User:Discographer/Various–etc.

User:Discographer/Various

User:Discographer/Various–Extended

User:Discographer/Various–etc.

User:Discographer/Various–Music

User:Discographer/Broadway

User:Discographer/Sports

User:Discographer/Sports/Ent.

User:Discographer/Sports/MMA.

User:Discographer/Sports/Boxing

Political alignment

As stated elsewhere below on this page, I align with the

Christian Democratic Union party (Christian democracy),

which is centre-right on the (left-right) political spectrum.

• Political affiliation:

CDU
   ↓

CDU/CSU
   ↓

EPP
   ↓

EPP Group

Politics

Political spectrum

• Left–right political spectrum — (Centre-left / Centre-right)

•   European Union — (PES (EU) S&D Group (EU) / EPP (EU) EPP Group (EU))  

• Austria — (SPÖ (AT) / ÖVP (AT))
• Germany — (SPD (DE) / CDU (DE))
• United Kingdom — (Labour Party (UK) / Conservative Party (UK))
• Republic of Ireland — (Fianna Fáil (IE) / Fine Gael (IE))
• Canada — (Liberal Party (CA) / Conservative Party (CA))
• Australia — (Labor Party (AU) / Liberal Party (AU))
• New Zealand — (Labour Party (NZ) / National Party (NZ))

Upcoming elections

• Political spectrum — (Centre-left / Centre-right)

(Location)

Election date

Party leadership elections

• (None)

National leadership elections

• Next Irish general election — (Martin / McDonald / Harris)

(Ireland)

Election to be held 20 Feb 2025.

• Next Australian federal election — (Albanese / Dutton)

(Australia)

Election to be held in 2025

• Next German federal election — (Scholz / Merz / Weidel)

(Germany)

Election to be held 28 Sep 2025.

• Next Canadian federal election — (Trudeau / Poilievre)

(Canada)

Election to be held 20 Oct 2025.

• Next New Zealand general election — (Hipkins / Luxon)

(New Zealand)

Election to be held 19 Dec 2026.

• Next United Kingdom general election — (Starmer / Badenoch)

(United Kingdom)

Election to be held 15 Aug 2029.

• Next Austrian legislative election — (Babler / Nehammer / Kickl)

(Austria)

Election to be held TBC.

Parliamentary elctions

• (None)

Sinn Féin

Sinn Féin Front Bench / Oireachtas

• Mary Lou McDonald (TD) – (Leader of the Opposition / President of Sinn Féin / Leader in Dáil Éireann)
• Michelle O'Neill (MLA) – (Vice president of Sinn Féin / First Minister of Northern Ireland – Assembly – Executive~Office)
• Niall Ó Donnghaile – (Leader in Seanad Éireann)
• Chris MacManus (MEP) – (Leader in European Parliament)
• Pádraig Mac Lochlainn (TD) – (Opposition Chief Whip)

See also

Previous	← Elections →	Next

• Category:2024 elections     →    Category:2024 elections in Europe
• Category:Future elections  →    Category:Future elections in Europe

Politics of the United Kingdom

Parliament of the United Kingdom
		Monarch		House of Lords		House of Commons		Prime Minister
				Lord Speaker		Speaker
		(list)		(list)		(list)		(list)
		Charles III		The Lord McFall		Sir Lindsay Hoyle		Keir Starmer
		–		–		–		–
—

Great Offices of State

Shadow Great Offices of State

Great Offices of State Shadow Great Offices of State
26 Oct 1951 – 16 Oct 1964
16 Oct 1964 – 19 Jun 1970
19 Jun 1970 – 04 Mar 1974
04 Mar 1974 – 04 May 1979
04 May 1979 – 02 May 1997
02 May 1997 – 11 May 2010
11 May 2010 – 05 Jul 2024
05 Jul 2024 – present

Tories
(Shadow) Tories

Great Offices of State Shadow Great Offices of State
Date	Prime Minister Opposition Leader	Chancellor Shadow Chancellor	Foreign Secretary Shadow Foreign Secretary	Home Secretary Shadow Home Secretary
26 Oct 1951 – 06 Feb 1952	Winston Churchill	Rab Butler	Anthony Eden	David Maxwell Fyfe
06 Feb 1952 – 19 Oct 1954	Winston Churchill	Rab Butler	Anthony Eden	David Maxwell Fyfe
19 Oct 1954 – 06 Apr 1955	Winston Churchill	Rab Butler	Anthony Eden	Gwilym Lloyd George
06 Apr 1955 – 27 May 1955	Anthony Eden	Rab Butler	Harold Macmillan	Gwilym Lloyd George
27 May 1955 – 20 Dec 1955	Anthony Eden	Rab Butler	Harold Macmillan	Gwilym Lloyd George
20 Dec 1955 – 10 Jan 1957	Anthony Eden	Harold Macmillan	Selwyn Lloyd	Gwilym Lloyd George
10 Jan 1957 – 13 Jan 1957	Harold Macmillan	Harold Macmillan	Selwyn Lloyd	Gwilym Lloyd George
13 Jan 1957 – 14 Jan 1957	Harold Macmillan	Peter Thorneycroft	Selwyn Lloyd	Gwilym Lloyd George
14 Jan 1957 – 06 Jan 1958	Harold Macmillan	Peter Thorneycroft	Selwyn Lloyd	Rab Butler
06 Jan 1958 – 09 Oct 1959	Harold Macmillan	Derick Heathcoat-Amory	Selwyn Lloyd	Rab Butler
09 Oct 1959 – 27 Jul 1960	Harold Macmillan	Derick Heathcoat-Amory	Selwyn Lloyd	Rab Butler
27 Jul 1960 – 13 Jul 1962	Harold Macmillan	Selwyn Lloyd	Alec Douglas-Home	Rab Butler
13 Jul 1962 – 19 Oct 1963	Harold Macmillan	Reginald Maudling	Alec Douglas-Home	Henry Brooke
19 Oct 1963 – 16 Oct 1964	Alec Douglas-Home	Reginald Maudling	Rab Butler	Henry Brooke
16 Oct 1964 – 16 Feb 1965	Alec Douglas-Home	Reginald Maudling	Rab Butler	Edward Boyle
16 Feb 1965 – 28 Jul 1965	Alec Douglas-Home	Edward Heath	Reginald Maudling	Edward Boyle
28 Jul 1965 – 04 Aug 1965	Edward Heath	Edward Heath	Reginald Maudling	Edward Boyle
04 Aug 1965 – 11 Nov 1965	Edward Heath	Edward Heath	Reginald Maudling	Peter Thorneycroft
11 Nov 1965 – 01 Apr 1966	Edward Heath	Iain Macleod	Christopher Soames	Peter Thorneycroft
01 Apr 1966 – 13 Apr 1966	Edward Heath	Iain Macleod	Christopher Soames	Peter Thorneycroft
13 Apr 1966 – 19 Jun 1970	Edward Heath	Iain Macleod	Alec Douglas-Home	Quintin Hogg
19 Jun 1970 – 20 Jul 1970	Edward Heath	Iain Macleod	Alec Douglas-Home	Reginald Maudling
20 Jul 1970 – 18 Jul 1972	Edward Heath	Anthony Barber	Alec Douglas-Home	Reginald Maudling
18 Jul 1972 – 04 Mar 1974	Edward Heath	Anthony Barber	Alec Douglas-Home	Robert Carr
04 Mar 1974 – 13 Jun 1974	Edward Heath	Robert Carr	Geoffrey Rippon	Jim Prior
13 Jun 1974 – 10 Oct 1974	Edward Heath	Robert Carr	Geoffrey Rippon	Keith Joseph
10 Oct 1974 – 11 Feb 1975	Edward Heath	Robert Carr	Geoffrey Rippon	Keith Joseph
11 Feb 1975 – 05 Jun 1975	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	Reginald Maudling	Ian Gilmour
05 Jun 1975 – 11 Apr 1976	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	Reginald Maudling	Ian Gilmour
11 Apr 1976 – 06 Nov 1978	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	John Davies	William Whitelaw
06 Nov 1978 – 04 May 1979	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	Francis Pym	William Whitelaw
04 May 1979 – 05 Apr 1982	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	Peter Carington	William Whitelaw
05 Apr 1982 – 11 Jun 1983	Margaret Thatcher	Geoffrey Howe	Francis Pym	William Whitelaw
11 Jun 1983 – 02 Sep 1985	Margaret Thatcher	Nigel Lawson	Geoffrey Howe	Leon Brittan
02 Sep 1985 – 11 Jun 1987	Margaret Thatcher	Nigel Lawson	Geoffrey Howe	Douglas Hurd
11 Jun 1987 – 24 Jul 1989	Margaret Thatcher	Nigel Lawson	Geoffrey Howe	Douglas Hurd
24 Jul 1989 – 26 Oct 1989	Margaret Thatcher	Nigel Lawson	John Major	Douglas Hurd
26 Oct 1989 – 06 Dec 1989	Margaret Thatcher	John Major	Douglas Hurd	David Waddington
06 Dec 1989 – 28 Nov 1990	Margaret Thatcher	John Major	Douglas Hurd	David Waddington
28 Nov 1990 – 10 Apr 1992	John Major	Norman Lamont	Douglas Hurd	Kenneth Baker
10 Apr 1992 – 27 May 1993	John Major	Norman Lamont	Douglas Hurd	Kenneth Clarke
27 May 1993 – 05 Jul 1995	John Major	Kenneth Clarke	Douglas Hurd	Michael Howard
05 Jul 1995 – 02 May 1997	John Major	Kenneth Clarke	Malcolm Rifkind	Michael Howard
02 May 1997 – 11 Jun 1997	John Major	Kenneth Clarke	John Major	Michael Howard
11 Jun 1997 – 19 Jun 1997	John Major	Peter Lilley	Michael Howard	Brian Mawhinney
19 Jun 1997 – 02 Jun 1998	William Hague	Peter Lilley	Michael Howard	Brian Mawhinney
02 Jun 1998 – 15 Jun 1999	William Hague	Francis Maude	Michael Howard	Norman Fowler
15 Jun 1999 – 02 Feb 2000	William Hague	Francis Maude	John Maples	Ann Widdecombe
02 Feb 2000 – 07 Jun 2001	William Hague	Michael Portillo	Francis Maude	Ann Widdecombe
07 Jun 2001 – 13 Sep 2001	William Hague	Michael Portillo	Francis Maude	Ann Widdecombe
13 Sep 2001 – 18 Sep 2001	Iain Duncan Smith	Michael Portillo	Francis Maude	Ann Widdecombe
18 Sep 2001 – 06 Nov 2003	Iain Duncan Smith	Michael Howard	Michael Ancram	Oliver Letwin
06 Nov 2003 – 10 May 2005	Michael Howard	Oliver Letwin	Michael Ancram	David Davis
10 May 2005 – 06 Dec 2005	Michael Howard	George Osborne	Liam Fox	David Davis
06 Dec 2005 – 12 Jun 2008	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	David Davis
12 Jun 2008 – 19 Jan 2009	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	Dominic Grieve
19 Jan 2009 – 11 May 2010	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	Chris Grayling
11 May 2010 – 05 May 2011	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	Theresa May
05 May 2011 – 04 Sep 2012	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	Theresa May
04 Sep 2012 – 14 Jul 2014	David Cameron	George Osborne	William Hague	Theresa May
14 Jul 2014 – 07 May 2015	David Cameron	George Osborne	Philip Hammond	Theresa May
07 May 2015 – 23 Jun 2016	David Cameron	George Osborne	Philip Hammond	Theresa May
23 Jun 2016 – 13 Jul 2016	David Cameron	George Osborne	Philip Hammond	Theresa May
13 Jul 2016 – 08 Jun 2017	Theresa May	Philip Hammond	Boris Johnson	Amber Rudd
08 Jun 2017 – 08 Jan 2018	Theresa May	Philip Hammond	Boris Johnson	Amber Rudd
08 Jan 2018 – 29 Apr 2018	Theresa May	Philip Hammond	Boris Johnson	Amber Rudd
29 Apr 2018 – 09 Jul 2018	Theresa May	Philip Hammond	Boris Johnson	Sajid Javid
09 Jul 2018 – 24 Jul 2019	Theresa May	Philip Hammond	Jeremy Hunt	Sajid Javid
24 Jul 2019 – 12 Dec 2019	Boris Johnson	Sajid Javid	Dominic Raab	Priti Patel
12 Dec 2019 – 13 Feb 2020	Boris Johnson	Sajid Javid	Dominic Raab	Priti Patel
13 Feb 2020 – 15 Sep 2021	Boris Johnson	Rishi Sunak	Dominic Raab	Priti Patel
15 Sep 2021 – 05 Jul 2022	Boris Johnson	Rishi Sunak	Liz Truss	Priti Patel
05 Jul 2022 – 06 Sep 2022	Boris Johnson	Nadhim Zahawi	Liz Truss	Priti Patel
06 Sep 2022 – 08 Sep 2022	Liz Truss	Kwasi Kwarteng	James Cleverly	Suella Braverman
08 Sep 2022 – 14 Oct 2022	Liz Truss	Kwasi Kwarteng	James Cleverly	Suella Braverman
14 Oct 2022 – 19 Oct 2022	Liz Truss	Jeremy Hunt	James Cleverly	Suella Braverman
19 Oct 2022 – 25 Oct 2022	Liz Truss	Jeremy Hunt	James Cleverly	Grant Shapps
25 Oct 2022 – 13 Nov 2023	Rishi Sunak	Jeremy Hunt	James Cleverly	Suella Braverman
13 Nov 2023 – 05 Jul 2024	Rishi Sunak	Jeremy Hunt	David Cameron	James Cleverly
05 Jul 2024 – 04 Nov 2024	Rishi Sunak	Jeremy Hunt	Andrew Mitchell	James Cleverly
04 Nov 2024 – present	Kemi Badenoch	Mel Stride	Priti Patel	Chris Philp

Conservatives

—
—	Conservative	—	Great Offices of State				—	(Shadow) Offices of State				—	Conservative	—
			PM	CE	Away	Home		LO	CE	Away	Home
	Winston Churchill												Winston Churchill
	Rab Butler												Rab Butler
	Anthony Eden												Anthony Eden
	David Maxwell Fyfe												David Maxwell Fyfe
	Gwilym Lloyd George												Gwilym Lloyd George
	Harold Macmillan												Harold Macmillan
	Selwyn Lloyd												Selwyn Lloyd
	Peter Thorneycroft												Peter Thorneycroft
	Derick Heathcoat-Amory												Derick Heathcoat-Amory
	Alec Douglas-Home												Alec Douglas-Home
	Reginald Maudling												Reginald Maudling
	Henry Brooke												Henry Brooke
	Edward Boyle												Edward Boyle
	Edward Heath												Edward Heath
	Iain Macleod												Iain Macleod
	Christopher Soames												Christopher Soames
	Quintin Hogg												Quintin Hogg
	Anthony Barber												Anthony Barber
	Robert Carr												Robert Carr
	Geoffrey Rippon												Geoffrey Rippon
	Jim Prior												Jim Prior
	Keith Joseph												Keith Joseph
	Margaret Thatcher												Margaret Thatcher
	Geoffrey Howe												Geoffrey Howe
	Ian Gilmour												Ian Gilmour
	John Davies												John Davies
	William Whitelaw												William Whitelaw
	Francis Pym												Francis Pym
	Peter Carington												Peter Carington
	Nigel Lawson												Nigel Lawson
	Leon Brittan												Leon Brittan
	Douglas Hurd												Douglas Hurd
	John Major												John Major
	David Waddington												David Waddington
	Norman Lamont												Norman Lamont
	Kenneth Baker												Kenneth Baker
	Kenneth Clarke												Kenneth Clarke
	Michael Howard												Michael Howard
	Malcolm Rifkind												Malcolm Rifkind
	Peter Lilley												Peter Lilley
	Brian Mawhinney												Brian Mawhinney
	William Hague												William Hague
	Francis Maude												Francis Maude
	Norman Fowler												Norman Fowler
	John Maples												John Maples
	Ann Widdecombe												Ann Widdecombe
	Michael Portillo												Michael Portillo
	Iain Duncan Smith												Iain Duncan Smith
	Michael Ancram												Michael Ancram
	Oliver Letwin												Oliver Letwin
	David Davis												David Davis
	George Osborne												George Osborne
	Liam Fox												Liam Fox
	David Cameron												David Cameron
	Dominic Grieve												Dominic Grieve
	Chris Grayling												Chris Grayling
	Theresa May												Theresa May
	Philip Hammond												Philip Hammond
	Boris Johnson												Boris Johnson
	Amber Rudd												Amber Rudd
	Sajid Javid												Sajid Javid
	Jeremy Hunt												Jeremy Hunt
Dominic Raab									Dominic Raab
Priti Patel									Priti Patel
Rishi Sunak									Rishi Sunak
Liz Truss									Liz Truss
Nadhim Zahawi									Nadhim Zahawi
Kwasi Kwarteng									Kwasi Kwarteng
James Cleverly									James Cleverly
Suella Braverman									Suella Braverman
Grant Shapps									Grant Shapps
Andrew Mitchell									Andrew Mitchell
Kemi Badenoch									Kemi Badenoch
Mel Stride									Mel Stride
Chris Philp									Chris Philp
—

Total = 75 Tories (49 + 26)

Conservatives

—
—	Great Offices of State				—	Conservative	—	(Shadow) Offices of State				—
	PM	CE	Away	Home				LO	CE	Away	Home
						Winston Churchill
						Rab Butler
						Anthony Eden
						David Maxwell Fyfe
						Gwilym Lloyd George
						Harold Macmillan
						Selwyn Lloyd
						Peter Thorneycroft
						Derick Heathcoat-Amory
						Alec Douglas-Home
						Reginald Maudling
						Henry Brooke
						Edward Boyle
						Edward Heath
						Iain Macleod
						Christopher Soames
						Quintin Hogg
						Anthony Barber
						Robert Carr
						Geoffrey Rippon
						Jim Prior
						Keith Joseph
						Margaret Thatcher
						Geoffrey Howe
						Ian Gilmour
						John Davies
						William Whitelaw
						Francis Pym
						Peter Carington
						Nigel Lawson
						Leon Brittan
						Douglas Hurd
						John Major
						David Waddington
						Norman Lamont
						Kenneth Baker
						Kenneth Clarke
						Michael Howard
						Malcolm Rifkind
						Peter Lilley
						Brian Mawhinney
						William Hague
						Francis Maude
						Norman Fowler
						John Maples
						Ann Widdecombe
						Michael Portillo
						Iain Duncan Smith
						Michael Ancram
						Oliver Letwin
						David Davis
						George Osborne
						Liam Fox
						David Cameron
						Dominic Grieve
						Chris Grayling
						Theresa May
						Philip Hammond
						Boris Johnson
						Amber Rudd
						Sajid Javid
						Jeremy Hunt
				Dominic Raab
				Priti Patel
				Rishi Sunak
				Liz Truss
				Nadhim Zahawi
				Kwasi Kwarteng
				James Cleverly
				Suella Braverman
				Grant Shapps
				Andrew Mitchell
				Kemi Badenoch
				Mel Stride
				Chris Philp
—

Conservative Party

Key:

