
Akkadian Empire 0.8[37] 0.31 0.54% 2250 BC[37]
Avar Khaganate 0.8[26] 0.31 0.54% 600[26]
Chu (state) 0.8[16] 0.31 0.54% 300 BC[16]
First Portuguese Empire 0.8[8] 0.31 0.54% 1580[8]
Huns 0.8[16] 0.31 0.54% 287[16]
Songhai Empire 0.8[28] 0.31 0.54% 1550[28]
Hyksos 0.65[38] 0.25 0.44% 1650 BC[38]
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 0.65[36] 0.25 0.44% 550 BC[36]
Caliphate of Córdoba 0.6[19] 0.23 0.40% 1000[19]
Visigothic Kingdom 0.6[26] 0.23 0.40% 580[26]
Zhou dynasty 0.55[39] 0.21 0.37% 1100 BC[39]
Kosala 0.5[30] 0.19 0.34% 543 BC[30]
Lydia 0.5[38] 0.19 0.34% 585 BC[38]
Magadha 0.5[30] 0.19 0.34% 510 BC[30]
Middle Kingdom of Egypt 0.5[36] 0.19 0.34% 1850 BC[36]
Neo-Babylonian Empire 0.5[37] 0.19 0.34% 562 BC[37]
Satavahana dynasty 0.5[30] 0.19 0.34% 150[30]
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 0.5[36] 0.19 0.34% 715 BC[36]
Western Satraps 0.5[30] 0.19 0.34% 100[30]
New Hittite Kingdom 0.45[38] 0.17 0.30% 1250 BC–1220 BC[38]
Xia dynasty 0.45[35] 0.17 0.30% 1800 BC[35]
Middle Assyrian Empire 0.4[34] 0.15 0.27% 1080 BC[34]
Old Kingdom of Egypt 0.4[36] 0.15 0.27% 2400 BC[36]
Ancient Carthage 0.3[23] 0.12 0.20% 220 BC[23]
Indus Valley Civilisation 0.3[39] 0.12 0.20% 1800 BC[39]
Mitanni 0.3[34] 0.12 0.20% 1450 BC–1375 BC[34]
First Babylonian Empire 0.25[37] 0.10 0.17% 1690 BC[37]
Aztec Empire 0.22[28] 0.08 0.15% 1520[28]
Elamite Empire 0.2[37] 0.08 0.13% 1160 BC[37]
Phrygia 0.2[38] 0.08 0.13% 750 BC[38]
Second Dynasty of Isin 0.2[37] 0.08 0.13% 1130 BC[37]
Urartu 0.2[34] 0.08 0.13% 800 BC[34]
Middle Hittite Kingdom 0.15[38] 0.06 0.10% 1450 BC[38]
Old Assyrian Empire 0.15[34] 0.06 0.10% 1730 BC[34]
Old Hittite Empire 0.15[38] 0.06 0.10% 1530 BC[38]
Larsa 0.1[37] 0.04 0.07% 1750 BC–1700 BC[37]
Neo-Sumerian Empire 0.1[37] 0.04 0.07% 2000 BC[37]
Lagash 0.05[39] 0.02 0.03% 2400 BC[39]
Sumer 0.05[37] 0.02 0.03% 2400 BC[37]

Timeline of largest polities to date

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Polity Land area (million km2) Year
New Kingdom of Egypt 1.0[36] 1450 BC[36]
Shang dynasty 1.25[35] 1122 BC[35]
Assyria 1.4[34] 670 BC[34]
Median Empire 2.8[21] 585 BC[21]
Achaemenid Empire 3.6[21] 539 BC[21]
5.5[21] 500 BC[21]
Xiongnu Empire 9.0[16] 176 BC[16]
Umayyad Caliphate 11.1[14] 720[14]
Mongol Empire 13.5[10] 1227[10]
24.0[10] 1309[10]
British Empire 24.5[8] 1880[8]
35.5[8] 1920[8]

Empires by Michael W. Doyle

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[40]
Scope of power
(output)
Weight of power Foreign and domestic policy Foreign policy
Control Empire
(formal and informal) 		Hegemony
Constraint
unequal influence 		Dependence Sphere of influence
Equal influence Interdependence Independence,
diplomacy