75
35	40

  Living  
  Deceased  

Tories
Born	Name	Died
30 Nov 1874	Winston Churchill	24 Jan 1965
09 Dec 1902	Rab Butler	08 Mar 1982
12 Jun 1897	Anthony Eden	14 Jan 1977
29 May 1900	David Maxwell Fyfe	27 Jan 1967
04 Dec 1894	Gwilym Lloyd George	14 Feb 1967
10 Feb 1894	Harold Macmillan	29 Dec 1986
28 Jul 1904	Selwyn Lloyd	18 May 1978
26 Jul 1909	Peter Thorneycroft	04 Jun 1994
26 Dec 1899	Derick Heathcoat-Amory	20 Jan 1981
02 Jul 1903	Alec Douglas-Home	09 Oct 1995
07 Mar 1917	Reginald Maudling	14 Feb 1979
09 Apr 1903	Henry Brooke	29 Mar 1984
31 Aug 1923	Edward Boyle	28 Sep 1981
09 Jul 1916	Edward Heath	17 Jul 2005
11 Nov 1913	Iain Macleod	20 Jul 1970
12 Oct 1920	Christopher Soames	16 Sep 1987
09 Oct 1907	Quintin Hogg	12 Oct 2001
04 Jul 1920	Anthony Barber	16 Dec 2005
11 Nov 1916	Robert Carr	17 Feb 2012
28 May 1924	Geoffrey Rippon	28 Jan 1997
11 Oct 1927	Jim Prior	12 Dec 2016
17 Jan 1918	Keith Joseph	10 Dec 1994
13 Oct 1925	Margaret Thatcher	08 Apr 2013
20 Dec 1926	Geoffrey Howe	09 Oct 2015
08 Jul 1926	Ian Gilmour	21 Sep 2007
08 Jan 1916	John Davies	04 Jul 1979
28 Jun 1918	William Whitelaw	01 Jul 1999
13 Feb 1922	Francis Pym	07 Mar 2008
06 Jun 1919	Peter Carington	09 Jul 2018
11 Mar 1932	Nigel Lawson	03 Apr 2023
25 Sep 1939	Leon Brittan	21 Jan 2015
08 Mar 1930	Douglas Hurd
29 Mar 1943	John Major
02 Aug 1929	David Waddington	23 Feb 2017
08 May 1942	Norman Lamont
03 Nov 1934	Kenneth Baker
02 Jul 1940	Kenneth Clarke
07 Jul 1941	Michael Howard
21 Jun 1946	Malcolm Rifkind
23 Aug 1943	Peter Lilley
26 Jul 1940	Brian Mawhinney	09 Nov 2019
26 Mar 1961	William Hague
04 Jul 1953	Francis Maude
02 Feb 1938	Norman Fowler
22 Apr 1943	John Maples	09 Jun 2012
04 Oct 1947	Ann Widdecombe
26 May 1953	Michael Portillo
09 Apr 1954	Iain Duncan Smith
07 Jul 1945	Michael Ancram	01 Oct 2024
19 May 1956	Oliver Letwin
23 Dec 1948	David Davis
23 May 1971	George Osborne
22 Sep 1961	Liam Fox
09 Oct 1966	David Cameron
24 May 1956	Dominic Grieve
01 Apr 1962	Chris Grayling
01 Oct 1956	Theresa May
04 Dec 1955	Philip Hammond
19 Jun 1964	Boris Johnson
01 Aug 1963	Amber Rudd
05 Dec 1969	Sajid Javid
01 Nov 1966	Jeremy Hunt
25 Feb 1974	Dominic Raab
29 Mar 1972	Priti Patel
12 May 1980	Rishi Sunak
26 Jul 1975	Liz Truss
02 Jun 1967	Nadhim Zahawi
26 May 1975	Kwasi Kwarteng
04 Sep 1969	James Cleverly
03 Apr 1980	Suella Braverman
14 Sep 1968	Grant Shapps
23 Mar 1956	Andrew Mitchell
02 Jan 1980	Kemi Badenoch
30 Sep 1961	Mel Stride
06 Jul 1976	Chris Philp

Since 07 Jun 1935

Prime Minister
Opposition Leader

Great Offices of State Shadow Great Offices of State
Date	Prime Minister Opposition Leader
07 Jun 1935 – 28 May 1937	Stanley Baldwin
28 May 1937 – 10 May 1940	Neville Chamberlain
10 May 1940 – 26 Jul 1945	Winston Churchill
26 Jul 1945 – 26 Oct 1951	Winston Churchill
26 Oct 1951 – 06 Apr 1955	Winston Churchill
06 Apr 1955 – 10 Jan 1957	Anthony Eden
10 Jan 1957 – 19 Oct 1963	Harold Macmillan
19 Oct 1963 – 16 Oct 1964	Alec Douglas-Home
16 Oct 1964 – 28 Jul 1965	Alec Douglas-Home
28 Jul 1965 – 19 Jun 1970	Edward Heath
19 Jun 1970 – 04 Mar 1974	Edward Heath
04 Mar 1974 – 11 Feb 1975	Edward Heath
11 Feb 1975 – 04 May 1979	Margaret Thatcher
04 May 1979 – 28 Nov 1990	Margaret Thatcher
28 Nov 1990 – 02 May 1997	John Major
02 May 1997 – 19 Jun 1997	John Major
19 Jun 1997 – 13 Sep 2001	William Hague
13 Sep 2001 – 06 Nov 2003	Iain Duncan Smith
06 Nov 2003 – 06 Dec 2005	Michael Howard
06 Dec 2005 – 11 May 2010	David Cameron
11 May 2010 – 13 Jul 2016	David Cameron
13 Jul 2016 – 24 Jul 2019	Theresa May
24 Jul 2019 – 06 Sep 2022	Boris Johnson
06 Sep 2022 – 25 Oct 2022	Liz Truss
25 Oct 2022 – 05 Jul 2024	Rishi Sunak
05 Jul 2024 – 04 Nov 2024	Rishi Sunak
04 Nov 2024 – present	Kemi Badenoch

Foreign Secretary
Shadow Foreign Secretary

Great Offices of State Shadow Great Offices of State
Date	Foreign Secretary Shadow Foreign Secretary
07 Jun 1935 – 18 Dec 1935	Samuel Hoare
18 Dec 1935 – 20 Feb 1938	Anthony Eden
20 Feb 1938 – 22 Dec 1940	Edward Wood
22 Dec 1940 – 26 Jul 1945	Anthony Eden
26 Jul 1945 – 26 Oct 1951	Anthony Eden
26 Oct 1951 – 06 Apr 1955	Anthony Eden
06 Apr 1955 – 20 Dec 1955	Harold Macmillan
20 Dec 1955 – 27 Jul 1960	Selwyn Lloyd
27 Jul 1960 – 19 Oct 1963	Alec Douglas-Home
19 Oct 1963 – 16 Oct 1964	Rab Butler
16 Oct 1964 – 16 Feb 1965	Rab Butler
16 Feb 1965 – 11 Nov 1965	Reginald Maudling
11 Nov 1965 – 13 Apr 1966	Christopher Soames
13 Apr 1966 – 19 Jun 1970	Alec Douglas-Home
19 Jun 1970 – 04 Mar 1974	Alec Douglas-Home
04 Mar 1974 – 11 Feb 1975	Geoffrey Rippon
11 Feb 1975 – 11 Apr 1976	Reginald Maudling
11 Apr 1976 – 06 Nov 1978	John Davies
06 Nov 1978 – 04 May 1979	Francis Pym
04 May 1979 – 05 Apr 1982	Peter Carington
05 Apr 1982 – 11 Jun 1983	Francis Pym
11 Jun 1983 – 24 Jul 1989	Geoffrey Howe
24 Jul 1989 – 26 Oct 1989	John Major
26 Oct 1989 – 05 Jul 1995	Douglas Hurd
05 Jul 1995 – 02 May 1997	Malcolm Rifkind
02 May 1997 – 11 Jun 1997	John Major
11 Jun 1997 – 15 Jun 1999	Michael Howard
15 Jun 1999 – 02 Feb 2000	John Maples
02 Feb 2000 – 18 Sep 2001	Francis Maude
18 Sep 2001 – 10 May 2005	Michael Ancram
10 May 2005 – 06 Dec 2005	Liam Fox
06 Dec 2005 – 11 May 2010	William Hague
11 May 2010 – 14 Jul 2014	William Hague
14 Jul 2014 – 13 Jul 2016	Philip Hammond
13 Jul 2016 – 09 Jul 2018	Boris Johnson
09 Jul 2018 – 24 Jul 2019	Jeremy Hunt
24 Jul 2019 – 15 Sep 2021	Dominic Raab
15 Sep 2021 – 06 Sep 2022	Liz Truss
06 Sep 2022 – 13 Nov 2023	James Cleverly
13 Nov 2023 – 05 Jul 2024	David Cameron
05 Jul 2024 – 04 Nov 2024	Andrew Mitchell
04 Nov 2024 – present	Priti Patel

~

Females of the Great Offices of State and Shadow Great Offices of State

Key:
  Labour
  Conservative

Labour
	Shirley Williams
	Margaret Beckett
	Jacqui Smith
	Harriet Harman
	Yvette Cooper
	Emily Thornberry
	Diane Abbott
	Anneliese Dodds
	Lisa Nandy
	Rachel Reeves
Conservative
	Margaret Thatcher
	Ann Widdecombe
	Theresa May
	Amber Rudd
	Priti Patel
	Liz Truss
	Suella Braverman
	Kemi Badenoch

—
—			—	Great Offices of State				—	(Shadow) Offices of State				—			—
				PM	CE	Away	Home		LO	CE	Away	Home
		Shirley Williams													Shirley Williams
		Margaret Thatcher													Margaret Thatcher
		Margaret Beckett													Margaret Beckett
		Ann Widdecombe													Ann Widdecombe
		Jacqui Smith													Jacqui Smith
		Harriet Harman													Harriet Harman
		Theresa May													Theresa May
		Yvette Cooper													Yvette Cooper
		Emily Thornberry													Emily Thornberry
		Amber Rudd													Amber Rudd
		Diane Abbott													Diane Abbott
		Priti Patel													Priti Patel
		Anneliese Dodds													Anneliese Dodds
		Lisa Nandy													Lisa Nandy
		Rachel Reeves													Rachel Reeves
		Liz Truss													Liz Truss
		Suella Braverman													Suella Braverman
		Kemi Badenoch													Kemi Badenoch
—

—
—	Great Offices of State				—				—	(Shadow) Offices of State				—
	PM	CE	Away	Home						LO	CE	Away	Home
							Shirley Williams
							Margaret Thatcher
							Margaret Beckett
							Ann Widdecombe						'
							Jacqui Smith
							Harriet Harman
							Theresa May
							Yvette Cooper
							Emily Thornberry
							Amber Rudd
							Diane Abbott
							Priti Patel
							Anneliese Dodds
							Lisa Nandy
							Rachel Reeves
							Liz Truss
							Suella Braverman
							Kemi Badenoch
—

Key:

Labour     Conservative

British governments ~and~ shadow cabinets

United Kingdom ~ general elections

37th Parliament (elected: 14 November 1935, first met: 26 November 1935, dissolved: 15 June 1945)

38th Parliament (elected: 5 July 1945, first met: 1 August 1945, dissolved: 3 February 1950)

39th Parliament (elected: 23 February 1950, first met: 1 March 1950, dissolved: 5 October 1951)

40th Parliament (elected: 25 October 1951, first met: 31 October 1951, dissolved: 6 May 1955)

41st Parliament (elected: 26 May 1955, first met: 7 June 1955, dissolved: 18 September 1959)

42nd Parliament (elected: 8 October 1959, first met: 20 October 1959, dissolved: 25 September 1964)

43rd Parliament (elected: 15 October 1964, first met: 27 October 1964, dissolved: 10 March 1966)

44th Parliament (elected: 31 March 1966, first met: 18 April 1966, dissolved: 29 May 1970)

45th Parliament (elected: 18 June 1970, first met: 29 June 1970, dissolved: 8 February 1974)

46th Parliament (elected: 28 February 1974, first met: 6 March 1974, dissolved: 20 September 1974)

47th Parliament (elected: 10 October 1974, first met: 22 October 1974, dissolved: 7 April 1979)

48th Parliament (elected: 3 May 1979, first met: 9 May 1979, dissolved: 13 May 1983)

49th Parliament (elected: 9 June 1983, first met: 15 June 1983, dissolved: 18 May 1987)

50th Parliament (elected: 11 June 1987, first met: 17 June 1987, dissolved: 16 March 1992)

51st Parliament (elected: 9 April 1992, first met: 27 April 1992, dissolved: 8 April 1997)

52nd Parliament (elected: 1 May 1997, first met: 7 May 1997, dissolved: 14 May 2001)

53rd Parliament (elected: 7 June 2001, first met: 13 June 2001, dissolved: 11 April 2005)

54th Parliament (elected: 5 May 2005, first met: 11 May 2005, dissolved: 12 April 2010)

55th Parliament (elected: 6 May 2010, first met: 18 May 2010, dissolved: 30 March 2015)

56th Parliament (elected: 7 May 2015, first met: 18 May 2015, dissolved: 3 May 2017)

57th Parliament (elected: 8 June 2017, first met: 13 June 2017, dissolved: 5 November 2019)

58th Parliament (elected: 12 December 2019, first met: 17 December 2019, dissolved: 30 May 2024)

59th Parliament (elected: 4 July 2024, first met: 9 July 2024, dissolved: TBD)

Parliament numeration differs (by one count) from general elections.

Conservative Party leadership elections

• 1965
• 1975
• 1989
• 1990
• 1995
• 1997
• 2001
• 2003
• 2005
• 2016
• 2019
• 2022 – Jul–Sep
• 2022 – Oct
• 2024

Commonwealth realms

United Kingdom / Commonwealth realms
United Kingdom / Commonwealth realms United Kingdom 1801–present Canada 1867–present India 1876–1948 Australia 1901–present New Zealand 1907–present South Africa 1910–1961 Ireland 1922–1949 Pakistan 1947–1956 Ceylon 1948–1972 Ghana 1957–1960 Nigeria 1960–1963 Sierra Leone 1961–1971 Tanganyika 1961–1962 Jamaica 1962–present Trinidad and Tobago 1962–1976 Uganda 1962–1963 Kenya 1963–1964 Malawi 1964–1966 Malta 1964–1974 The Gambia 1965–1970 Rhodesia 1965–1970 Guyana 1966–1970 Barbados 1966–2021 Mauritius 1968–1992 Fiji 1970–1987 The Bahamas 1973–present Grenada 1974–present Papua New Guinea 1975–present Solomon Islands 1978–present Tuvalu 1978–present St Lucia 1979–present St Vincent and the Grenadines   1979–present Belize 1981–present Antigua and Barbuda 1981–present St Kitts and Nevis 1983–present
(shown chronologically)

Big Four

	UK	CA	AU	NZ
CwRm					CwRm
FVEY					FVEY
OECD					OECD
ATPP					ATPP
—					—

First Lord of the Treasury / British prime minister

First Lord of the Treasury		British prime minister	Start	End	Party
	The Duke of Shrewsbury	—	1 August 1714	13 October 1714	Whig
	The Earl of Halifax	—	13 October 1714	19 May 1715	Whig
	The Earl of Carlisle	—	23 May 1715	10 October 1715	Whig
	Robert Walpole	—	10 October 1715	12 April 1717	Whig
	The Earl Stanhope	—	12 April 1717	21 March 1718	Whig
	The Earl of Sunderland	—	21 March 1718	4 April 1721	Whig
	Robert Walpole		4 April 1721	11 February 1742	Whig
	The Earl of Wilmington		16 February 1742	2 July 1743	Whig
	Henry Pelham		27 August 1743	10 February 1746	Whig
	The Earl of Bath	Henry Pelham	10 February 1746	12 February 1746	Whig
	Henry Pelham		12 February 1746	6 March 1754	Whig
	The Duke of Newcastle		16 March 1754	16 November 1756	Whig
	The Duke of Devonshire		16 November 1756	8 June 1757	Whig
	The Earl Waldegrave	The Duke of Devonshire	8 June 1757	12 June 1757	Whig
	The Duke of Devonshire		12 June 1757	29 June 1757	Whig
	The Duke of Newcastle		2 July 1757	26 May 1762	Whig
	The Earl of Bute		26 May 1762	16 April 1763	Tory
	George Grenville		16 April 1763	13 July 1765	Whig
	The Marquess of Rockingham		13 July 1765	30 July 1766	Whig
	The Duke of Grafton	The Earl of Chatham	30 July 1766	14 October 1768	Whig
	The Duke of Grafton		14 October 1768	28 January 1770	Whig
	Lord North		28 January 1770	22 March 1782	Tory
	The Marquess of Rockingham		27 March 1782	1 July 1782	Whig
	The Earl of Shelburne		4 July 1782	2 April 1783	Whig
	The Duke of Portland		2 April 1783	19 December 1783	Whig
	William Pitt the Younger		19 December 1783	14 March 1801	Tory
	Henry Addington		17 March 1801	10 May 1804	Tory
	William Pitt the Younger		10 May 1804	23 January 1806	Tory
	The Lord Grenville		11 February 1806	31 March 1807	Whig
	The Duke of Portland		31 March 1807	4 October 1809	Whig
	Spencer Perceval		4 October 1809	11 May 1812	Tory
	The Earl of Liverpool		9 June 1812	10 April 1827	Tory
	George Canning		10 April 1827	8 August 1827	Tory
	The Viscount Goderich		31 August 1827	22 January 1828	Tory
	The Duke of Wellington		22 January 1828	22 November 1830	Tory
	The Earl Grey		22 November 1830	16 July 1834	Whig
	The Viscount Melbourne		16 July 1834	14 November 1834	Whig
	The Duke of Wellington		14 November 1834	10 December 1834	Tory
	Robert Peel		10 December 1834	8 April 1835	Tory
	The Viscount Melbourne		18 April 1835	30 August 1841	Whig
	Robert Peel		30 August 1841	29 June 1846	Conservative
	Lord John Russell		30 June 1846	23 February 1852	Whig
	The Earl of Derby		23 February 1852	19 December 1852	Conservative
	The Earl of Aberdeen		19 December 1852	6 February 1855	Peelite
	The Viscount Palmerston		6 February 1855	20 February 1858	Liberal
	The Earl of Derby		20 February 1858	12 June 1859	Conservative
	The Viscount Palmerston		12 June 1859	18 October 1865	Liberal
	The Earl Russell		29 October 1865	28 June 1866	Liberal
	The Earl of Derby		28 June 1866	27 February 1868	Conservative
	Benjamin Disraeli		27 February 1868	3 December 1868	Conservative
	William Ewart Gladstone		3 December 1868	20 February 1874	Liberal
	Benjamin Disraeli		20 February 1874	23 April 1880	Conservative
	William Ewart Gladstone		23 April 1880	23 June 1885	Liberal
	The Earl of Iddesleigh	The Marquess of Salisbury	29 June 1885	1 February 1886	Conservative
	William Ewart Gladstone		1 February 1886	25 July 1886	Liberal
	The Marquess of Salisbury		3 August 1886	14 January 1887	Conservative
	William Henry Smith	The Marquess of Salisbury	14 January 1887	6 October 1891	Conservative
	Arthur Balfour	The Marquess of Salisbury	6 October 1891	15 August 1892	Conservative
	William Ewart Gladstone		15 August 1892	5 March 1894	Liberal
	The Earl of Rosebery		5 March 1894	25 June 1895	Liberal
	Arthur Balfour	The Marquess of Salisbury	25 June 1895	11 July 1902	Conservative
	Arthur Balfour		11 July 1902	5 December 1905	Conservative
	Henry Campbell-Bannerman		5 December 1905	3 April 1908	Liberal
	H. H. Asquith		8 April 1908	5 December 1916	Liberal
	David Lloyd George		6 December 1916	19 October 1922	Liberal
	Bonar Law		23 October 1922	20 May 1923	Conservative
	Stanley Baldwin		22 May 1923	22 January 1924	Conservative
	Ramsay MacDonald		22 January 1924	4 November 1924	Labour
	Stanley Baldwin		4 November 1924	4 June 1929	Conservative
	Ramsay MacDonald		5 June 1929	7 June 1935	National Labour
	Stanley Baldwin		7 June 1935	28 May 1937	Conservative
	Neville Chamberlain		28 May 1937	10 May 1940	Conservative
	Winston Churchill		10 May 1940	26 July 1945	Conservative
	Clement Attlee		26 July 1945	26 October 1951	Labour
	Winston Churchill		26 October 1951	5 April 1955	Conservative
	Anthony Eden		6 April 1955	9 January 1957	Conservative
	Harold Macmillan		10 January 1957	18 October 1963	Conservative
	Alec Douglas-Home		19 October 1963	16 October 1964	Conservative
	Harold Wilson		16 October 1964	19 June 1970	Labour
	Edward Heath		19 June 1970	4 March 1974	Conservative
	Harold Wilson		4 March 1974	5 April 1976	Labour
	James Callaghan		5 April 1976	4 May 1979	Labour
	Margaret Thatcher		4 May 1979	28 November 1990	Conservative
	John Major		28 November 1990	2 May 1997	Conservative
	Tony Blair		2 May 1997	27 June 2007	Labour
	Gordon Brown		27 June 2007	11 May 2010	Labour
	David Cameron		11 May 2010	13 July 2016	Conservative
	Theresa May		13 July 2016	24 July 2019	Conservative
	Boris Johnson		24 July 2019	6 September 2022	Conservative
	Liz Truss		6 September 2022	25 October 2022	Conservative
	Rishi Sunak		25 October 2022	5 July 2024	Conservative
	Keir Starmer		5 July 2024	Incumbent	Labour

Note that British prime minister The Earl of Chatham never served in the role of
First Lord of the Treasury (with the dates being 30 July 1766 − 14 October 1768).

All Hanoverian era dates correspond to that of the First Lord of the Treasury,
all subsequent dates since then correspond to that of the British prime minister.

Political parties in the UK

—
—	Faction										—
			—			Parliamentarians			Royalists
			↓			↓			↓
	Party
			—			Whig			Tory
			Labour			Liberal			Conservative
						Liberal Democrats
—

State funerals in the United Kingdom

[Non-Royalty] state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom
—	Date	Place	Individual	Spouse	Service	Burial / Final resting place	—
	24 January 1965 (Date of death) 30 January 1965 (Date of state funeral)	London, England	Sir Winston Churchill	Clementine Churchill (née Hozier)	St Paul's Cathedral	St Martin's Church, Bladon
	8 April 2013 (Date of death) 17 April 2013 (Date of state funeral)	London, England	Baroness Thatcher Margaret Thatcher (née Roberts)	Denis Thatcher	St Paul's Cathedral	Royal Hospital Chelsea, Chelsea, London (ashes; immediately following service on 17 April 2013)
	—	—	—	—	—	—
—

Cultural depictions of Margaret Thatcher

• North Sea Hijack (1980 film) – Faith Brook
• For Your Eyes Only (1981 film) – Janet Brown
• Anyone for Denis? (1982 TV play) – Angela Thorne
• Spitting Image (1984–1996 TV series) – Steve Nallon
• Water (1985 film) – Maureen Lipman
• First Among Equals (Hilary Turner) (1986 TV series) – Paola Dionisotti
• Cinderella: The Shoe Must Go On (1986 TV film) – Steve Nallon
• The New Statesman (1987–1991 TV series) – Steve Nallon
• About Face (1989 TV series) – Maureen Lipman
• The Investigation – Inside a Terrorist Bombing (1990 TV film) – Heather Chasen
• House of Cards (1990 TV serial) – (none)
• Dunrulin (1990 TV film) – Angela Thorne
• Thatcher: The Final Days (1991 TV film) – Sylvia Syms
• To Play the King (1993 TV serial) – (none)
• The Final Cut (1995 TV serial) – (none)
• Half the Picture (1996 TV series) – Sylvia Syms
• Deutschlandspiel (2000) (TV film) – Nicole Heesters
• The Falklands Play (2002 TV docudrama) – Patricia Hodge
• Jeffrey Archer: The Truth (2002 TV film) – Greta Scacchi
• The Alan Clark Diaries (2004 TV series) – Louise Gold
• Pinochet in Suburbia (2006 TV docudrama) – Anna Massey
• The Line of Beauty (2006 TV miniseries) – Kika Markham
• Coup! (2006 TV film) – Caroline Blakiston
• Shades of Black: The Conrad Black Story (2006 TV film) – Elizabeth Shepherd
• I Am Bob (Geldof) (2007 short) – Caroline Bernstein
• Back in Business (2007 film) – Caroline Bernstein
• The Long Walk to Finchley (2008 TV film) – Andrea Riseborough
• Margaret (2009 TV film) – Lindsay Duncan
• The Queen (2009 TV serial) – Lesley Manville
• When Harvey Met Bob (2010 TV film) – Ingrid Craigie
• The Iron Lady (2011 film) – Meryl Streep
• The Hunt for Tony Blair (2011 TV episode) – Jennifer Saunders
• In Search of La Che (2011 film) – Steve Nallon
• The Audience (2013 TV play) – Haydn Gwynne
• Harry & Paul's Story of the 2s (2014 TV film) – Harry Enfield
• Psychobitches (2014 TV series) – Michelle Gomez
• Killing Reagan (2016 film) – Kay Galvin
• The Crown (2020 TV series) – Gillian Anderson
• Stonehouse (2023 TV series) – Devon Black
• Reagan (2023 film) – Lesley-Anne Down

Miscarriage of justice

List of miscarriage of justice cases – (in the UK)

• Birmingham Six – (Birmingham pub bombings)
• Guildford Four and Maguire Seven – (Guildford pub bombings)

Category:Attacks on bars in the United Kingdom

Lasting resulted effectiveness

• Ginger group
• Coalition Coupon
• Chanak Crisis
• Carlton Club
• Carlton Club meeting
• 1922 Committee
• Statute of Westminster 1931

Error (law)

• See also: Category:Legal error and Miscarriage of justice
  

(saying) ... it's a mistake ...

Atlantic

• Atlanticism

Anglosphere Government leaders

(Shown in directional left → centre → right political spectrum order)

Leaders of the UK

Key:
  Labour
  Conservative
Prime Minister shown in bold-type; Leader of the Opposition is not.

Labour			Date	Conservative
	J. R. Clynes		1922–1922		Andrew Bonar Law
	Ramsay MacDonald		1922–1923		Andrew Bonar Law
	Ramsay MacDonald		1923–1924		Stanley Baldwin
	Ramsay MacDonald		1924–1924		Stanley Baldwin
	Ramsay MacDonald		1924–1929		Stanley Baldwin
	Ramsay MacDonald		1929–1931		Stanley Baldwin
	Ramsay MacDonald		1931–1935		Stanley Baldwin
	Clement Attlee		1935–1937		Stanley Baldwin
	Clement Attlee		1937–1940		Neville Chamberlain
	Clement Attlee		1940–1940		Winston Churchill
	Hastings Lees-Smith		1940–1941		Winston Churchill
	Clement Attlee		1941–1942		Winston Churchill
	Frederick Pethick-Lawrence		1942–1942		Winston Churchill
	Arthur Greenwood		1942–1945		Winston Churchill
	Clement Attlee		1945–1945		Winston Churchill
	Clement Attlee		1945–1951		Winston Churchill
	Clement Attlee		1951–1955		Winston Churchill
	Herbert Morrison		1955–1955		Anthony Eden
	Hugh Gaitskell		1955–1957		Anthony Eden
	Hugh Gaitskell		1957–1963		Harold Macmillan
	George Brown		1963–1963		Harold Macmillan
	Harold Wilson		1963–1963		Harold Macmillan
	Harold Wilson		1963–1964		Alec Douglas-Home
	Harold Wilson		1964–1965		Alec Douglas-Home
	Harold Wilson		1965–1970		Edward Heath
	Harold Wilson		1970–1974		Edward Heath
	Harold Wilson		1974–1975		Edward Heath
	Harold Wilson		1975–1976		Margaret Thatcher
	James Callaghan		1976–1979		Margaret Thatcher
	James Callaghan		1979–1980		Margaret Thatcher
	Michael Foot		1980–1983		Margaret Thatcher
	Neil Kinnock		1983–1990		Margaret Thatcher
	Neil Kinnock		1990–1992		John Major
	John Smith		1992–1994		John Major
	Margaret Beckett		1994–1994		John Major
	Tony Blair		1994–1997		John Major
	Tony Blair		1997–2001		William Hague
	Tony Blair		2001–2003		Iain Duncan Smith
	Tony Blair		2003–2005		Michael Howard
	Tony Blair		2005–2007		David Cameron
	Gordon Brown		2007–2010		David Cameron
	Harriet Harman		2010–2010		David Cameron
	Ed Miliband		2010–2015		David Cameron
	Harriet Harman		2015–2015		David Cameron
	Jeremy Corbyn		2015–2016		David Cameron
	Jeremy Corbyn		2016–2019		Theresa May
	Jeremy Corbyn		2019–2020		Boris Johnson
	Keir Starmer		2020–2022		Boris Johnson
	Keir Starmer		2022–2022		Liz Truss
	Keir Starmer		2022–2024		Rishi Sunak
	Keir Starmer		2024–2024		Rishi Sunak
	Keir Starmer		2024–present		Kemi Badenoch

  Ramsay MacDonald represented the National Labour Party from 1931–1935 after resigning from the Labour Party in which he represented.
During this time, in MacDonald's place, the Labour Party was represented by Arthur Henderson from 1931–1932, and by George Lansbury from 1932–1935.
They, in turn, were succeeded by Clement Attlee in 1935.

Leaders of Ireland

Key:
  Fianna Fáil
  Fine Gael
Taoiseach shown in bold-type; Leader of the Opposition is not.

Fianna Fáil			Date	Fine Gael
	Thomas Johnson		1922–1927		W. T. Cosgrave
	Éamon de Valera		1927–1932		W. T. Cosgrave
	Éamon de Valera		1932–1933		W. T. Cosgrave
	Éamon de Valera		1933–1934		Eoin O'Duffy
	Éamon de Valera		1934–1944		W. T. Cosgrave
	Éamon de Valera		1944–1944		Thomas F. O'Higgins
	Éamon de Valera		1944–1948		Richard Mulcahy
	Éamon de Valera		1948–1951		John A. Costello
	Éamon de Valera		1951–1954		John A. Costello
	Éamon de Valera		1954–1957		John A. Costello
	Éamon de Valera		1957–1959		John A. Costello
	Seán Lemass		1959–1965		James Dillon
	Seán Lemass		1965–1966		Liam Cosgrave
	Jack Lynch		1966–1973		Liam Cosgrave
	Jack Lynch		1973–1977		Liam Cosgrave
	Jack Lynch		1977–1979		Garret FitzGerald
	Charles Haughey		1979–1981		Garret FitzGerald
	Charles Haughey		1981–1982		Garret FitzGerald
	Charles Haughey		1982–1982		Garret FitzGerald
	Charles Haughey		1982–1987		Garret FitzGerald
	Charles Haughey		1987–1990		Alan Dukes
	Charles Haughey		1990–1992		John Bruton
	Albert Reynolds		1992–1994		John Bruton
	Bertie Ahern		1994–1997		John Bruton
	Bertie Ahern		1997–2001		John Bruton
	Bertie Ahern		2001–2002		Michael Noonan
	Bertie Ahern		2002–2008		Enda Kenny
	Brian Cowen		2008–2011		Enda Kenny
	Micheál Martin		2011–2017		Enda Kenny
	Micheál Martin		2017–2020		Leo Varadkar
	Micheál Martin		2020–2022		Leo Varadkar
	Micheál Martin		2022–2024		Leo Varadkar
	Micheál Martin		2024–present		Simon Harris

  Thomas Johnson represented the Labour Party from 1922–1927.
  W. T. Cosgrave represented the Cumann na nGaedheal Party from 1922–1933.
  Mary Lou McDonald has represented the Sinn Féin Party since 2020.

Leaders of Canada

Key:
  Liberal
  Conservative
Prime Minister shown in bold-type; Leader of the Opposition is not.

Liberal			Date	Conservative
	W. L. Mackenzie King		1948–1948		George A. Drew
	Louis St. Laurent		1948–1954		George A. Drew
	Louis St. Laurent		1954–1955		William Earl Rowe
	Louis St. Laurent		1955–1956		George A. Drew
	Louis St. Laurent		1956–1956		William Earl Rowe
	Louis St. Laurent		1956–1957		John Diefenbaker
	Louis St. Laurent		1957–1958		John Diefenbaker
	Lester B. Pearson		1958–1963		John Diefenbaker
	Lester B. Pearson		1963–1967		John Diefenbaker
	Lester B. Pearson		1967–1967		Michael Starr
	Lester B. Pearson		1967–1968		Robert Stanfield
	Pierre Trudeau		1968–1976		Robert Stanfield
	Pierre Trudeau		1976–1979		Joe Clark
	Pierre Trudeau		1979–1980		Joe Clark
	Pierre Trudeau		1980–1983		Joe Clark
	Pierre Trudeau		1983–1983		Erik Nielsen
	Pierre Trudeau		1983–1984		Brian Mulroney
	John Turner		1984–1984		Brian Mulroney
	John Turner		1984–1990		Brian Mulroney
	Herb Gray		1990–1990		Brian Mulroney
	Jean Chrétien		1990–1993		Brian Mulroney
	Jean Chrétien		1993–1993		Kim Campbell
	Jean Chrétien		1993–1998		Jean Charest
	Jean Chrétien		1998–1998		Elsie Wayne
	Jean Chrétien		1998–2003		Joe Clark
	Jean Chrétien		2003–2003		Peter MacKay
	Paul Martin		2003–2004		John Lynch-Staunton
	Paul Martin		2004–2004		Grant Hill
	Paul Martin		2004–2006		Stephen Harper
	Bill Graham		2006–2006		Stephen Harper
	Stéphane Dion		2006–2008		Stephen Harper
	Michael Ignatieff		2008–2011		Stephen Harper
	Bob Rae		2011–2013		Stephen Harper
	Justin Trudeau		2013–2015		Stephen Harper
	Justin Trudeau		2015–2017		Rona Ambrose
	Justin Trudeau		2017–2020		Andrew Scheer
	Justin Trudeau		2020–2022		Erin O'Toole
	Justin Trudeau		2022–2022		Candice Bergen
	Justin Trudeau		2022–present		Pierre Poilievre

Leaders of Australia

Key:
  Labor
  Liberal
Prime Minister shown in bold-type; Leader of the Opposition is not.

Labor			Date	Liberal
	Ben Chifley		1945–1949		Robert Menzies
	Ben Chifley		1949–1951		Robert Menzies
	Herbert Evatt		1951–1960		Robert Menzies
	Arthur Calwell		1960–1966		Robert Menzies
	Arthur Calwell		1966–1967		Harold Holt
	Gough Whitlam		1967–1967		Harold Holt
	Gough Whitlam		1967–1968		John McEwen
	Gough Whitlam		1968–1971		John Gorton
	Gough Whitlam		1971–1972		William McMahon
	Gough Whitlam		1972–1975		Billy Snedden
	Gough Whitlam		1975–1975		Malcolm Fraser
	Gough Whitlam		1975–1977		Malcolm Fraser
	Bill Hayden		1977–1983		Malcolm Fraser
	Bob Hawke		1983–1983		Malcolm Fraser
	Bob Hawke		1983–1985		Andrew Peacock
	Bob Hawke		1985–1989		John Howard
	Bob Hawke		1989–1990		Andrew Peacock
	Bob Hawke		1990–1991		John Hewson
	Paul Keating		1991–1994		John Hewson
	Paul Keating		1994–1995		Alexander Downer
	Paul Keating		1995–1996		John Howard
	Kim Beazley		1996–2001		John Howard
	Simon Crean		2001–2003		John Howard
	Mark Latham		2003–2005		John Howard
	Kim Beazley		2005–2006		John Howard
	Kevin Rudd		2006–2007		John Howard
	Kevin Rudd		2007–2008		Brendan Nelson
	Kevin Rudd		2008–2009		Malcolm Turnbull
	Kevin Rudd		2009–2010		Tony Abbott
	Julia Gillard		2010–2013		Tony Abbott
	Kevin Rudd		2013–2013		Tony Abbott
	Chris Bowen		2013–2013		Tony Abbott
	Bill Shorten		2013–2015		Tony Abbott
	Bill Shorten		2015–2018		Malcolm Turnbull
	Bill Shorten		2018–2019		Scott Morrison
	Anthony Albanese		2019–2022		Scott Morrison
	Anthony Albanese		2022–2022		Scott Morrison
	Anthony Albanese		2022–present		Peter Dutton

  John McEwen represented the National Party from 1967–1968.

Leaders of New Zealand

Key:
  Labour
  National
Prime Minister shown in bold-type; Leader of the Opposition is not.

Labour			Date	National
	Michael Joseph Savage		1936–1936		George Forbes
	Michael Joseph Savage		1936–1940		Adam Hamilton
	Peter Fraser		1940–1940		Adam Hamilton
	Peter Fraser		1940–1949		Sidney Holland
	Peter Fraser		1949–1950		Sidney Holland
	Walter Nash		1950–1957		Sidney Holland
	Walter Nash		1957–1957		Keith Holyoake
	Walter Nash		1957–1960		Keith Holyoake
	Walter Nash		1960–1963		Keith Holyoake
	Arnold Nordmeyer		1963–1965		Keith Holyoake
	Norman Kirk		1965–1972		Keith Holyoake
	Norman Kirk		1972–1972		Jack Marshall
	Norman Kirk		1972–1974		Jack Marshall
	Norman Kirk		1974–1974		Robert Muldoon
	Hugh Watt		1974–1974		Robert Muldoon
	Bill Rowling		1974–1975		Robert Muldoon
	Bill Rowling		1975–1983		Robert Muldoon
	David Lange		1983–1984		Robert Muldoon
	David Lange		1984–1984		Robert Muldoon
	David Lange		1984–1986		Jim McLay
	David Lange		1986–1989		Jim Bolger
	Geoffrey Palmer		1989–1990		Jim Bolger
	Mike Moore		1990–1990		Jim Bolger
	Mike Moore		1990–1993		Jim Bolger
	Helen Clark		1993–1997		Jim Bolger
	Helen Clark		1997–1999		Jenny Shipley
	Helen Clark		1999–2001		Jenny Shipley
	Helen Clark		2001–2003		Bill English
	Helen Clark		2003–2006		Don Brash
	Helen Clark		2006–2008		John Key
	Phil Goff		2008–2011		John Key
	David Shearer		2011–2013		John Key
	David Cunliffe		2013–2014		John Key
	David Parker		2014–2014		John Key
	Andrew Little		2014–2016		John Key
	Andrew Little		2016–2017		Bill English
	Jacinda Ardern		2017–2017		Bill English
	Jacinda Ardern		2017–2018		Bill English
	Jacinda Ardern		2018–2020		Simon Bridges
	Jacinda Ardern		2020–2020		Todd Muller
	Jacinda Ardern		2020–2021		Judith Collins
	Jacinda Ardern		2021–2023		Christopher Luxon
	Chris Hipkins		2023–2023		Christopher Luxon
	Chris Hipkins		2023–present		Christopher Luxon

Heads of Government

PMs & LOs still living

UK
Name		PM	LO	Birth date
	Neil Kinnock			28 Mar 1942
	John Major			29 Mar 1943
	Margaret Beckett			15 Jan 1943
	Tony Blair			6 May 1953
	William Hague			26 Mar 1961
	Iain Duncan Smith			9 Apr 1954
	Michael Howard			7 Jul 1941
	David Cameron			9 Oct 1966
	Gordon Brown			20 Feb 1951
	Harriet Harman			30 Jul 1950
	Ed Miliband			24 Dec 1969
	Jeremy Corbyn			26 May 1949
	Theresa May			1 Oct 1956
	Boris Johnson			19 Jun 1964
	Keir Starmer			2 Sep 1962
	Liz Truss			26 Jul 1975
	Rishi Sunak			12 May 1980
	Kemi Badenoch			2 Jan 1980
—
Ireland
Name		PM	LO	Birth date
	Alan Dukes			20 Apr 1945
	Bertie Ahern			12 Sep 1951
	Michael Noonan			21 May 1943
	Enda Kenny			24 Apr 1951
	Brian Cowen			10 Jan 1960
	Micheál Martin			1 Aug 1960
	Leo Varadkar			18 Jan 1979
	Mary Lou McDonald			1 May 1969
	Simon Harris			17 Oct 1986
—
Canada
Name		PM	LO	Birth date
	Joe Clark			5 Jun 1939
	Jean Chrétien			11 Jan 1934
	Kim Campbell			10 Mar 1947
	Jean Charest			24 Jun 1958
	Peter MacKay			27 Sep 1965
	Paul Martin			28 Aug 1938
	Grant Hill			20 Sep 1943
	Stephen Harper			30 Apr 1959
	Stéphane Dion			28 Sep 1955
	Michael Ignatieff			12 May 1947
	Bob Rae			2 Aug 1948
	Justin Trudeau			25 Dec 1971
	Rona Ambrose			15 Mar 1969
	Andrew Scheer			20 May 1979
	Erin O'Toole			22 Jan 1973
	Candice Bergen			28 Sep 1964
	Pierre Poilievre			3 Jun 1979
—
Australia
Name		PM	LO	Birth date
	John Howard			26 Jul 1939
	John Hewson			28 Oct 1946
	Paul Keating			18 Jan 1944
	Alexander Downer			9 Sep 1951
	Kim Beazley			14 Dec 1948
	Mark Latham			28 Feb 1961
	Kevin Rudd			21 Sep 1957
	Brendan Nelson			19 Aug 1958
	Malcolm Turnbull			24 Oct 1954
	Tony Abbott			4 Nov 1957
	Julia Gillard			29 Sep 1961
	Chris Bowen			17 Jan 1973
	Bill Shorten			12 May 1967
	Scott Morrison			13 May 1968
	Anthony Albanese			2 Mar 1963
	Peter Dutton			18 Nov 1970
—
New Zealand
Name		PM	LO	Birth date
	Jim McLay			21 Feb 1945
	Jim Bolger			31 May 1935
	Geoffrey Palmer			21 Apr 1942
	Helen Clark			26 Feb 1950
	Jenny Shipley			4 Feb 1952
	Bill English			30 Dec 1961
	Don Brash			24 Sep 1940
	John Key			9 Aug 1961
	Phil Goff			22 Jun 1953
	David Shearer			28 Jul 1957
	David Cunliffe			30 Apr 1963
	David Parker			1960
	Andrew Little			7 May 1965
	Jacinda Ardern			26 Jul 1980
	Simon Bridges			12 Oct 1976
	Todd Muller			23 Dec 1968
	Judith Collins			24 Feb 1959
	Christopher Luxon			19 Jul 1970
	Chris Hipkins			5 Sep 1978
—