Terrorism in the EU

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Terrorism events and deaths in the EU[41]
Year Total events Islamist events Separatist events Total deaths Islamist deaths
2006 498 1 424
2007 583 4 532
2008 515 0 397
2009 294 1 237
2010 249 3 160
2011 174 0 110
2012 219 6 167 17 8
2013 152 0 84 7 1
2014 199 2 67 4 4
2015 211 17 65 151 150
2016 142 13 99 142 135
2017 205 33 137 68 62
2018 129 24 83 13 13
2019 119 21 57 10 10
2020 57 (+62 UK) 14 (+5 UK) 14 (+56 UK) 21 (+3 UK) 12 (+3 UK)

Box office records set by Black Panther

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Box office records set by Black Panther
Record Territory Figure Previous record holder Surpassed by Notes
Highest-grossing film by a black director[42] Worldwide $1.34 billion[43] The Fate of the Furious – $1.23 billion[42] —
Highest-grossing solo superhero film[44] $1.34 billion[43] Iron Man 3 – $1.21 billion[45] —
Highest opening weekend gross for a predominantly black cast[46] $370 million[47] Straight Outta Compton – $66.3 million[46] —
Highest-grossing February release[48] United States and Canada $700 million[43] The Passion of the Christ – $370 million[48] —
Highest-grossing superhero film[49] $700 million[49] The Avengers – $623 million[49] Avengers: Endgame – $858 million[49]
Highest Presidents' Day weekend gross[50] $242 million[50] Deadpool – $152 million[50] — 4-day gross
Highest opening weekend gross for a black director[51] $202 million[51] The Fate of the Furious – $98 million[51] — 3-day weekend
Highest Monday gross[52] $40.15 million[52] Star Wars: The Force Awakens – $40.10 million[52] — On February 19, 2018. For The Force Awakens, it was December 21, 2015.[52]
Highest-grossing film East Africa[53] $1.0 million[54] — —
West Africa[53][54] $1.7 million[54] — —
Southern Africa[54][55] $8.0 million[56] Avatar – $7.7 million[56] —
Highest-grossing opening weekend East Africa[57] — — Avengers: Endgame[58]
Trinidad[59] $700 thousand[59] — Avengers: Endgame[58]
West Africa[57] — — Avengers: Endgame[58]
Highest-grossing Saturday Southern Africa[57] — — —
Highest-grossing IMAX opening weekend Kenya[57] — — —
Indonesia[57] — — —
Nigeria[57] — — Avengers: Endgame[58]
Highest-grossing 3-day weekend West Africa[59] — — — First the opening weekend, then the second weekend.[59]

World languages

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Languages that are described by at least one source as a "world language"
Arabic Chinese Dutch English French German Hindi/Hindustani Japanese Latin Malay/Indonesian Portuguese Russian Spanish Swahili
Ammon (2010)[60] Discussed Leaning no Not discussed Yes (predominant) Leaning yes Discussed Leaning no Discussed Not discussed Discussed Discussed Discussed Yes Not discussed
Benrabah (2014)[61] Yes Yes Not mentioned Yes (unique position) Yes Yes Yes Yes Not mentioned Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
de Mejía (2002)[62] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Yes Yes Yes Not mentioned
García (2014)[63] Not mentioned Not mentioned Intermediate Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Intermediate Not mentioned Yes Not mentioned
Lu (2008)[64] Not mentioned No Not mentioned Yes Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Not discussed Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Yes Not mentioned
Mar-Molinero (2004)[65] Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Not discussed Discussed Not discussed
Mazrui (1976)[66] Regional Regional/National Not mentioned Yes Yes Regional National Not mentioned Not mentioned Regional/National Not mentioned Regional Yes Regional
Mufwene (2010)[67] Yes (second-tier) No (major language) Not mentioned Yes (foremost) Yes Not mentioned No (major language) Not mentioned Formerly Not mentioned Not mentioned Yes Yes (second-tier) Not mentioned
Pei (1968)[68] Discussed No Not mentioned Discussed Discussed Discussed No Discussed Not mentioned Discussed Discussed No Discussed Not mentioned
Wright (2012)[69] Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Yes Yes Not mentioned Not mentioned Not mentioned Formerly Not mentioned Yes Not mentioned Yes Not mentioned