Incumbents

UK
	Keir Starmer	PM	4 Apr 2020
	Kemi Badenoch	LO	2 Nov 2024

Ireland
	Simon Harris	PM	24 Mar 2024
	Mary Lou McDonald	LO	10 Feb 2018
	Micheál Martin	VP	26 Jan 2011

Canada
	Justin Trudeau	PM	14 Apr 2013
	Pierre Poilievre	LO	10 Sep 2022

Australia
	Anthony Albanese	PM	30 May 2019
	Peter Dutton	LO	30 May 2022

New Zealand
	Chris Hipkins	PM	22 Jan 2023
	Christopher Luxon	LO	30 Nov 2021

Anglosphere

• United Kingdom
• Ireland
• Canada
• United States
• Australia
• New Zealand

See also:

Book:Anglosphere

Celticsphere

Celtic nations

• Ireland (Éire)
  • Ulster (Ulaidh)
  • Connacht (Connachta)
  • Munster (Mhumhain)
  • Leinster (Laighin)
• Scotland (Alba)
• Wales (Cymru)
• Cornwall (Kernow)
• Isle of Man (Mannin)
• Brittany (Breizh)
  • Finistère (Penn-ar-Bed), Brittany
  • Côtes-d'Armor (Aodoù-an-Arvor), Brittany
  • Morbihan (Mor-Bihan), Brittany
  • Ille-et-Vilaine (Il-ha-Gwilen), Brittany
  • Loire-Atlantique (Liger-Atlantel), formerly Brittany; currently Pays de la Loire

List of (Anglospheric) general elections

Year	UK	IE	CA	US	AU	NZ
1707	1707
1708	1708
1710	1710
1713	1713
1715	1715
1722	1722
1727	1727
1734	1734
1741	1741
1747	1747
1754	1754
1761	1761
1768	1768
1774	1774
1780	1780
1784	1784
1788				1788
1790	1790
1792				1792
1796	1796
1796				1796
1800				1800
1801	1801
1802	1802
1804				1804
1806	1806
1807	1807
1808				1808
1812	1812
1812				1812
1816				1816
1818	1818
1820	1820
1820				1820
1824				1824
1826	1826
1828				1828
1830	1830
1831	1831
1832				1832
1832	1832
1835	1835
1836				1836
1837	1837
1840				1840
1841	1841
1844				1844
1847	1847
1848				1848
1852	1852
1852				1852
1853						1853
1855						1855
1856				1856
1857	1857
1859	1859
1860				1860
1860						1860
1864				1864
1865	1865
1866						1866
1867			1867
1868						1868
1868				1868
1868	1868
1871						1871
1872			1872
1872				1872
1874			1874
1874	1874
1875						1875
1876				1876
1878			1878
1879						1879
1880	1880
1880				1880
1881						1881
1882			1882
1884						1884
1884				1884
1885	1885
1886	1886
1887			1887
1887						1887
1888				1888
1890						1890
1891			1891
1892	1892
1892				1892
1893						1893
1895	1895
1896			1896
1896				1896
1896						1896
1899						1899
1900	1900
1900				1900
1900			1900
1901					1901
1902						1902
1903					1903
1904			1904
1904				1904
1905						1905
1906	1906
1906					1906
1908			1908
1908				1908
1908						1908
1910	1910
1910					1910
1910	1910
1910		1910
1911			1911
1911						1911
1912				1912
1913					1913
1914					1914
1914						1914
1916				1916
1917					1917
1917			1917
1918	1918
1918		1918
1919					1919
1919						1919
1920				1920
1921		1921
1921			1921
1922		1922
1922	1922
1922						1922
1922					1922
1923		1923
1923	1923
1924	1924
1924				1924
1925			1925
1925						1925
1925					1925
1926			1926
1927		1927
1927		1927
1928				1928
1928						1928
1928					1928
1929	1929
1929					1929
1930			1930
1931	1931
1931						1931
1931					1931
1932		1932
1932				1932
1933		1933
1934					1934
1935			1935
1935	1935
1935						1935
1936				1936
1937		1937
1937					1937
1938		1938
1938						1938
1940			1940
1940					1940
1940				1940
1943		1943
1943					1943
1943						1943
1944		1944
1944				1944
1945			1945
1945	1945
1946					1946
1946						1946
1948		1948
1948				1948
1949			1949
1949						1949
1949					1949
1950	1950
1951					1951
1951		1951
1951						1951
1951	1951
1952				1952
1953			1953
1954		1954
1954					1954
1954						1954
1955	1955
1955					1955
1956				1956
1957		1957
1957			1957
1957						1957
1958			1958
1958					1958
1959	1959
1960				1960
1960						1960
1961		1961
1961					1961
1962			1962
1963			1963
1963						1963
1963					1963
1964	1964
1964				1964
1965		1965
1965			1965
1966	1966
1966						1966
1966					1966
1968			1968
1968				1968
1969		1969
1969					1969
1969						1969
1970	1970
1972			1972
1972				1972
1972						1972
1972					1972
1973		1973
1974	1974
1974					1974
1974			1974
1974	1974
1975						1975
1975					1975
1976				1976
1977		1977
1977					1977
1978						1978
1979	1979
1979			1979
1980			1980
1980					1980
1980				1980
1981		1981
1981						1981
1982		1982
1982		1982
1983					1983
1983	1983
1984						1984
1984			1984
1984				1984
1984					1984
1987		1987
1987	1987
1987					1987
1987						1987
1988				1988
1988			1988
1989		1989
1990					1990
1990						1990
1992	1992
1992				1992
1992		1992
1993					1993
1993			1993
1993						1993
1996					1996
1996						1996
1996				1996
1997	1997
1997			1997
1997		1997
1998					1998
1999						1999
2000				2000
2000			2000
2001	2001
2001					2001
2002		2002
2002						2002
2004			2004
2004					2004
2004				2004
2005	2005
2005						2005
2006			2006
2007		2007
2007					2007
2008			2008
2008				2008
2008						2008
2010	2010
2010					2010
2011		2011
2011			2011
2011						2011
2012				2012
2013					2013
2014						2014
2015	2015
2015			2015
2016		2016
2016					2016
2016				2016
2017	2017
2017						2017
2019					2019
2019			2019
2019	2019
2020		2020
2020						2020
2020				2020
2021			2021
2022					2022
2023						2023
2024	2024
2024				2024
2025		2025
2025			2025

Anglospheric Heads of Government timeline (since 2000)

Timeline

Heads of Government (since WWII)

United Kingdom

UK
Head of Government	Start date	End date
Winston Churchill	Since WWII	26 Jul 1945
Clement Attlee	26 Jul 1945	26 Oct 1951
Winston Churchill	26 Oct 1951	6 Apr 1955
Anthony Eden	6 Apr 1955	10 Jan 1957
Harold Macmillan	10 Jan 1957	19 Oct 1963
Alec Douglas-Home	19 Oct 1963	16 Oct 1964
Harold Wilson	16 Oct 1964	19 Jun 1970
Edward Heath	19 Jun 1970	4 Mar 1974
Harold Wilson	4 Mar 1974	5 Apr 1976
James Callaghan	5 Apr 1976	4 May 1979
Margaret Thatcher	4 May 1979	28 Nov 1990
John Major	28 Nov 1990	2 May 1997
Tony Blair	2 May 1997	27 Jun 2007
Gordon Brown	27 Jun 2007	11 May 2010
David Cameron	11 May 2010	13 Jul 2016
Theresa May	13 Jul 2016	24 Jul 2019
Boris Johnson	24 Jul 2019	6 Sep 2022
Liz Truss	6 Sep 2022	25 Oct 2022
Rishi Sunak	25 Oct 2022	5 Jul 2024
Keir Starmer	5 Jul 2024	Incumbent

Ireland

IE
Head of Government	Start date	End date
Éamon de Valera	Since WWII	18 Feb 1948
John A. Costello	18 Feb 1948	13 Jun 1951
Éamon de Valera	13 Jun 1951	2 Jun 1954
John A. Costello	2 Jun 1954	20 Mar 1957
Éamon de Valera	20 Mar 1957	23 Jun 1959
Seán Lemass	23 Jun 1959	10 Nov 1966
Jack Lynch	10 Nov 1966	14 Mar 1973
Liam Cosgrave	14 Mar 1973	5 Jul 1977
Jack Lynch	5 Jul 1977	11 Dec 1979
Charles Haughey	11 Dec 1979	30 Jun 1981
Garret FitzGerald	30 Jun 1981	9 Mar 1982
Charles Haughey	9 Mar 1982	14 Dec 1982
Garret FitzGerald	14 Dec 1982	10 Mar 1987
Charles Haughey	10 Mar 1987	11 Feb 1992
Albert Reynolds	11 Feb 1992	15 Dec 1994
John Bruton	15 Dec 1994	26 Jun 1997
Bertie Ahern	26 Jun 1997	7 May 2008
Brian Cowen	7 May 2008	9 Mar 2011
Enda Kenny	9 Mar 2011	14 Jun 2017
Leo Varadkar	14 Jun 2017	27 Jun 2020
Micheál Martin	27 Jun 2020	17 Dec 2022
Leo Varadkar	17 Dec 2022	09 Apr 2024
Simon Harris	09 Apr 2024	Incumbent

Canada

CA
Head of Government	Start date	End date
W. L. Mackenzie King	Since WWII	15 Nov 1948
Louis St. Laurent	15 Nov 1948	21 Jun 1957
John Diefenbaker	21 Jun 1957	22 Apr 1963
Lester B. Pearson	22 Apr 1963	20 Apr 1968
Pierre Trudeau	20 Apr 1968	3 Jun 1979
Joe Clark	4 Jun 1979	2 Mar 1980
Pierre Trudeau	3 Mar 1980	29 Jun 1984
John Turner	30 Jun 1984	16 Sep 1984
Brian Mulroney	17 Sep 1984	24 Jun 1993
Kim Campbell	25 Jun 1993	3 Nov 1993
Jean Chrétien	4 Nov 1993	11 Dec 2003
Paul Martin	12 Dec 2003	5 Feb 2006
Stephen Harper	6 Feb 2006	3 Nov 2015
Justin Trudeau	4 Nov 2015	Incumbent

United States

US
Head of Government	Start date	End date
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Since WWII	12 Apr 1945
Harry S. Truman	12 Apr 1945	20 Jan 1953
Dwight D. Eisenhower	20 Jan 1953	20 Jan 1961
John F. Kennedy	20 Jan 1961	22 Nov 1963
Lyndon B. Johnson	22 Nov 1963	20 Jan 1969
Richard Nixon	20 Jan 1969	9 Aug 1974
Gerald Ford	9 Aug 1974	20 Jan 1977
Jimmy Carter	20 Jan 1977	20 Jan 1981
Ronald Reagan	20 Jan 1981	20 Jan 1989
George H. W. Bush	20 Jan 1989	20 Jan 1993
Bill Clinton	20 Jan 1993	20 Jan 2001
George W. Bush	20 Jan 2001	20 Jan 2009
Barack Obama	20 Jan 2009	20 Jan 2017
Donald Trump	20 Jan 2017	20 Jan 2021
Joe Biden	20 Jan 2021	20 Jan 2025

Australia

AU
Head of Government	Start date	End date
John Curtin	Since WWII	5 Jul 1945
Frank Forde	6 Jul 1945	13 Jul 1945
Ben Chifley	13 Jul 1945	19 Dec 1949
Robert Menzies	19 Dec 1949	26 Jan 1966
Harold Holt	26 Jan 1966	19 Dec 1967
John McEwen	19 Dec 1967	10 Jan 1968
John Gorton	10 Jan 1968	10 Mar 1971
William McMahon	10 Mar 1971	5 Dec 1972
Gough Whitlam	5 Dec 1972	11 Nov 1975
Malcolm Fraser	11 Nov 1975	11 Mar 1983
Bob Hawke	11 Mar 1983	20 Dec 1991
Paul Keating	20 Dec 1991	11 Mar 1996
John Howard	11 Mar 1996	3 Dec 2007
Kevin Rudd	3 Dec 2007	24 Jun 2010
Julia Gillard	24 Jun 2010	27 Jun 2013
Kevin Rudd	27 Jun 2013	18 Sep 2013
Tony Abbott	18 Sep 2013	15 Sep 2015
Malcolm Turnbull	15 Sep 2015	24 Aug 2018
Scott Morrison	24 Aug 2018	23 May 2022
Anthony Albanese	23 May 2022	Incumbent

New Zealand

NZ
Head of Government	Start date	End date
Peter Fraser	Since WWII	13 Dec 1949
Sidney Holland	13 Dec 1949	20 Sep 1957
Keith Holyoake	20 Sep 1957	12 Dec 1957
Walter Nash	12 Dec 1957	12 Dec 1960
Keith Holyoake	12 Dec 1960	7 Feb 1972
Jack Marshall	7 Feb 1972	8 Dec 1972
Norman Kirk	8 Dec 1972	31 Aug 1974
Hugh Watt	31 Aug 1974	6 Sep 1974
Bill Rowling	6 Sep 1974	12 Dec 1975
Robert Muldoon	12 Dec 1975	26 Jul 1984
David Lange	26 Jul 1984	8 Aug 1989
Geoffrey Palmer	8 Aug 1989	4 Sep 1990
Mike Moore	4 Sep 1990	2 Nov 1990
Jim Bolger	2 Nov 1990	8 Dec 1997
Jenny Shipley	8 Dec 1997	5 Dec 1999
Helen Clark	5 Dec 1999	19 Nov 2008
John Key	19 Nov 2008	12 Dec 2016
Bill English	12 Dec 2016	26 Oct 2017
Jacinda Ardern	26 Oct 2017	25 Jan 2023
Chris Hipkins	25 Jan 2023	27 Nov 2023
Christopher Luxon	27 Nov 2023	Incumbent

Heads of Government still living

United Kingdom

UK
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
John Major	28 Nov 1990	2 May 1997	29 Mar 1943	81 years, 7 months and 9 days
Tony Blair	2 May 1997	27 Jun 2007	6 May 1953	71 years, 6 months and 1 day
Gordon Brown	27 Jun 2007	11 May 2010	20 Feb 1951	73 years, 8 months and 18 days
David Cameron	11 May 2010	13 Jul 2016	9 Oct 1966	58 years and 29 days
Theresa May	13 Jul 2016	24 Jul 2019	1 Oct 1956	68 years, 1 month and 6 days
Boris Johnson	24 Jul 2019	6 Sep 2022	19 Jun 1964	60 years, 4 months and 19 days
Liz Truss	6 Sep 2022	25 Oct 2022	26 Jul 1975	49 years, 3 months and 12 days
Rishi Sunak	25 Oct 2022	5 Jul 2024	12 May 1980	44 years, 5 months and 26 days
Keir Starmer	5 Jul 2024	Incumbent	2 Sep 1962	62 years, 2 months and 5 days

Ireland

IE
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
Bertie Ahern	26 Jun 1997	7 May 2008	12 Sep 1951	73 years, 1 month and 26 days
Brian Cowen	7 May 2008	9 Mar 2011	10 Jan 1960	64 years, 9 months and 28 days
Enda Kenny	9 Mar 2011	14 Jun 2017	24 Apr 1951	73 years, 6 months and 14 days
Leo Varadkar	14 Jun 2017	27 Jun 2020	18 Jan 1979	45 years, 9 months and 20 days
Micheál Martin	27 Jun 2020	17 Dec 2022	1 Aug 1960	64 years, 3 months and 6 days
Leo Varadkar	17 Dec 2022	09 Apr 2024	18 Jan 1979	45 years, 9 months and 20 days
Simon Harris	09 Apr 2024	Incumbent	17 Oct 1986	38 years and 21 days

Canada

CA
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
Joe Clark	4 Jun 1979	2 Mar 1980	5 Jun 1939	85 years, 5 months and 2 days
Kim Campbell	25 Jun 1993	3 Nov 1993	10 Mar 1947	77 years, 7 months and 28 days
Jean Chrétien	4 Nov 1993	11 Dec 2003	11 Jan 1934	90 years, 9 months and 27 days
Paul Martin	12 Dec 2003	5 Feb 2006	28 Aug 1938	86 years, 2 months and 10 days
Stephen Harper	6 Feb 2006	3 Nov 2015	30 Apr 1959	65 years, 6 months and 8 days
Justin Trudeau	4 Nov 2015	Incumbent	25 Dec 1971	52 years, 10 months and 13 days

United States

US
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
Jimmy Carter	20 Jan 1977	20 Jan 1981	1 Oct 1924	100 years, 1 month and 6 days
Bill Clinton	20 Jan 1993	20 Jan 2001	19 Aug 1946	78 years, 2 months and 19 days
George W. Bush	20 Jan 2001	20 Jan 2009	6 Jul 1946	78 years, 4 months and 1 day
Barack Obama	20 Jan 2009	20 Jan 2017	4 Aug 1961	63 years, 3 months and 3 days
Donald Trump	20 Jan 2017	20 Jan 2021	14 Jun 1946	78 years, 4 months and 24 days
Joe Biden	20 Jan 2021	Incumbent	20 Nov 1942	81 years, 11 months and 18 days

Australia

AU
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
Paul Keating	20 Dec 1991	11 Mar 1996	18 Jan 1944	80 years, 9 months and 20 days
John Howard	11 Mar 1996	3 Dec 2007	26 Jul 1939	85 years, 3 months and 12 days
Kevin Rudd	3 Dec 2007	24 Jun 2010	21 Sep 1957	67 years, 1 month and 17 days
Julia Gillard	24 Jun 2010	27 Jun 2013	29 Sep 1961	63 years, 1 month and 9 days
Kevin Rudd	27 Jun 2013	18 Sep 2013	21 Sep 1957	67 years, 1 month and 17 days
Tony Abbott	18 Sep 2013	15 Sep 2015	4 Nov 1957	67 years and 3 days
Malcolm Turnbull	15 Sep 2015	24 Aug 2018	24 Oct 1954	70 years and 14 days
Scott Morrison	24 Aug 2018	23 May 2022	13 May 1968	56 years, 5 months and 25 days
Anthony Albanese	23 May 2022	Incumbent	2 Mar 1963	61 years, 8 months and 5 days

New Zealand

NZ
Head of Government	Start date	End date	Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
Geoffrey Palmer	8 Aug 1989	4 Sep 1990	21 Apr 1942	82 years, 6 months and 17 days
Jim Bolger	2 Nov 1990	8 Dec 1997	31 May 1935	89 years, 5 months and 7 days
Jenny Shipley	8 Dec 1997	5 Dec 1999	4 Feb 1952	72 years, 9 months and 3 days
Helen Clark	5 Dec 1999	19 Nov 2008	26 Feb 1950	74 years, 8 months and 12 days
John Key	19 Nov 2008	12 Dec 2016	9 Aug 1961	63 years, 2 months and 29 days
Bill English	12 Dec 2016	26 Oct 2017	30 Dec 1961	62 years, 10 months and 8 days
Jacinda Ardern	26 Oct 2017	25 Jan 2023	26 Jul 1980	44 years, 3 months and 12 days
Chris Hipkins	25 Jan 2023	27 Nov 2023	5 Sep 1978	46 years, 2 months and 2 days
Christopher Luxon	27 Nov 2023	Incumbent	19 Jul 1970	54 years, 3 months and 19 days

Female party leaders, PMs & LOs

Name		Date(s) as Party Leader		Position	Party
	Margaret Thatcher	11 Feb 1975	28 Nov 1990	LO 11 Feb 1975 – 4 May 1979 PM 4 May 1979 – 28 Nov 1990	Conservative	UK
	Theresa May	11 Jul 2016	23 Jul 2019	PM 13 Jul 2016 – 24 Jul 2019	Conservative	UK
	Liz Truss	5 Sep 2022	24 Oct 2022	PM 6 Sep 2022 – 25 Oct 2022	Conservative	UK
	Kemi Badenoch	2 Nov 2024	Incumbent	LO 2 Nov 2024 – present	Conservative	UK
	Margaret Beckett	12 May 1994	21 Jul 1994	LO 12 May 1994 – 21 Jul 1994	Labour	UK
	Harriet Harman	11 May 2010 8 May 2015	25 Sep 2010 12 Sep 2015	LO 11 May 2010 – 25 Sep 2010 LO 8 May 2015 – 12 Sep 2015	Labour	UK
	Mary Lou McDonald	10 Feb 2018	Incumbent	LO 27 Jun 2020 – present	Sinn Féin	IE
	Kim Campbell	13 Jun 1993	13 Dec 1993	PM 25 Jun 1993 – 4 Nov 1993	Conservative	CA
	Elsie Wayne	4 Apr 1998	13 Nov 1998	LO 4 Apr 1998 – 13 Nov 1998	Conservative	CA
	Rona Ambrose	5 Nov 2015	27 May 2017	LO 5 Nov 2015 – 27 May 2017	Conservative	CA
	Candice Bergen	2 Feb 2022	10 Sep 2022	LO 2 Feb 2022 – 10 Sep 2022	Conservative	CA
	Julia Gillard	24 Jun 2010	27 Jun 2013	PM 24 Jun 2010 – 27 Jun 2013	Labor	AU
	Helen Clark	1 Dec 1993	19 Nov 2008	LO 1 Dec 1993 – 10 Dec 1999 PM 10 Dec 1999 – 19 Nov 2008	Labour	NZ
	Jacinda Ardern	1 Aug 2017	22 Jan 2023	LO 1 Aug 2017 – 26 Oct 2017 PM 26 Oct 2017 – 25 Jan 2023	Labour	NZ
	Jenny Shipley	8 Dec 1997	8 Oct 2001	PM 8 Dec 1997 – 10 Dec 1999 LO 10 Dec 1999 – 8 Oct 2001	National	NZ
	Judith Collins	14 Jul 2020	25 Nov 2021	LO 14 Jul 2020 – 25 Nov 2021	National	NZ

A11 12 female Canadian Supreme Court justices

• Bertha Wilson
• Claire L'Heureux-Dubé
• Beverley McLachlin
• Louise Arbour
• Marie Deschamps
• Rosalie Abella
• Louise Charron
• Andromache Karakatsanis
• Suzanne Côté
• Sheilah Martin
• Michelle O'Bonsawin
• Mary Moreau

Note: Bold denotes Chief Justice of Canada

All six female U.S. Supreme Court justices

• Sandra Day O'Connor
• Ruth Bader Ginsburg
• Sonia Sotomayor
• Elena Kagan
• Amy Coney Barrett
• Ketanji Brown Jackson

Presidential party candidates still living

Name		Birth date	Age as of 7 November 2024
	Jimmy Carter	October 1, 1924	100 years, 1 month and 6 days
	Michael Dukakis	November 3, 1933	91 years and 4 days
	Bill Clinton	August 19, 1946	78 years, 2 months and 19 days
	Al Gore	March 31, 1948	76 years, 7 months and 7 days
	George W. Bush	July 6, 1946	78 years, 4 months and 1 day
	John Kerry	December 11, 1943	80 years, 10 months and 27 days
	Barack Obama	August 4, 1961	63 years, 3 months and 3 days
	Mitt Romney	March 12, 1947	77 years, 7 months and 26 days
	Hillary Clinton	October 26, 1947	77 years and 12 days
	Donald Trump	June 14, 1946	78 years, 4 months and 24 days
	Joe Biden	November 20, 1942	81 years, 11 months and 18 days

Note: Presidents are shown in bold.