References

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  1. ^
    • Carpenter, Thorne M.; Lee, Robert C (1937). "THE EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE ON THE METABOLISM OF ETHYL ALCOHOL IN MAN". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 60 (3). Retrieved 23 June 2016.
    • Tygstrup, Niels; Winkler, Kjeld; Lundquist, Frank (1 May 1965). "The Mechanism of the Fructose Effect on the Ethanol Metabolism of the Human Liver*". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 44 (5): 817–830. doi:10.1172/JCI105194. PMC 292558. PMID 14276139.
    • Patel, AR; Paton, AM; Rowan, T; Lawson, DH; Linton, AL (August 1969). "Clinical studies on the effect of laevulose on the rate of metabolism of ethyl alcohol". Scottish Medical Journal. 14 (8): 268–71. doi:10.1177/003693306901400803. PMID 5812044. S2CID 3067691.
    • Lowenstein, LM; Simone, R; Boulter, P; Nathan, P (14 September 1970). "Effect of fructose on alcohol concentrations in the blood in man". JAMA. 213 (11): 1899–901. doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170370083021. PMID 4318655.
    • Pawan, GL (September 1972). "Metabolism of alcohol (ethanol) in man". The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 31 (2): 83–9. doi:10.1079/PNS19720020. PMID 4563296.
    • Thieden, HI; Grunnet, N; Damgaard, SE; Sestoft, L (October 1972). "Effect of fructose and glyceraldehyde on ethanol metabolism in human liver and in rat liver". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS. 30 (2): 250–61. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02093.x. PMID 4145889.
    • Soterakis, J; Iber, FL (March 1975). "Increased rate of alcohol removal from blood with oral fructose and sucrose". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 28 (3): 254–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/28.3.254. PMID 1119423.
    • Rawat, AK (February 1977). "Effects of fructose and other substances on ethanol and acetaldehyde metabolism in man". Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. 16 (2): 281–90. PMID 847286.
    • Iber, FL (September 1977). "The effect of fructose on alcohol metabolism". Archives of Internal Medicine. 137 (9): 1121. doi:10.1001/archinte.1977.03630210007003. PMID 901079.
    • Bode, JC; Bode, C; Thiele, D (1 February 1979). "Alcohol metabolism in man: effect of intravenous fructose infusion on blood ethanol elimination rate following stimulation by phenobarbital treatment or chronic alcohol consumption". Klinische Wochenschrift. 57 (3): 125–30. doi:10.1007/BF01476052. PMID 439778. S2CID 8813046.
    • Sprandel, U; Tröger, HD; Liebhardt, EW; Zöllner, N (1980). "Acceleration of ethanol elimination with fructose in man". Nutrition and Metabolism. 24 (5): 324–30. doi:10.1159/000176278. PMID 7443107.
    • Meyer, BH; Müller, FO; Hundt, HK (6 November 1982). "The effect of fructose on blood alcohol levels in man". South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde. 62 (20): 719–21. PMID 6753183.
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  4. ^ Bardi, Ugo (2017-08-22). The Seneca Effect: Why Growth is Slow but Collapse is Rapid. Springer. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-319-57207-9. Rome became the first global empire, having reached the maximum size that the transportation technologies of the time permitted for a centralized administration to function.
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  60. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (2010-10-07), Coupland, Nikolas (ed.), "World Languages: Trends and Futures", The Handbook of Language and Globalization, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 101–122, doi:10.1002/9781444324068.ch4, ISBN 978-1-4443-2406-8, The focus on non-native speakers corresponds to our intuition that French or English are international or world languages rather than Hindi; or rather than Hindi and Urdu, combined as a single language – or even rather than Chinese, in spite of the latter languages' higher numbers of native speakers
  61. ^ Benrabah, Mohamed (2014-01-02). "Competition between four "world" languages in Algeria". Journal of World Languages. 1 (1): 38–59. doi:10.1080/21698252.2014.893676. ISSN 2169-8252.
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  69. ^ Wright, Roger (2012), Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel; Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (eds.), "Convergence and Divergence in World Languages", The Handbook of Language and Globalization, John Wiley & Sons, p. 552, doi:10.1002/9781118257227.ch30, ISBN 978-1-4051-9068-8, There is no generally agreed precise definition of what counts as a 'World' Language. For the purposes of this chapter, they can be defined as languages spoken over a wide geographical area, often as a result of previous colonization, and in many cases by native speakers of some other language. The category now includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English, but with reference to historically earlier periods the label has been applied to Latin [...]
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