Presidential and Vice Presidential party candidates

(Since 1976)

Party candidates
	1976	Gerald Ford	Bob Dole
	1976	Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale
	1980	Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale
	1980	Ronald Reagan	George H. W. Bush
	1984	Ronald Reagan	George H. W. Bush
	1984	Walter Mondale	Geraldine Ferraro
	1988	Michael Dukakis	Lloyd Bentsen
	1988	George H. W. Bush	Dan Quayle
	1992	George H. W. Bush	Dan Quayle
	1992	Bill Clinton	Al Gore
	1996	Bill Clinton	Al Gore
	1996	Bob Dole	Jack Kemp
	2000	Al Gore	Joe Lieberman
	2000	George W. Bush	Dick Cheney
	2004	George W. Bush	Dick Cheney
	2004	John Kerry	John Edwards
	2008	John McCain	Sarah Palin
	2008	Barack Obama	Joe Biden
	2012	Barack Obama	Joe Biden
	2012	Mitt Romney	Paul Ryan
	2016	Hillary Clinton	Tim Kaine
	2016	Donald Trump	Mike Pence
	2020	Donald Trump	Mike Pence
	2020	Joe Biden	Kamala Harris
	2024	Kamala Harris	Tim Walz
	2024	Donald Trump	J. D. Vance

Note:

• Winning candidates shown in bold
• (Name) = deceased

List of United States major party presidential tickets

Key:

  Democratic
  Republican

Winning ticket shown in bold.

List of United States major party presidential tickets
	Year		Democratic					Year		Republican					Year
	1976			Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale			1976			Gerald Ford	Bob Dole			1976
	1980			Jimmy Carter	Walter Mondale			1980			Ronald Reagan	George H. W. Bush			1980
	1984			Walter Mondale	Geraldine Ferraro			1984			Ronald Reagan	George H. W. Bush			1984
	1988			Michael Dukakis	Lloyd Bentsen			1988			George H. W. Bush	Dan Quayle			1988
	1992			Bill Clinton	Al Gore			1992			George H. W. Bush	Dan Quayle			1992
	1996			Bill Clinton	Al Gore			1996			Bob Dole	Jack Kemp			1996
	2000			Al Gore	Joe Lieberman			2000			George W. Bush	Dick Cheney			2000
	2004			John Kerry	John Edwards			2004			George W. Bush	Dick Cheney			2004
	2008			Barack Obama	Joe Biden			2008			John McCain	Sarah Palin			2008
	2012			Barack Obama	Joe Biden			2012			Mitt Romney	Paul Ryan			2012
	2016			Hillary Clinton	Tim Kaine			2016			Donald Trump	Mike Pence			2016
	2020			Joe Biden	Kamala Harris			2020			Donald Trump	Mike Pence			2020
	2024			Kamala Harris	Tim Walz			2024			Donald Trump	J. D. Vance			2024
	2028			George H. W. Bush	George H. W. Bush			2028			George H. W. Bush	George H. W. Bush			2028
—

First / Second ~ ladies and gents of the U.S.

List of United States major party presidential tickets

Key:

  Democratic
  Republican

Winning ticket of first / second ~ ladies and gents shown in bold.

U.S. major party presidential ticket spouses
	Year		First		Second			Year		First		Second			Year
	1976			Rosalynn Carter	Joan Mondale			1976			Betty Ford	Elizabeth Dole			1976
	1980			Rosalynn Carter	Joan Mondale			1980			Nancy Reagan	Barbara Bush			1980
	1984			Joan Mondale	John Ferraro			1984			Nancy Reagan	Barbara Bush			1984
	1988			Kitty Dukakis	Beryl Bentsen			1988			Barbara Bush	Marilyn Quayle			1988
	1992			Hillary Clinton	Tipper Gore			1992			Barbara Bush	Marilyn Quayle			1992
	1996			Hillary Clinton	Tipper Gore			1996			Elizabeth Dole	Joanne Kemp			1996
	2000			Tipper Gore	Hadassah Lieberman			2000			Laura Bush	Lynne Cheney			2000
	2004			Teresa Kerry	Elizabeth Edwards			2004			Laura Bush	Lynne Cheney			2004
	2008			Michelle Obama	Jill Biden			2008			Cindy McCain	Todd Palin			2008
	2012			Michelle Obama	Jill Biden			2012			Ann Romney	Janna Ryan			2012
	2016			Bill Clinton	Anne Kaine			2016			Melania Trump	Karen Pence			2016
	2020			Jill Biden	Doug Emhoff			2020			Melania Trump	Karen Pence			2020
	2024			Doug Emhoff	Gwen Whipple			2024			Melania Trump	Usha Vance			2024
	2028			George H. W. Bush	George H. W. Bush			2028			George H. W. Bush	George H. W. Bush			2028
	Year		Democratic					Year		Republican					Year
—

All

Key:

  Democratic
  Republican

Winning ticket shown in bold.

U.S. major party presidential ticket spouses
—		Year		President		First lady / gent.		Vice president	Second lady / gent.			Year		President		First lady / gent.		Vice president	Second lady / gent.			Year		—
		1976			Jimmy Carter	Rosalynn Carter		Walter Mondale	Joan Mondale			1976			Gerald Ford	Betty Ford		Bob Dole	Elizabeth Dole			1976
		1980			Jimmy Carter	Rosalynn Carter		Walter Mondale	Joan Mondale			1980			Ronald Reagan	Nancy Reagan		George H. W. Bush	Barbara Bush			1980
		1984			Walter Mondale	Joan Mondale		Geraldine Ferraro	John Ferraro			1984			Ronald Reagan	Nancy Reagan		George H. W. Bush	Barbara Bush			1984
		1988			Michael Dukakis	Kitty Dukakis		Lloyd Bentsen	Beryl Bentsen			1988			George H. W. Bush	Barbara Bush		Dan Quayle	Marilyn Quayle			1988
		1992			Bill Clinton	Hillary Clinton		Al Gore	Tipper Gore			1992			George H. W. Bush	Barbara Bush		Dan Quayle	Marilyn Quayle			1992
		1996			Bill Clinton	Hillary Clinton		Al Gore	Tipper Gore			1996			Bob Dole	Elizabeth Dole		Jack Kemp	Joanne Kemp			1996
		2000			Al Gore	Tipper Gore		Joe Lieberman	Hadassah Lieberman			2000			George W. Bush	Laura Bush		Dick Cheney	Lynne Cheney			2000
		2004			John Kerry	Teresa Kerry		John Edwards	Elizabeth Edwards			2004			George W. Bush	Laura Bush		Dick Cheney	Lynne Cheney			2004
		2008			Barack Obama	Michelle Obama		Joe Biden	Jill Biden			2008			John McCain	Cindy McCain		Sarah Palin	Todd Palin			2008
		2012			Barack Obama	Michelle Obama		Joe Biden	Jill Biden			2012			Mitt Romney	Ann Romney		Paul Ryan	Janna Ryan			2012
		2016			Hillary Clinton	Bill Clinton		Tim Kaine	Anne Kaine			2016			Donald Trump	Melania Trump		Mike Pence	Karen Pence			2016
		2020			Joe Biden	Jill Biden		Kamala Harris	Doug Emhoff			2020			Donald Trump	Melania Trump		Mike Pence	Karen Pence			2020
		2024			Kamala Harris	Doug Emhoff		Tim Walz	Gwen Whipple			2024			Donald Trump	Melania Trump		J. D. Vance	Usha Vance			2024
		2028			Hadassah Lieberman	Hadassah Lieberman		Hadassah Lieberman	Hadassah Lieberman			2028			Hadassah Lieberman	Hadassah Lieberman		Hadassah Lieberman	Hadassah Lieberman			2028
		Year		Democratic								Year		Republican								Year
—

From Vice President to President

Never in history has an individual completed a full eight years as vice
president, then another full eight years as president. Not yet, anyway.

Mount Trumpmore

Trump's Mount Rushmore

• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Richard Nixon
• Ronald Reagan
• Donald Trump

Political parties

  UK Labour
  UK Conservative
  IE Fianna Fáil
  IE Fine Gael
  CA Liberal
  CA Conservative
  AU Labor
  AU Liberal
  NZ Labour
  NZ National

United States

United States presidential election

Key:

  Independent
  Federalist
  Democratic-Republican
  National Republican
  Whig
  Democratic
  Republican

Presidents are shown in bold.

Democratic			Year	Republican
	George Washington		1788
	George Washington		1792
	John Adams		1796		Thomas Jefferson
	John Adams		1800		Thomas Jefferson
	Charles C. Pinckney		1804		Thomas Jefferson
	Charles C. Pinckney		1808		James Madison
	DeWitt Clinton		1812		James Madison
	Rufus King		1816		James Monroe
	William Henry Harrison		1820		James Monroe
	Andrew Jackson		1824		John Quincy Adams
	Andrew Jackson		1828		John Quincy Adams
	Andrew Jackson		1832		Henry Clay
	Martin Van Buren		1836		William Henry Harrison
	Martin Van Buren		1840		William Henry Harrison
	James K. Polk		1844		Henry Clay
	Lewis Cass		1848		Zachary Taylor
	Franklin Pierce		1852		Winfield Scott
	James Buchanan		1856		John C. Frémont
	Stephen A. Douglas		1860		Abraham Lincoln
	George B. McClellan		1864		Abraham Lincoln
	Horatio Seymour		1868		Ulysses S. Grant
	Horace Greeley		1872		Ulysses S. Grant
	Samuel J. Tilden		1876		Rutherford B. Hayes
	Winfield Scott Hancock		1880		James A. Garfield
	Grover Cleveland		1884		James G. Blaine
	Grover Cleveland		1888		Benjamin Harrison
	Grover Cleveland		1892		Benjamin Harrison
	William Jennings Bryan		1896		William McKinley
	William Jennings Bryan		1900		William McKinley
	Alton B. Parker		1904		Theodore Roosevelt
	William Jennings Bryan		1908		William Howard Taft
	Woodrow Wilson		1912		William Howard Taft
	Woodrow Wilson		1916		Charles Evans Hughes
	James M. Cox		1920		Warren G. Harding
	John W. Davis		1924		Calvin Coolidge
	Al Smith		1928		Herbert Hoover
	Franklin D. Roosevelt		1932		Herbert Hoover
	Franklin D. Roosevelt		1936		Alf Landon
	Franklin D. Roosevelt		1940		Wendell Willkie
	Franklin D. Roosevelt		1944		Thomas E. Dewey
	Harry S. Truman		1948		Thomas E. Dewey
	Adlai Stevenson II		1952		Dwight D. Eisenhower
	Adlai Stevenson II		1956		Dwight D. Eisenhower
	John F. Kennedy		1960		Richard Nixon
	Lyndon B. Johnson		1964		Barry Goldwater
	Hubert Humphrey		1968		Richard Nixon
	George McGovern		1972		Richard Nixon
	Jimmy Carter		1976		Gerald Ford
	Jimmy Carter		1980		Ronald Reagan
	Walter Mondale		1984		Ronald Reagan
	Michael Dukakis		1988		George H. W. Bush
	Bill Clinton		1992		George H. W. Bush
	Bill Clinton		1996		Bob Dole
	Al Gore		2000		George W. Bush
	John Kerry		2004		George W. Bush
	Barack Obama		2008		John McCain
	Barack Obama		2012		Mitt Romney
	Hillary Clinton		2016		Donald Trump
	Joe Biden		2020		Donald Trump
	Kamala Harris		2024		Donald Trump

Electoral College vs. Popular Vote

Year	Popular Vote winner		Electoral College winner
1824		Andrew Jackson		John Quincy Adams
1876		Samuel J. Tilden		Rutherford B. Hayes
1888		Grover Cleveland		Benjamin Harrison
2000		Al Gore		George W. Bush
2016		Hillary Clinton		Donald Trump

See [here], also ...

Year	Electoral College winner		Popular Vote winner
1960		John F. Kennedy		Richard Nixon

... and [here], too.

United States Electoral College
	House of Representatives	=	435
	United States Senate	=	100
	Washington, D.C.	=	003
	Total	=	538
(Electors)

Lists of United States presidential electors

• List of 2000 United States presidential electors
• List of 2004 United States presidential electors
• List of 2008 United States presidential electors
• List of 2012 United States presidential electors
• List of 2016 United States presidential electors
• List of 2020 United States presidential electors
• List of 2024 United States presidential electors

U.S. presidential election

Key dates

2020

• Tuesday, November 3, 2020 – Election Day
• Monday, December 14, 2020 – Electors cast their electoral votes
• Wednesday, January 6, 2021 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes
• Wednesday, January 20, 2021 – Inauguration Day

2024

• Tuesday, November 5, 2024 – Election Day
• Tuesday, December 17, 2024 – Electors cast their electoral votes
• Monday, January 6, 2025 – Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes
• Monday, January 20, 2025 – Inauguration Day

Personally for me, it doesn't matter who wins or not; though it is rather unfortunate
that the popular vote and the electoral vote are not in harmony with one another.

Divided government in the United States

Party divisions of United States Congresses

Key:
D – Democratic Party   R – Republican Party

List of United States Congresses
Term	President	Senate	House
1853–1855	D	D	D
1855–1857	D	D	D
1857–1859	D	D	D
1859–1861	D	D	R
1861–1863	R	R	R
1863–1865	R	R	R
1865–1867	D	R	R
1867–1869	D	R	R
1869–1871	R	R	R
1871–1873	R	R	R
1873–1875	R	R	R
1875–1877	R	R	D
1877–1879	R	R	D
1879–1881	R	D	D
1881–1883	R	R	R
1883–1885	R	R	D
1885–1887	D	R	D
1887–1889	D	R	D
1889–1891	R	R	R
1891–1893	R	R	D
1893–1895	D	D	D
1895–1897	D	R	R
1897–1899	R	R	R
1899–1901	R	R	R
1901–1903	R	R	R
1903–1905	R	R	R
1905–1907	R	R	R
1907–1909	R	R	R
1909–1911	R	R	R
1911–1913	R	R	D
1913–1915	D	D	D
1915–1917	D	D	D
1917–1919	D	D	R
1919–1921	D	R	R
1921–1923	R	R	R
1923–1925	R	R	R
1925–1927	R	R	R
1927–1929	R	R	R
1929–1931	R	R	R
1931–1933	R	R	R
1933–1935	D	D	D
1935–1937	D	D	D
1937–1939	D	D	D
1939–1941	D	D	D
1941–1943	D	D	D
1943–1945	D	D	D
1945–1947	D	D	D
1947–1949	D	R	R
1949–1951	D	D	D
1951–1953	D	D	D
1953–1955	R	R	R
1955–1957	R	D	D
1957–1959	R	D	D
1959–1961	R	D	D
1961–1963	D	D	D
1963–1965	D	D	D
1965–1967	D	D	D
1967–1969	D	D	D
1969–1971	R	D	D
1971–1973	R	D	D
1973–1975	R	D	D
1975–1977	R	D	D
1977–1979	D	D	D
1979–1981	D	D	D
1981–1983	R	R	D
1983–1985	R	R	D
1985–1987	R	R	D
1987–1989	R	D	D
1989–1991	R	D	D
1991–1993	R	D	D
1993–1995	D	D	D
1995–1997	D	R	R
1997–1999	D	R	R
1999–2001	D	R	R
2001–2003	R	D	R
2003–2005	R	R	R
2005–2007	R	R	R
2007–2009	R	D	D
2009–2011	D	D	D
2011–2013	D	D	R
2013–2015	D	D	R
2015–2017	D	R	R
2017–2019	R	R	R
2019–2021	R	R	D
2021–2023	D	D	D
2023–2025	D	D	R
2000–2000	2000–2000	2000–2000	2000–2000
Term	President	Senate	House
·

Founding Fathers of the United States

Name	CA (1774)	DoI (1776)	AoC (1777)	CUS (1787)
Andrew Adams
John Adams
Samuel Adams
Thomas Adams
John Alsop
Abraham Baldwin
John Banister
Josiah Bartlett
Richard Bassett
Gunning Bedford Jr.
Edward Biddle
John Blair Jr.
Richard Bland
William Blount
Simon Boerum
Carter Braxton
David Brearley
Jacob Broom
Pierce Butler
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Daniel Carroll
Richard Caswell
Samuel Chase
Abraham Clark
William Clingan
George Clymer
John Collins
Stephen Crane
Thomas Cushing
Francis Dana
Jonathan Dayton
John De Hart
Silas Deane
John Dickinson
William Henry Drayton
James Duane
William Duer
Eliphalet Dyer
William Ellery
William Few
Thomas Fitzsimons
William Floyd
Nathaniel Folsom
Benjamin Franklin
Christopher Gadsden
Joseph Galloway
Elbridge Gerry
Nicholas Gilman
Nathaniel Gorham
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
Alexander Hamilton
John Hancock
John Hanson
Cornelius Harnett
Benjamin Harrison V
John Hart
John Harvie
Patrick Henry
Joseph Hewes
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Samuel Holten
William Hooper
Stephen Hopkins
Francis Hopkinson
Titus Hosmer
Charles Humphreys
Samuel Huntington
Richard Hutson
Jared Ingersoll
William Jackson (secretary)
John Jay
Thomas Jefferson
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Thomas Johnson
William Samuel Johnson
Rufus King
James Kinsey
John Langdon
Edward Langworthy
Henry Laurens
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Richard Henry Lee
Francis Lewis
Philip Livingston
William Livingston
James Lovell
Isaac Low
Thomas Lynch
Thomas Lynch Jr.
James Madison
Henry Marchant
John Mathews
James McHenry
Thomas McKean
Arthur Middleton
Henry Middleton
Thomas Mifflin
Gouverneur Morris
Lewis Morris
Robert Morris
John Morton
Thomas Nelson Jr.
William Paca
Robert Treat Paine
William Paterson
Edmund Pendleton
John Penn
Charles Pinckney
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Peyton Randolph
George Read
Joseph Reed
Daniel Roberdeau
Caesar Rodney
George Ross
Benjamin Rush
Edward Rutledge
John Rutledge
Nathaniel Scudder
Roger Sherman
James Smith
Jonathan Bayard Smith
Richard Smith
Richard Dobbs Spaight
Richard Stockton
Thomas Stone
John Sullivan
George Taylor
Edward Telfair
Matthew Thornton
Matthew Tilghman
Nicholas Van Dyke
George Walton
John Walton
Samuel Ward
George Washington
John Wentworth Jr.
William Whipple
John Williams
William Williams
Hugh Williamson
James Wilson
Henry Wisner
John Witherspoon
Oliver Wolcott
George Wythe

Fathers of Confederation

Name	CC (1864)	QC (1864)	LC (1866)
Adams George Archibald
Hewitt Bernard (secretary)
George Brown
Alexander Campbell
Frederick Carter
George-Étienne Cartier
Edward Barron Chandler
Jean-Charles Chapais
James Cockburn
George Coles
Robert B. Dickey
Charles Fisher
Alexander Tilloch Galt
John Hamilton Gray
John Hamilton Gray
Thomas Heath Haviland
William Alexander Henry
William Pearce Howland
John Mercer Johnson
Hector-Louis Langevin
Andrew Archibald Macdonald
John A. Macdonald
Jonathan McCully
William McDougall
Thomas D'Arcy McGee
Peter Mitchell
Oliver Mowat
Edward Palmer
William Henry Pope
John William Ritchie
Ambrose Shea
William Steeves
Étienne-Paschal Taché
Samuel Leonard Tilley
Charles Tupper
Edward Whelan
Robert Duncan Wilmot

Totals

Founding Fathers of the United States

147 total, including secretary Jackson.

Fathers of Confederation

37 total, including secretary Bernard.

Templates

• Template:Historical American Documents
• Template:Constitution of Canada

American Revolution

• Patriots
• Loyalists

Elections in Canada

Popular Vote winners losing the election

Popular Vote
Winner			Year	Loser
	Charles Tupper		1896		Wilfrid Laurier
	Arthur Meighen		1926		W. L. Mackenzie King
	Louis St. Laurent		1957		John Diefenbaker
	Pierre Trudeau		1979		Joe Clark
	Andrew Scheer		2019		Justin Trudeau
	Erin O'Toole		2021		Justin Trudeau
Election winner shown in bold

Conservative Party leadership elections

Progressive Conservative Party (1867–1942)

• 1927 Conservative leadership convention
• 1938 National Conservative leadership convention

Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (1942–2003)

Main article: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership elections

• 1942 Progressive Conservative leadership convention
• 1948 Progressive Conservative leadership convention
• 1956 Progressive Conservative leadership convention
• 1967 Progressive Conservative leadership election
• 1976 Progressive Conservative leadership election
• 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership election
• 1993 Progressive Conservative leadership election
• 1995 Progressive Conservative leadership convention
• 1998 Progressive Conservative leadership election
• 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership election

Conservative Party of Canada (2003–present)

Main article: Conservative Party of Canada leadership elections

• 2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
• 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
• 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election
• 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election

Avalon / St. John's

Avalon / St. John's

	St. John's West (1949–2003)		St. John's East (since 1949)
	Avalon (since 2003)	St. John's South—Mount Pearl (2003–2023)
		Cape Spear (since 2023)

		Avalon				St. John's West (and South)				St. John's East (and North)
	Year	Liberal (LPC)	New Democratic (CCF) / (NDP)	Prog. Conservative (PC) / (CPC)	Year	Liberal (LPC)	New Democratic (CCF) / (NDP)	Prog. Conservative (PC) / (CPC)	Year	Liberal (LPC)	New Democratic (CCF) / (NDP)	Prog. Conservative (PC) / (CPC)	Year
	1949				1949	Greg Power	—	William Joseph Browne	1949	Ambrose John Dalton Shea	William W. Gillies	Gordon Higgins	1949
	1953				1953	James Power	—	William Joseph Browne	1953	Allan Fraser	—	Gordon Higgins	1953
	1957				1957	James Power	Esau E. Thoms	William Joseph Browne	1957	Allan Fraser	—	James McGrath	1957
	1958				1958	Leonard Miller	Esau E. Thoms	William Joseph Browne	1958	Gregory O'Grady	—	James McGrath	1958
	1962				1962	Richard Cashin	Stanley H. Ross	William Joseph Browne	1962	Brian White	James J. Walsh	James McGrath	1962
	1963				1963	Richard Cashin	James J. Walsh	Art Harnett	1963	Joseph O'Keefe	—	James McGrath	1963
	1965				1965	Richard Cashin	Esau E. Thoms	Gerry Ottenheimer	1965	Joseph O'Keefe	Cyril W. Strong	William Joseph Browne	1965
	1968				1968	Richard Cashin	John Lorne Connors	Walter Carter	1968	Joseph O'Keefe	Mary Summers	James McGrath	1968
	1972				1972	David Porter	Moses L. Ingram	Walter Carter	1972	Margaret Dunn	R. Graham Kelly	James McGrath	1972
	1974				1974	Lilian Bouzane	Walter Noel	Walter Carter	1974	Norman Whalen	George Corbett	James McGrath	1974
	by-				by-	Robert Innes	Tom Mayo	John Crosbie	by-	—	—	—	by-
	1979				1979	Patrick O'Flaherty	Tom Mayo	John Crosbie	1979	John Dustan	Stratford G. Canning	James McGrath	1979
	1980				1980	Aidan Hennebury	J. Michael Maher	John Crosbie	1980	Ernest Bishop	George P. Corbett	James McGrath	1980
	1984				1984	Walter Carter	Nina P. Patey	John Crosbie	1984	Elizabeth Reynolds	Christine Oliver	James McGrath	1984
	by-				by-	—	—	—	by-	Steve Neary	Jack Harris	Tom Hickey	by-
	1988				1988	Genevieve Payne	Alfred J. Sullivan	John Crosbie	1988	Jim Baird	Jack Harris	Ross Reid	1988
	1993				1993	Jean Payne	Sharon Walsh	Loyola Hearn	1993	Bonnie Hickey	Bob Buckingham	Ross Reid	1993
	1997				1997	Rex Gibbons	Lee Ingram	Charlie Power	1997	Bonnie Hickey	Ted Warren	Norman Doyle	1997
	by-				by-	Anthony Sparrow	Greg Malone	Loyola Hearn	by-	—	—	—	by-
	2000	—	—	—	2000	Chuck Furey	Dave Curtis	Loyola Hearn	2000	Peter Miller	Carol Cantwell	Norman Doyle	2000
	2004	John Efford	Michael Kehoe	Rick Dalton	2004	Siobhán Coady	Peg Norman	Loyola Hearn	2004	Walter Noel	Janine Piller	Norman Doyle	2004
	2006	Bill Morrow	Eugene Conway	Fabian Manning	2006	Siobhán Coady	Peg Norman	Loyola Hearn	2006	Paul Antle	Michael Kehoe	Norman Doyle	2006
	2008	Scott Andrews	Randy Dawe	Fabian Manning	2008	Siobhán Coady	Ryan Cleary	Merv Wiseman	2008	Walter Noel	Jack Harris	Craig Westcott	2008
	2011	Scott Andrews	Matthew Fuchs	Fabian Manning	2011	Siobhán Coady	Ryan Cleary	Loyola Sullivan	2011	John Allan	Jack Harris	Jerry Byrne	2011
	2015	Ken McDonald	Jeannie Baldwin	Lorraine Barnett	2015	Seamus O'Regan	Ryan Cleary	Marek Krol	2015	Nick Whalen	Jack Harris	Deanne Stapleton	2015
	2019	Ken McDonald	Lea Movelle	Matthew Chapman	2019	Seamus O'Regan	Anne Marie Anonsen	Terry Martin	2019	Nick Whalen	Jack Harris	Joedy Wall	2019
	2021	Ken McDonald	Carolyn Davis	Matthew Chapman	2021	Seamus O'Regan	Ray Critch	Steve Hodder	2021	Joanne Thompson	Mary Shortall	Glenn Etchegary	2021
	2025				2025				2025				2025
	Year	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	Year	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	Year	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	Year

(Census Division No. 1), St. John's, Avalon, Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Atlantic Canada, Canada

	NL general elections
	Year	Liberal (LPC)	New Democratic (CCF) / (NDP)	Prog. Conservative (PC) / (CPC)	Year
	1949	Joey Smallwood	—	Harry Mews	1949
	1951	Joey Smallwood	—	Peter Cashin	1951
	1956	Joey Smallwood	Sam Drover	Malcolm Hollett	1956
	1959	Joey Smallwood	Ed Finn Jr.	Malcolm Hollett	1959
	1962	Joey Smallwood	Ed Finn Jr.	James Greene	1962
	1966	Joey Smallwood	Calvin Normore	Noel Murphy	1966
	1971	Joey Smallwood	John Connors	Frank Moores	1971
	1972	Edward Roberts	John Connors	Frank Moores	1972
	1975	Edward Roberts	Gerry Panting	Frank Moores	1975
	1979	Don Jamieson	John Greene	Brian Peckford	1979
	1982	Len Stirling	Peter Fenwick	Brian Peckford	1982
	1985	Leo Barry	Peter Fenwick	Brian Peckford	1985
	1989	Clyde Wells	Cle Newhook	Tom Rideout	1989
	1993	Clyde Wells	Jack Harris	Len Simms	1993
	1996	Brian Tobin	Jack Harris	Lynn Verge	1996
	1999	Brian Tobin	Jack Harris	Ed Byrne	1999
	2003	Roger Grimes	Jack Harris	Danny Williams	2003
	2007	Gerry Reid	Lorraine Michael	Danny Williams	2007
	2011	Kevin Aylward	Lorraine Michael	Kathy Dunderdale	2011
	2015	Dwight Ball	Earle McCurdy	Paul Davis	2015
	2019	Dwight Ball	Alison Coffin	Ches Crosbie	2019
	2021	Andrew Furey	Alison Coffin	Ches Crosbie	2021
	Next	Andrew Furey	Jim Dinn	Tony Wakeham	Next
	Year	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	(Progressive) Conservative	Year

See also

List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador

Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)

Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
	[#EC6A6C] – Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
	[#9999FF] – Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
	[#FF7F00] – Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party
List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador

Election	Date		Period	NL GA
30th	May 27, 1949		July 11, 1949 – November 3, 1951	29th
31st	November 26, 1951		March 11, 1952 – September 10, 1956	30th
32nd	October 2, 1956		March 19, 1957 – July 28, 1959	31st
33rd	August 20, 1959		April 20, 1960 – October 23, 1962	32nd
34th	November 19, 1962		March 20, 1963 – August 17, 1966	33rd
35th	September 8, 1966		November 30, 1966 – October 4, 1971	34th
36th	October 28, 1971		March 1, 1972 – March 1, 1972	35th
37th	March 24, 1972		April 19, 1972 – August 25, 1975	36th
38th	September 16, 1975		November 19, 1975 – May 25, 1979	37th
39th	June 18, 1979		July 12, 1979 – March 15, 1982	38th
40th	April 6, 1982		May 11, 1982 – March 11, 1985	39th
41st	April 2, 1985		April 25, 1985 – March 29, 1989	40th
42nd	April 20, 1989		May 24, 1989 – April 5, 1993	41st
43rd	May 3, 1993		May 20, 1993 – January 29, 1996	42nd
44th	February 22, 1996		March 20, 1996 – January 18, 1999	43rd
45th	February 9, 1999		March 16, 1999 – September 29, 2003	44th
46th	October 21, 2003		March 18, 2004 – September 17, 2007	45th
47th	October 9, 2007		November 1, 2007 – September 19, 2011	46th
48th	October 11, 2011		October 27, 2011 – November 5, 2015	47th
49th	November 30, 2015		December 18, 2015 – April 17, 2019	48th
50th	May 17, 2019		June 10, 2019 – January 15, 2021	49th
51st	March 25, 2021		April 12, 2021 – 2025	50th
52nd	November 24, 2025			51st

Templates

• Districts
• Elections

Sources

• Hansard
• Annual Register (1978–1995)
• Annual Regulations (1996–present)

External links

• Canadian Elections Database
• Elections Canada
• Elections NL

Atlantic Maritimes

Canada
· ·
The Maritimes
Eastern Canada	Atlantic Canada
New Brunswick	New Brunswick
Nova Scotia	Nova Scotia
Prince Edward Island	Prince Edward Island
—	Newfoundland and Labrador

• Avalon Peninsula – (Newfoundland and Labrador)
• Cape Breton Island – (Nova Scotia)

See also:

• Québec
• Gaspésie
• Îles-de-la-Madeleine
• Île d'Anticosti

and also

• Maine

and

• Atlantic Ocean

Atlantic Canada

Bell consolidation

(System unification)

Atlantic Canada	Bell Aliant (ATLTel) (Atlantic Canada) NBTel (NBTel) (New Brunswick) MT&T (NSTel) (Nova Scotia) IslandTel (PETel) (Prince Edward Island) NewTel (NLTel) (Newfoundland and Labrador)

CA supermarket chains

(Big Three)

Big three CA chains

CA supermarket chains
—	Chain	Owner	—
	Loblaw	Weston
	Sobeys	Empire
	Metro	Metro
—

Atlantic Canada awards

Ribbon	Honour	Post- nominal letters
Provincial
	Order of Prince Edward Island	OPEI
	Order of New Brunswick	ONB
	Order of Nova Scotia	ONS
	Order of Newfoundland and Labrador	ONL

Atlantic Canada political parties

• Federal parties // Provincial parties

Canada §
—		Liberal Party of Canada	—
		New Democratic Party of Canada
		Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
		Conservative Party of Canada
	New Brunswick §
		New Brunswick Liberal Association
		New Brunswick New Democratic Party
		Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick
	Nova Scotia §
		Nova Scotia Liberal Party
		Nova Scotia New Democratic Party
		Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia
	Prince Edward Island §
		Prince Edward Island Liberal Party
		New Democratic Party of Prince Edward Island
		Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island
	Newfoundland and Labrador §
		Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
		Newfoundland and Labrador New Democratic Party
		Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador
—

Avonlea and Avalon

• Avonlea (fictional) is located on the northern shore of Prince Edward Island on a small peninsula. It is generally reckoned to be identifiable with Cavendish.
• Avalon is a large peninsula that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland. It is the location of Cape Spear, the eastern-most point in Canada.

Not to be confused with the Saskatchewan locales

• Avonlea, Saskatchewan
• Avalon, Saskatchewan

North America's eastern-most points

• Nordostrundingen, Northeast Greenland National Park, Greenland – most easterly point of land relative to either of the Americas (North and South America)
• Cape Spear, Avalon, Newfoundland (NL), Canada – eastern-most point in Canada and North America (excluding Greenland)
• Cape St. Charles, Labrador (Peninsula) (NL), Canada – eastern-most point of continental Canada and continental North America (excluding Greenland)

Châtelaine of Rideau Hall

Viceregal consort of Canada

• Jan 28, 1952 – Feb 06, 1952 – Georgine Rinfret (née Rolland) – (acting châtelaine)
• Feb 06, 1952 – Feb 28, 1952 – Georgine Rinfret (née Rolland) – (acting châtelaine)
• Feb 28, 1952 – Sep 15, 1959 – Lilias Massey (née Ahearn) – (acting châtelaine)
• Sep 15, 1959 – Mar 05, 1967 – Pauline Vanier (née Archer)
• Mar 05, 1967 – Apr 17, 1967 – Ellen Taschereau (née Donohue) – (acting châtelaine)
• Apr 17, 1967 – Jan 14, 1974 – Norah Michener (née Willis)
• Jan 14, 1974 – Jan 22, 1979 – Gabrielle Léger (née Carmel)
• Jan 22, 1979 – May 14, 1984 – Lily Schreyer (née Schulz)
• May 14, 1984 – Jan 29, 1990 – (none)
• Jan 29, 1990 – Feb 08, 1995 – Gerda Hnatyshyn (née Andreasen)
• Feb 08, 1995 – Oct 07, 1999 – Diana LeBlanc (née Fowler)
• Oct 07, 1999 – Sep 27, 2005 – (none)
• Sep 27, 2005 – Oct 01, 2010 – (none)
• Oct 01, 2010 – Oct 02, 2017 – Sharon Johnston (née Downey)
• Oct 02, 2017 – Jan 22, 2021 – (none)
• Jan 22, 2021 – Jul 26, 2021 – Catherine Wagner (née Mandeville) – (acting châtelaine)
• Jul 26, 2021 – Sep 08, 2022 – (none)
• Sep 08, 2022 – present           – (none)

References

In Canada, the wife of the Governor General (the Viceregal consort of Canada), is referred to by the nominal and symbolic title "Châtelaine of Rideau Hall", in diplomatic and ceremonial protocol for Canadian and British government ceremonies and special events.

Notes

See also

• The Governor General of Canada
• Supreme Court of Canada

Provinces and territories of Canada

Governor General of Canada

—
—	Canada				—
	Governors General of Canada
	—	1952–1959	Vincent Massey	—
		1959–1967	Georges Vanier
		1967–1974	Roland Michener
		1974–1979	Jules Léger
		1979–1984	Edward Schreyer
		1984–1990	Jeanne Sauvé
		1990–1995	Ray Hnatyshyn
		1995–1999	Roméo LeBlanc
		1999–2005	Adrienne Clarkson
		2005–2010	Michaëlle Jean
		2010–2017	David Johnston
		2017–2021	Julie Payette
		2021–	Mary Simon
	—
—

Commissioner (Canada)

Commissioner § Canadian territories
YT	NT	NU

Lieutenant Governor (Canada)

Lieutenant Governor § Canadian provinces
BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL

see also → here

and also → here

Canada

Provinces and territories of Canada

(Since Feb 6, 1952)

—
—		Year span		Territorial commissioners				Federal governors general		Provincial governors lieutenant											Year span		—
		—		YT	NT	NU		CA		BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL		—
		1952–1952		Frederick Fraser	Hugh Andrew Young	—		Vincent Massey													1952–1952
		1952–1953		Wilfred George Brown	Hugh Andrew Young	—		Vincent Massey													1952–1953
		1953–1955		Wilfred George Brown	Robert Gordon Robertson	—		Vincent Massey													1953–1955
		1955–1959		Frederick Howard Collins	Robert Gordon Robertson	—		Vincent Massey													1955–1959
		1959–1962		Frederick Howard Collins	Robert Gordon Robertson	—		Georges Vanier													1959–1962
		1962–1963		Gordon Robertson Cameron	Robert Gordon Robertson	—		Georges Vanier													1962–1963
		1963–1966		Gordon Robertson Cameron	Bent Gestur Sivertz	—		Georges Vanier													1963–1966
		1966–1967		James Smith	Bent Gestur Sivertz	—		Georges Vanier													1966–1967
		1967–1967		James Smith	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Georges Vanier													1967–1967
		1967–1974		James Smith	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Roland Michener													1967–1974
		1974–1976		James Smith	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Jules Léger													1974–1976
		1976–1978		Arthur MacDonald Pearson	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Jules Léger													1976–1978
		1978–1979		Frank Fingland	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Jules Léger													1978–1979
		1979–1979		Ione Christensen	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Jules Léger													1979–1979
		1979–1979		Ione Christensen	Stuart Milton Hodgson	—		Edward Schreyer													1979–1979
		1979–1979		Ione Christensen	John Havelock Parker	—		Edward Schreyer													1979–1979
		1979–1984		Douglas Bell	John Havelock Parker	—		Edward Schreyer													1979–1984
		1984–1986		Douglas Bell	John Havelock Parker	—		Jeanne Sauvé													1984–1986
		1986–1989		Ken McKinnon	John Havelock Parker	—		Jeanne Sauvé													1986–1989
		1989–1990		Ken McKinnon	Daniel L. Norris	—		Jeanne Sauvé													1989–1990
		1990–1995		Ken McKinnon	Daniel L. Norris	—		Ray Hnatyshyn													1990–1995
		1995–1995		Ken McKinnon	Helen Maksagak	—		Ray Hnatyshyn													1995–1995
		1995–1995		Ken McKinnon	Helen Maksagak	—		Roméo LeBlanc													1995–1995
		1995–1999		Judy Gingell	Helen Maksagak	—		Roméo LeBlanc													1995–1999
		1999–1999		Judy Gingell	Daniel Joseph Marion	—		Roméo LeBlanc													1999–1999
		1999–2000		Judy Gingell	Daniel Joseph Marion	—		Adrienne Clarkson													1999–2000
		2000–2000		Judy Gingell	Glenna Hansen	—		Adrienne Clarkson													2000–2000
		2000–2000		Judy Gingell	Glenna Hansen	Piita Irniq		Adrienne Clarkson													2000–2000
		2000–2005		Jack Cable	Glenna Hansen	Piita Irniq		Adrienne Clarkson													2000–2005
		2005–2005		Jack Cable	Glenna Hansen	Ann Meekitjuk Hanson		Adrienne Clarkson													2005–2005
		2005–2005		Jack Cable	Tony Whitford	Ann Meekitjuk Hanson		Adrienne Clarkson													2005–2005
		2005–2005		Jack Cable	Tony Whitford	Ann Meekitjuk Hanson		Michaëlle Jean													2005–2005
		2005–2010		Geraldine Van Bibber	Tony Whitford	Ann Meekitjuk Hanson		Michaëlle Jean													2005–2010
		2010–2010		Geraldine Van Bibber	Tony Whitford	Edna Elias		Michaëlle Jean													2010–2010
		2010–2010		Geraldine Van Bibber	George Tuccaro	Edna Elias		Michaëlle Jean													2010–2010
		2010–2010		Geraldine Van Bibber	George Tuccaro	Edna Elias		David Johnston													2010–2010
		2010–2015		Doug Phillips	George Tuccaro	Edna Elias		David Johnston													2010–2015
		2015–2016		Doug Phillips	George Tuccaro	Nellie Kusugak		David Johnston													2015–2016
		2016–2017		Doug Phillips	Gerald Kisoun	Nellie Kusugak		David Johnston													2016–2017
		2017–2017		Doug Phillips	Margaret Thom	Nellie Kusugak		David Johnston													2017–2017
		2017–2018		Doug Phillips	Margaret Thom	Nellie Kusugak		Julie Payette													2017–2018
		2018–2020		Angélique Bernard	Margaret Thom	Nellie Kusugak		Julie Payette													2018–2020
		2020–2021		Angélique Bernard	Margaret Thom	Eva Aariak		Julie Payette													2020–2021
		2021–2023		Angélique Bernard	Margaret Thom	Eva Aariak		Mary Simon													2021–2023
		2023–20––		Adeline Webber	Margaret Thom	Eva Aariak		Mary Simon													2023–20––
		—		YT	NT	NU		CA		BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL		—
—

Atlantic Canada cities

—
—	Atlantic Canada																—
	NB								PE	NS		PE	NS	NL
	Edmundston	Campbellton	Fredericton	Saint John	Bathurst	Miramichi	Moncton	Dieppe	Summerside	Halifax	Dartmouth	Charlottetown	Sydney	Corner Brook	Mount Pearl	St. John's
—

Newfoundland and Labrador leadership

NL
—	Premier	Lieutenant governor	Governor general	Monarch	—
	Joey Smallwood (1949–1952)	Albert Walsh (1949–1949)	The Viscount Alexander of Tunis (1949–1952)	George VI (1949–1952)
		Leonard Outerbridge (1949–1952)
	Joey Smallwood (1952–1972)	Leonard Outerbridge (1952–1957)	Vincent Massey (1952–1959)	Elizabeth II (1952–2001)
		Campbell Leonard Macpherson (1957–1963)
			Georges Vanier (1959–1967)
		Fabian O'Dea (1963–1969)
			Roland Michener (1967–1974)
		Ewart John Arlington Harnum (1969–1974)
	Frank Moores (1972–1979)
			Jules Léger (1974–1979)
		Gordon Arnaud Winter (1974–1981)
			Edward Schreyer (1979–1984)
	Brian Peckford (1979–1989)
		Tony Paddon (1981–1986)
			Jeanne Sauvé (1984–1990)
		James McGrath (1986–1991)
	Tom Rideout (1989–1989)
	Clyde Wells (1989–1996)
			Ray Hnatyshyn (1990–1995)
		Frederick Russell (1991–1997)
			Roméo LeBlanc (1995–1999)
	Brian Tobin (1996–2000)
		Arthur Maxwell House (1997–2001)
			Adrienne Clarkson (1999–2001)
	Beaton Tulk (2000–2001)
	Roger Grimes (2001–2001)
	Roger Grimes (2001–2003)	Arthur Maxwell House (2001–2002)	Adrienne Clarkson (2001–2005)	Elizabeth II (2001–2022)
		Edward Roberts (2002–2008)
	Danny Williams (2003–2010)
			Michaëlle Jean (2005–2010)
		John Crosbie (2008–2013)
			David Johnston (2010–2017)
	Kathy Dunderdale (2010–2014)
		Frank Fagan (2013–2018)
	Tom Marshall (2014–2014)
	Paul Davis (2014–2015)
	Dwight Ball (2015–2020)
			Julie Payette (2017–2021)
		Judy Foote (2018–2022)
	Andrew Furey (2020–2022)
			Mary Simon (2021–2022)
	Andrew Furey (2022–)	Judy Foote (2022–2023)	Mary Simon (2022–)	Charles III (2022–)
		Joan Marie Aylward (2023–)
CA

Atlantic Canada Chief Justices

(April 1, 1949 – present)

• Chief Justice of Canada
• Chief Justice of New Brunswick
• Chief Justice of Nova Scotia
• Chief Justice of Prince Edward Island
• Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Labrador

Chief Justice of Canada

• Apr 01, 1949 – Jun 21, 1954 – Thibaudeau Rinfret
• Jul 01, 1954 – Feb 02, 1963 – Patrick Kerwin
• Apr 22, 1963 – Aug 31, 1967 – Robert Taschereau
• Sep 01, 1967 – Mar 22, 1970 – John Robert Cartwright
• Mar 23, 1970 – Dec 22, 1973 – Gérald Fauteux
• Dec 27, 1973 – Mar 26, 1984 – Bora Laskin
• Apr 18, 1984 – Jun 29, 1990 – Brian Dickson
• Jul 01, 1990 – Jan 06, 2000 – Antonio Lamer
• Jan 07, 2000 – Dec 14, 2017 – Beverley McLachlin
• Dec 18, 2017 – present – Richard Wagner

Chief Justice of New Brunswick

• 1949–1955 – Charles Dow Richards
• 1955–1964 – John Babbitt McNair
• 1964–1972 – George Frederick Gregory Bridges
• 1972–1984 – Charles Joseph Arthur Hughes
• 1984–1992 – Stuart G. Stratton
• 1993–1998 – William Lloyd Hoyt
• 1998–2003 – Joseph Zénon Daigle
• 2003–2018 – J. Ernest Drapeau
• 2018–present – J.C. Marc Richard

Chief Justice of Nova Scotia

• 01 Apr 1949 – 22 Jan 1950 – Joseph Andrew Chisholm
• 22 Jan 1950 – 14 Jan 1967 – James Lorimer Ilsley
• 14 Jan 1967 – 04 Feb 1969 – Lauchlin Daniel Currie
• 04 Feb 1969 – 16 Jun 1973 – Alexander Hugh McKinnon
• 16 Jun 1973 – 22 Aug 1985 – Ian Malcolm MacKeigan
• 22 Aug 1985 – 30 Jun 1998 – Lorne Otis Clarke
• 30 Jun 1998 – 31 Dec 2004 – Constance Rachelle Glube
• 31 Dec 2004 – 31 Jan 2019 – J. Michael MacDonald
• 31 Jan 2019 – 17 Apr 2019 – Duncan R. Beveridge (acting)
• 17 Apr 2019 – present – Michael J. Wood

(Note that not all dates may be correct.)

Chief Justices of Prince Edward Island

• 1949–1970 – Thane Alexander Campbell – 13. – ~01 Apr 1949 – 07 Jul 1970
• 1970–1976 – Charles St. Clair Trainor – 14. – 09 Jul 1970 – 08 Dec 1976
• 1977–1985 – John Paton Nicholson – 15. – 04 Feb 1977 – 24 May 1985
• 1985–1987 – Norman H. Carruthers – 16. – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of PEI: 22 Aug 1985 – 24 Sep 1987 (see next line)
• 1987–2001 – Norman H. Carruthers – 16. – Chief Justice of the Province of PEI: 24 Sep 1987 – 01 Jan 2001
• 2001–2008 – Gerard E. Mitchell – 17. – 01 Jan 2001 – 15 Jan 2008
• 2008–2021 – David H. Jenkins – 18. – 01 Feb 2008 – 31 Oct 2021
• 2022–present – James W. Gormley – 19. – 04 May 2022 – present

On September 24, 1987, the Supreme Court of PEI was divided into the Appeal Division and the Trial Division.
The original Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of PEI was newly elevated as the Chief Justice of the Province of PEI.

Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Labrador

• 1949–1949 – Lewis Edward Emerson – 01 Apr 1949 – 19 May 1949
• 1949–1958 – Albert Joseph Walsh – 05 Sep 1949 – 12 Dec 1958
• 1959–1979 – Robert Stafford Furlong – 12 May 1959 – 09 Dec 1979
• 1979–1986 – Arthur Samuel Mifflin – 09 Dec 1979 – 30 Sep 1986
• 1986–1996 – Noel S. Goodridge – 17 Nov 1986 – 01 Jan 1996
• 1996–1998 – James Randell Gushue – 19 Mar 1996 – Nov 1998
• 1999–2009 – Clyde Kirby Wells – 11 Jan 1999 – 28 Feb 2009
• 2009–2018 – J. Derek Green – 27 Mar 2009 – 01 Dec 2017
• 2018–present – Deborah E. Fry – 22 Jun 2018 – present

Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

Monarchs of Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

—
—	Canada					—
	Monarchs of Atlantic Canada
	—	George VI	01 Apr 1949	06 Feb 1952	—
		Elizabeth II	06 Feb 1952	08 Sep 2022
		Charles III	08 Sep 2022	present
	—
—

Governors general of Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

—
—	Canada				—
	Governors General of Atlantic Canada
	—	1949–1952	Harold Alexander	—
		1952–1959	Vincent Massey
		1959–1967	Georges Vanier
		1967–1974	Roland Michener
		1974–1979	Jules Léger
		1979–1984	Edward Schreyer
		1984–1990	Jeanne Sauvé
		1990–1995	Ray Hnatyshyn
		1995–1999	Roméo LeBlanc
		1999–2005	Adrienne Clarkson
		2005–2010	Michaëlle Jean
		2010–2017	David Johnston
		2017–2021	Julie Payette
		2021–	Mary Simon
	—
—

Name	Start	End
Harold Alexander	April 1, 1949	January 28, 1952
Thibaudeau Rinfret (Chief Justice of Canada)	January 28, 1952	February 28, 1952
Vincent Massey	February 28, 1952	September 15, 1959
Georges Vanier	September 15, 1959	March 5, 1967 †
Robert Taschereau (Chief Justice of Canada)	March 5, 1967	April 17, 1967
Roland Michener	April 17, 1967	January 14, 1974
Jules Léger	January 14, 1974	January 22, 1979
Edward Schreyer	January 22, 1979	May 14, 1984
Jeanne Sauvé	May 14, 1984	January 29, 1990
Ray Hnatyshyn	January 29, 1990	February 8, 1995
Roméo LeBlanc	February 8, 1995	October 7, 1999
Adrienne Clarkson	October 7, 1999	September 27, 2005
Michaëlle Jean	September 27, 2005	October 1, 2010
David Johnston	October 1, 2010	October 2, 2017
Julie Payette	October 2, 2017	January 22, 2021
Richard Wagner (Chief Justice of Canada)	January 22, 2021	July 26, 2021
Mary Simon	July 26, 2021	Present

Lieutenant governors of Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick David Laurence MacLaren 01 Apr 1949 05 Jun 1958 Joseph Leonard O'Brien 05 Jun 1958 09 Jun 1965 John B. McNair 09 Jun 1965 31 Jan 1968 Wallace Samuel Bird 31 Jan 1968 02 Oct 1971 George F. G. Bridges (Admin.) 02 Oct 1971 08 Oct 1971 Hédard Robichaud 08 Oct 1971 12 Nov 1981 Charles J. A. Hughes (Admin.) 12 Nov 1981 23 Dec 1981 George Stanley 23 Dec 1981 20 Aug 1987 Gilbert Finn 20 Aug 1987 21 Jun 1994 Margaret McCain 21 Jun 1994 18 Apr 1997 Marilyn Trenholme Counsell 18 Apr 1997 26 Aug 2003 Herménégilde Chiasson 26 Aug 2003 30 Sep 2009 Graydon Nicholas 30 Sep 2009 23 Oct 2014 Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau 23 Oct 2014 02 Aug 2019 J.C. Marc Richard (Admin.) 02 Aug 2019 08 Sep 2019 Brenda Murphy 08 Sep 2019 present	List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia John Alexander Douglas McCurdy 01 Apr 1949 01 Sep 1952 Alistair Fraser 01 Sep 1952 15 Jan 1958 Edward Chester Plow 15 Jan 1958 01 Mar 1963 Henry Poole MacKeen 01 Mar 1963 22 Jul 1968 Victor de Bedia Oland 22 Jul 1968 01 Oct 1973 Clarence Gosse 01 Oct 1973 23 Dec 1978 John Elvin Shaffner 23 Dec 1978 01 Feb 1984 Alan Abraham 01 Feb 1984 20 Feb 1989 Lloyd Crouse 20 Feb 1989 23 Jun 1994 James Kinley 23 Jun 1994 17 May 2000 Myra Freeman 17 May 2000 07 Sep 2006 Mayann Francis 07 Sep 2006 12 Apr 2012 John James Grant 12 Apr 2012 28 Jun 2017 Arthur LeBlanc 28 Jun 2017 13 Oct 2024 Michael Savage 13 Oct 2024 present · ·	List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island Joseph Alphonsus Bernard 01 Apr 1949 04 Oct 1950 Thomas William Lemuel Prowse 04 Oct 1950 31 Mar 1958 Frederick Walter Hyndman 31 Mar 1958 01 Aug 1963 Willibald Joseph MacDonald 01 Aug 1963 06 Oct 1969 John George MacKay 06 Oct 1969 21 Oct 1974 Gordon Lockhart Bennett 21 Oct 1974 14 Jan 1980 Joseph Aubin Doiron 14 Jan 1980 01 Aug 1985 Lloyd MacPhail 01 Aug 1985 16 Aug 1990 Marion Reid 16 Aug 1990 30 Aug 1995 Gilbert Ralph Clements 30 Aug 1995 28 May 2001 Léonce Bernard 28 May 2001 31 Jul 2006 Barbara Oliver Hagerman 31 Jul 2006 15 Aug 2011 Frank Lewis 15 Aug 2011 20 Oct 2017 Antoinette Perry 20 Oct 2017 17 Oct 2024 Wassim Salamoun 17 Oct 2024 present · ·	List of governors of Newfoundland and Labrador Albert Walsh 01 Apr 1949 15 Sep 1949 Leonard Outerbridge 15 Sep 1949 16 Dec 1957 Campbell Leonard Macpherson 16 Dec 1957 01 Mar 1963 Fabian O'Dea 01 Mar 1963 02 Apr 1969 Ewart John Arlington Harnum 02 Apr 1969 02 Jul 1974 Gordon Arnaud Winter 02 Jul 1974 10 Jul 1981 William Anthony Paddon 10 Jul 1981 05 Sep 1986 James McGrath 05 Sep 1986 05 Nov 1991 Frederick Russell 05 Nov 1991 05 Feb 1997 Arthur Maxwell House 05 Feb 1997 01 Nov 2002 Edward Roberts 01 Nov 2002 04 Feb 2008 John Crosbie 04 Feb 2008 19 Mar 2013 Frank Fagan 19 Mar 2013 03 May 2018 Judy Foote 03 May 2018 14 Nov 2023 Joan Marie Aylward 14 Nov 2023 present · ·

Chief Justice of New Brunswick

• George Frederick Gregory Bridges, Chief Justice of New Brunswick (1964–1972)
• Charles Joseph Arthur Hughes, Chief Justice of New Brunswick (1972–1984)
• J.C. Marc Richard, Chief Justice of New Brunswick (2018–present)

Chief Justice of New Brunswick

Premiers of Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

List of premiers of New Brunswick John McNair 01 Apr 1949 07 Oct 1952 Hugh Flemming 07 Oct 1952 12 Jul 1960 Louis Robichaud 12 Jul 1960 11 Nov 1970 Richard Hatfield 11 Nov 1970 27 Oct 1987 Frank McKenna 27 Oct 1987 14 Oct 1997 Ray Frenette 14 Oct 1997 14 May 1998 Camille Thériault 14 May 1998 21 Jun 1999 Bernard Lord 21 Jun 1999 03 Oct 2006 Shawn Graham 03 Oct 2006 12 Oct 2010 David Alward 12 Oct 2010 07 Oct 2014 Brian Gallant 07 Oct 2014 09 Nov 2018 Blaine Higgs 09 Nov 2018 02 Nov 2024 Susan Holt 02 Nov 2024 present · · · ·	List of premiers of Nova Scotia Angus Macdonald 01 Apr 1949 13 Apr 1953 Harold Connolly 13 Apr 1953 30 Sep 1954 Henry Hicks 30 Sep 1954 20 Nov 1956 Robert Stanfield 20 Nov 1956 13 Sep 1967 George Smith 13 Sep 1967 28 Oct 1970 Gerald Regan 28 Oct 1970 05 Oct 1978 John Buchanan 05 Oct 1978 12 Sep 1990 Roger Bacon 12 Sep 1990 26 Feb 1991 Donald Cameron 26 Feb 1991 11 Jun 1993 John Savage 11 Jun 1993 18 Jul 1997 Russell MacLellan 18 Jul 1997 16 Aug 1999 John Hamm 16 Aug 1999 24 Feb 2006 Rodney MacDonald 24 Feb 2006 19 Jun 2009 Darrell Dexter 19 Jun 2009 22 Oct 2013 Stephen McNeil 22 Oct 2013 23 Feb 2021 Iain Rankin 23 Feb 2021 31 Aug 2021 Tim Houston 31 Aug 2021 present	List of premiers of Prince Edward Island Walter Jones 01 Apr 1949 25 May 1953 Alexander Matheson 25 May 1953 16 Sep 1959 Walter Shaw 16 Sep 1959 28 Jul 1966 Alexander Campbell 28 Jul 1966 18 Sep 1978 Bennett Campbell 18 Sep 1978 03 May 1979 Angus MacLean 03 May 1979 17 Nov 1981 Jim Lee 17 Nov 1981 02 May 1986 Joe Ghiz 02 May 1986 25 Jan 1993 Catherine Callbeck 25 Jan 1993 10 Oct 1996 Keith Milligan 10 Oct 1996 27 Nov 1996 Pat Binns 27 Nov 1996 13 Jun 2007 Robert Ghiz 13 Jun 2007 23 Feb 2015 Wade MacLauchlan 23 Feb 2015 09 May 2019 Dennis King 09 May 2019 present · · ·	List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador Joey Smallwood 01 Apr 1949 18 Jan 1972 Frank Moores 18 Jan 1972 26 Mar 1979 Brian Peckford 26 Mar 1979 22 Mar 1989 Tom Rideout 22 Mar 1989 05 May 1989 Clyde Wells 05 May 1989 26 Jan 1996 Brian Tobin 26 Jan 1996 16 Oct 2000 Beaton Tulk 16 Oct 2000 13 Feb 2001 Roger Grimes 13 Feb 2001 06 Nov 2003 Danny Williams 06 Nov 2003 03 Dec 2010 Kathy Dunderdale 03 Dec 2010 24 Jan 2014 Tom Marshall 24 Jan 2014 26 Sep 2014 Paul Davis 26 Sep 2014 14 Dec 2015 Dwight Ball 14 Dec 2015 19 Aug 2020 Andrew Furey 19 Aug 2020 present · · ·

Prime ministers of Atlantic Canada, 1949–present

Canada
–	Prime minister		Began	Ended	–
		W. L. Mackenzie King	—	15 Nov 1948
		Louis St. Laurent	15 Nov 1948	21 Jun 1957
		John Diefenbaker	21 Jun 1957	22 Apr 1963
		Lester B. Pearson	22 Apr 1963	20 Apr 1968
		Pierre Trudeau	20 Apr 1968	04 Jun 1979
		Joe Clark	04 Jun 1979	03 Mar 1980
		Pierre Trudeau	03 Mar 1980	30 Jun 1984
		John Turner	30 Jun 1984	17 Sep 1984
		Brian Mulroney	17 Sep 1984	25 Jun 1993
		Kim Campbell	25 Jun 1993	04 Nov 1993
		Jean Chrétien	04 Nov 1993	12 Dec 2003
		Paul Martin	12 Dec 2003	06 Feb 2006
		Stephen Harper	06 Feb 2006	04 Nov 2015
		Justin Trudeau	04 Nov 2015	present
–

Atlantic Canada

PE NL NB NS Canada	— —

NL flags

• 
  Newfoundland    and
• 
  Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador

Newfoundland and Labrador
—	~1873–1907	Newfoundland Colony	—
	1907–1949	Dominion of Newfoundland
	1949–2001	Newfoundland
	2001–present	Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada

—
—		Monarch	Date span		—
		Victoria	01 Jul 1873 — 22 Jan 1901
		Edward VII	22 Jan 1901 — 26 Sep 1907 26 Sep 1907 — 06 May 1910
		George V	06 May 1910 — 20 Jan 1936
		George VI	20 Jan 1936 — 31 Mar 1949 31 Mar 1949 — 06 Feb 1952
		Elizabeth II	06 Feb 1952 — 06 Dec 2001 06 Dec 2001 — 08 Sep 2022
		Charles III	08 Sep 2022 — present
		William V	future
		George VII	future
—

Newfoundland Colony (1865–1901)

  Newfoundland dollar coinage

Victoria Newfoundland one cent Newfoundland five cents Newfoundland ten cents Newfoundland twenty cents Newfoundland fifty cents Newfoundland 2-dollar coin

Atlantic Canada

Atlantic Canada

Newfoundland English Region Atlantic Canada Language family Indo-European English North American English Canadian English Atlantic Canadian English Newfoundland English Language codes ISO 639-3 –

Atlantic Canada cities

(West-to-East)

A total of 16 Atlantic Canadian cities;
the 3 in Nova Scotia are now former.

—
—				—
		New Brunswick
		Edmundston
		Fredericton
		Campbellton
		Saint John
		Bathurst
		Miramichi
		Moncton
		Dieppe
		Prince Edward Island
		Summerside
		Charlottetown
		Nova Scotia
		Halifax
		Dartmouth
		Sydney
		Newfoundland and Labrador
		Corner Brook
		Mount Pearl
		St. John's
—

Fredericton and Campbellton
might incorrectly be flipped.
Charlottetown is to the east of
Dartmouth and west of Sydney.

Canadian Confederation

• Territorial evolution of Canada

Canada–United Kingdom relations

The suspensions to CUKFTA can be lifted, and talks can resume, now.

Arctic Archipelago

(31 July 1880 / 01 Sep 1880)

• British Arctic Territories

Canadian cities

West ↔ East
 ~ direction ~

—
—	Territories of Canada			—
	YT	NT	NU
	Whitehorse	Yellowknife	Iqaluit
—

—
—	Provinces of Canada																—
	BC		AB		SK		MB	ON		QC		NB		PE	NS	NL
	Victoria	Vancouver	Calgary	Edmonton	Saskatoon	Regina	Winnipeg	Toronto	Ottawa	Montreal	Québec	Fredericton	Moncton	Charlottetown	Halifax	St. John's
—

—
—	Atlantic Canada																—
	NB								PE	NS		PE	NS	NL
	Edmundston	Campbellton	Fredericton	Saint John	Bathurst	Miramichi	Moncton	Dieppe	Summerside	Halifax	Dartmouth	Charlottetown	Sydney	Corner Brook	Mount Pearl	St. John's
—

Anglosphere

Country and effective date of recognition as an independent country

United Kingdom	1 May 1707
Ireland	6 December 1922
Canada	1 July 1867
United States	12 May 1784
Australia	1 January 1901
New Zealand	10 December 1947

(United Kingdom initially as Great Britain)

Five Eyes

FVEY
—	Country	Agency	Abbr.	Role	—
	Australia	Australian Geospatial-Intelligence Organisation	AGO	Geospatial intelligence
		Australian Secret Intelligence Service	ASIS	Foreign intelligence
		Australian Security Intelligence Organisation	ASIO	Domestic intelligence
		Australian Signals Directorate	ASD	Signals intelligence
		Defence Intelligence Organisation	DIO	Military intelligence
	Canada	Canadian Forces Intelligence Command	CFINTCOM	Geospatial intelligence
		Canadian Forces Intelligence Command	CFINTCOM	Military intelligence
		Canadian Security Intelligence Service	CSIS	Domestic intelligence
		Canadian Security Intelligence Service	CSIS	Foreign intelligence
		Communications Security Establishment	CSE	Signals intelligence
	New Zealand	Directorate of Defence Intelligence and Security	DDIS	Military intelligence
		Government Communications Security Bureau	GCSB	Signals intelligence
		New Zealand Intel	GEOINT	Geospatial intelligence
		New Zealand Security Intelligence Service	NZSIS	Domestic intelligence
		New Zealand Security Intelligence Service	NZSIS	Foreign intelligence
	United Kingdom	Defence Intelligence	DI	Military intelligence
		Defence Intelligence Fusion Centre	DGIFC	Geospatial intelligence
		Government Communications Headquarters	GCHQ	Signals intelligence
		Security Service	MI5	Domestic intelligence
		Secret Intelligence Service (SIS)	MI6	Foreign intelligence
	United States	Central Intelligence Agency	CIA	Foreign intelligence
		Defense Intelligence Agency	DIA	Military intelligence
		Federal Bureau of Investigation	FBI	Domestic intelligence
		National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency	NGA	Geospatial intelligence
		National Security Agency	NSA	Signals intelligence
—

Intelligence agencies

FVEY
—	Country	Domestic	Foreign	Geospatial	Military	Signals	—
	Australia	ASIO	ASIS	AGO	DIO	ASD
	Canada	CSIS	CSIS	CFINTCOM	CFINTCOM	CSE
	New Zealand	NZSIS	NZSIS	GEOINT	DDIS	GCSB
	United Kingdom	MI5	MI6	DGIFC	DI	GCHQ
	United States	FBI	CIA	NGA	DIA	NSA
—

Template:Five Eyes

(17 Sep 1984 – 20 Jan 1989)

Heads of Government
—	UK – Margaret Thatcher	—
	CA – Brian Mulroney
	US – Ronald Reagan
	AU – Bob Hawke
	NZ – David Lange
Conservatives shown in bold.

John Paul II was pope during this time.
Elizabeth II was queen during this time.

World Wars (Europe)

World War I

Entente Powers

—
—	(1894) Dual Entente (Franco-Russian Entente)	(1904) Entente Cordiale	(1907) Anglo-Russian Entente	—
	(1907) Triple Entente
	(1914) Quadruple Entente (Entente Powers)
—

Central Powers

—
—	(1879) Dual Alliance	(1914) German–Ottoman alliance	(1915) German–Bulgarian alliance	—
	(1882) Triple Alliance (Axis) – (Italy joined Entente Powers)
	(1914) Quadruple Alliance (Central Powers)
—

World War II

Allied Powers

—
—	(1907) Triple Entente	—
	(1939) Allies
—

Axis Powers

—
—	(1882) Triple Alliance (Axis) – (Austria remained neutral)	—
	(1936) Axis
—

World War II

—
—	European theatre of World War II		—
	Western Front	Eastern Front
—

• All Quiet on the Western Front
• All Quiet on the Eastern Front

Reunification

Ireland
Republic of Ireland	Northern Ireland
(Reunification)

Germany
West Germany	East Germany
(Reunification)

Air-superiority fighters

Active air-superiority fighters

Country	Manufacturer	Aircraft	Introduced
United States	McDonnell Douglas	F-15 Eagle	1976
	Lockheed Martin	F-22 Raptor	2005
Japan	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries	F-15J	1981
Soviet Union/Russia	Sukhoi	Su-27	1985
		Su-30	1996
		Su-33	1998
China	Shenyang Aerospace	J-11	1998
	Chengdu Aerospace	J-20	2017
France	Dassault Aviation	Dassault Rafale	2001
India	Hindustan Aeronautics Limited	Su-30 MKI	2002
Germany/Italy/Spain/U.K.	Eurofighter	Typhoon	2003
Malaysia	Sukhoi	Su-30 MKM	2007

5th-gen air-superiority fighters

Present

Country	Manufacturer	Aircraft	Introduced
Fifth-generation fighter
United States	Lockheed Martin	F-22 Raptor	2005
		F-35 Lightning II	2015
China	Chengdu Aerospace	Chengdu J-20	2017
Russia	Sukhoi	Sukhoi Su-57	2020

6th-gen air-superiority fighters

Future

Sixth-generation fighter
Country	Manufacturer	Aircraft	Introduced
United kingdom	BAE Systems	Tempest – (GCAP)	c. 2035
Japan	Mitsubishi	Mitsubishi F-X – (GCAP)	c. 2035
France		TBA – (FCAS)

Jet fighter generations

• Gen 1
• Gen 2
• Gen 3
• Gen 4
• Gen 5
• Gen 6

Euro (fighter) series

Succession
Country	Manufacturer	Aircraft	Introduced
Germany / Italy / U.K.	Panavia Aircraft	Tornado	1979
Germany / Italy / U.K. / Spain	Eurofighter	Typhoon	2003
U.K. / Italy / (Germany, maybe)	BAE Systems	Tempest	c. 2035

Also

Country	Manufacturer	Aircraft	Introduced
France / Spain / (Germany, maybe)	Dassault	(FCAS)	c. 2045

Should Germany decide to go with Tempest rather than Dassault,
then the Euro-Trinity of U.K. / Italy / Germany will be kept intact.

Currency

US	CA	UK	EU	AU	NZ
1¢	1¢	1p	1c	1c	1c
—	—	2p	2c	2c	2c
5¢	5¢	5p	5c	5c	5c
10¢	10¢	10p	10c	10c	10c
—	—	20p	20c	20c	20c
25¢	25¢	25p	—	—	—
50¢	50¢	50p	50c	50c	50c
$1	$1	£1	€1	$1	$1
—	$2	£2	€2	$2	$2

Faroe Islands

(06 July 1816 – 31 March 1948)

Prefects of the Faroe Islands
—	Term	Prefect	(Born–Died)	—
	1816–1828	Emilius Marius Georgius Løbner	(1766–1849)
	1828–1830	Christian Ludvig Tillisch	(1797–1844)
	1830–1837	Frederik Ferdinand Tillisch	(1801–1889)
	1837–1848	Christian Pløyen	(1803–1867)
	1849–1862	Carl Emil Dahlerup	(1813–1890)
	1862–1871	Peter Holten	(1816–1897)
	1871–1885	Hannes Kristján Steingrímur Finsen	(1828–1892)
	1885–1897	Lorentz Høyer Buchwaldt	(1841–1933)
	1897–1911	Christian Baerentsen	(1862–1944)
	1911–1918	Svenning Krag Nielsen Rytter	(1875–1957)
	1918–1920	Victor Stahlschmidt	(1884–1920)
	1920–1929	Elias Olrik	(1885–1975)
	1929–1936	Hjalmar Ringberg	(1889–1978)
	1936–1945	Carl Aage Hilbert	(1899–1953)
	1945–1948	Cai Andrias Vagn-Hansen	(1911–1990)
(Succeeded by High Commissioner of the Faroe Islands)

(Since 01 April 1948)

Politics of the Faroe Islands
		Date		Premier				High Commissioner		Monarch
		1948–1948			(vacant)			Cai Andrias Vagn-Hansen		Frederik IX
		1948–1950			Andrass Samuelsen			Cai Andrias Vagn-Hansen		Frederik IX
		1950–1954			Kristian Djurhuus			Cai Andrias Vagn-Hansen		Frederik IX
		1954–1959			Kristian Djurhuus			Niels Elkær-Hansen		Frederik IX
		1959–1961			Peter Mohr Dam			Niels Elkær-Hansen		Frederik IX
		1961–1963			Peter Mohr Dam			Mogens Wahl		Frederik IX
		1963–1967			Hákun Djurhuus			Mogens Wahl		Frederik IX
		1967–1968			Peter Mohr Dam			Mogens Wahl		Frederik IX
		1968–1970			Kristian Djurhuus			Mogens Wahl		Frederik IX
		1970–1972			Atli Dam			Mogens Wahl		Frederik IX
		1972–1972			Atli Dam			Mogens Wahl		Margrethe II
		1972–1981			Atli Dam			Leif Groth		Margrethe II
		1981–1981			Pauli Ellefsen			Leif Groth		Margrethe II
		1981–1985			Pauli Ellefsen			Niels Bentsen		Margrethe II
		1985–1988			Atli Dam			Niels Bentsen		Margrethe II
		1988–1989			Atli Dam			Bent Klinte		Margrethe II
		1989–1991			Jógvan Sundstein			Bent Klinte		Margrethe II
		1991–1993			Atli Dam			Bent Klinte		Margrethe II
		1993–1994			Marita Petersen			Bent Klinte		Margrethe II
		1994–1995			Edmund Joensen			Bent Klinte		Margrethe II
		1995–1998			Edmund Joensen			Vibeke Larsen		Margrethe II
		1998–2001			Anfinn Kallsberg			Vibeke Larsen		Margrethe II
		2001–2004			Anfinn Kallsberg			Birgit Kleis		Margrethe II
		2004–2005			Jóannes Eidesgaard			Birgit Kleis		Margrethe II
		2005–2008			Jóannes Eidesgaard			Søren Christensen		Margrethe II
		2008–2008			Jóannes Eidesgaard			Dan Michael Knudsen		Margrethe II
		2008–2015			Kaj Leo Johannesen			Dan Michael Knudsen		Margrethe II
		2015–2017			Aksel V. Johannesen			Dan Michael Knudsen		Margrethe II
		2017–2019			Aksel V. Johannesen			Lene Moyell Johansen		Margrethe II
		2019–2022			Bárður á Steig Nielsen			Lene Moyell Johansen		Margrethe II
		2022–2024			Aksel V. Johannesen			Lene Moyell Johansen		Margrethe II
		2024–present			Aksel V. Johannesen			Lene Moyell Johansen		Frederik X
—

Greenland

(01 June 1950 – 30 April 1979)

Governors of Greenland
—	Term	Governor	(Born–Died)	—
	1950–1955	Poul Hugo Lundsteen	(1910–1988)
	1955–1956	Niels Otto Christensen	(1917–2003)
	1956–1960	Poul Hugo Lundsteen	(1910–1988)
	1960–1963	Finn Carsten Nielsen	(1913–1995)
	1963–1973	Niels Otto Christensen	(1917–2003)
	1973–1979	Hans Jacob Lassen	(1926–2011)
(Succeeded by High Commissioner of Greenland)

(Since 01 May 1979)

Politics of Greenland
		Date		Premier				High Commissioner		Monarch
		1979–1991			Jonathan Motzfeldt			Torben Hede Pedersen		Margrethe II
		1991–1992			Lars-Emil Johansen			Torben Hede Pedersen		Margrethe II
		1992–1995			Lars-Emil Johansen			Steen Spore		Margrethe II
		1995–1997			Lars-Emil Johansen			Gunnar Martens		Margrethe II
		1997–2002			Jonathan Motzfeldt			Gunnar Martens		Margrethe II
		2002–2002			Jonathan Motzfeldt			Peter Lauritzen		Margrethe II
		2002–2005			Hans Enoksen			Peter Lauritzen		Margrethe II
		2005–2009			Hans Enoksen			Søren Hald Møller		Margrethe II
		2009–2011			Kuupik Kleist			Søren Hald Møller		Margrethe II
		2011–2013			Kuupik Kleist			Mikaela Engell		Margrethe II
		2013–2014			Aleqa Hammond			Mikaela Engell		Margrethe II
		2014–2021			Kim Kielsen			Mikaela Engell		Margrethe II
		2021–2022			Múte Bourup Egede			Mikaela Engell		Margrethe II
		2022–2024			Múte Bourup Egede			Julie Præst Wilche		Margrethe II
		2024–present			Múte Bourup Egede			Julie Præst Wilche		Frederik X
—

Canada

(Since 11 Dec 1931)

Canada
–	Prime minister		Date	Governor general	–
		R. B. Bennett	1931–1935	Vere Ponsonby
		W. L. Mackenzie King	1935–1935	Vere Ponsonby
		W. L. Mackenzie King	1935–1940	John Buchan
		W. L. Mackenzie King	1940–1946	Alexander Cambridge
		W. L. Mackenzie King	1946–1948	Harold Alexander
		Louis St. Laurent	1948–1952	Harold Alexander
		Louis St. Laurent	1952–1957	Vincent Massey
		John Diefenbaker	1957–1959	Vincent Massey
		John Diefenbaker	1959–1963	Georges Vanier
		Lester B. Pearson	1963–1967	Georges Vanier
		Lester B. Pearson	1967–1968	Roland Michener
		Pierre Trudeau	1968–1974	Roland Michener
		Pierre Trudeau	1974–1979	Jules Léger
		Pierre Trudeau	1979–1979	Edward Schreyer
		Joe Clark	1979–1980	Edward Schreyer
		Pierre Trudeau	1980–1984	Edward Schreyer
		Pierre Trudeau	1984–1984	Jeanne Sauvé
		John Turner	1984–1984	Jeanne Sauvé
		Brian Mulroney	1984–1990	Jeanne Sauvé
		Brian Mulroney	1990–1993	Ray Hnatyshyn
		Kim Campbell	1993–1993	Ray Hnatyshyn
		Jean Chrétien	1993–1995	Ray Hnatyshyn
		Jean Chrétien	1995–1999	Roméo LeBlanc
		Jean Chrétien	1999–2003	Adrienne Clarkson
		Paul Martin	2003–2005	Adrienne Clarkson
		Paul Martin	2005–2006	Michaëlle Jean
		Stephen Harper	2006–2010	Michaëlle Jean
		Stephen Harper	2010–2015	David Johnston
		Justin Trudeau	2015–2017	David Johnston
		Justin Trudeau	2017–2021	Julie Payette
		Justin Trudeau	2021–present	Mary Simon
–

United States / Mexico

US / MX
–	US presidents			Date	MX presidents			–
		Gerald Ford		01 Dec 1976 – 20 Jan 1977		José López Portillo
		Jimmy Carter		20 Jan 1977 – 20 Jan 1981		José López Portillo
		Ronald Reagan		20 Jan 1981 – 30 Nov 1982		José López Portillo
		Ronald Reagan		01 Dec 1982 – 20 Jan 1985		Miguel de la Madrid
		Ronald Reagan		20 Jan 1985 – 30 Nov 1988		Miguel de la Madrid
		Ronald Reagan		01 Dec 1988 – 20 Jan 1989		Carlos Salinas de Gortari
		George H. W. Bush		20 Jan 1989 – 20 Jan 1993		Carlos Salinas de Gortari
		Bill Clinton		20 Jan 1993 – 30 Nov 1994		Carlos Salinas de Gortari
		Bill Clinton		01 Dec 1994 – 20 Jan 1997		Ernesto Zedillo
		Bill Clinton		20 Jan 1997 – 30 Nov 2000		Ernesto Zedillo
		Bill Clinton		01 Dec 2000 – 20 Jan 2001		Vicente Fox
		George W. Bush		20 Jan 2001 – 20 Jan 2005		Vicente Fox
		George W. Bush		20 Jan 2005 – 30 Nov 2006		Vicente Fox
		George W. Bush		01 Dec 2006 – 20 Jan 2009		Felipe Calderón
		Barack Obama		20 Jan 2009 – 30 Nov 2012		Felipe Calderón
		Barack Obama		01 Dec 2012 – 20 Jan 2013		Enrique Peña Nieto
		Barack Obama		20 Jan 2013 – 20 Jan 2017		Enrique Peña Nieto
		Donald Trump		20 Jan 2017 – 30 Nov 2018		Enrique Peña Nieto
		Donald Trump		01 Dec 2018 – 20 Jan 2021		Andrés Manuel López Obrador
		Joe Biden		20 Jan 2021 – 30 Sep 2024		Andrés Manuel López Obrador
		Joe Biden		01 Oct 2024 – 20 Jan 2025		Claudia Sheinbaum
				20 Jan 2025 – 20 Jan 2029		Claudia Sheinbaum
				20 Jan 2029 – 30 Sep 2030		Claudia Sheinbaum
				01 Oct 2030 – 20 Jan 2033
				20 Jan 2033 – 30 Sep 2036
				01 Oct 2036 – 20 Jan 2037
				20 Jan 2037 – 20 Jan 2041
—

Mexico

Parties

  PRI
  PAN

Mexico
–	PRI			Year	PAN			–
		Lázaro Cárdenas		1934		—
		Manuel Ávila Camacho		1940		—
		Miguel Alemán Valdés		1946		—
		Adolfo Ruiz Cortines		1952		Efraín González Luna
		Adolfo López Mateos		1958		Luis H. Álvarez
		Gustavo Díaz Ordaz		1964		José González Torres
		Luis Echeverría		1970		Efraín González Morfín
		José López Portillo		1976		—
		Miguel de la Madrid		1982		Pablo Emilio Madero
		Carlos Salinas de Gortari		1988		Manuel Clouthier
		Ernesto Zedillo		1994		Diego Fernández de Cevallos
		Francisco Labastida		2000		Vicente Fox
		Roberto Madrazo		2006		Felipe Calderón
		Enrique Peña Nieto		2012		Josefina Vázquez Mota
		José Antonio Meade		2018		Ricardo Anaya
		Xóchitl Gálvez		2024		Xóchitl Gálvez
—

Politics of Mexico

Parties

  MRN     MC     PRD     PRI     PAN

Mexico
	PRI			Date	President
		Lázaro Cárdenas (1895–1970)		01 Dec 1934 – 30 Nov 1940		(same)
		Manuel Ávila Camacho (1897–1955)		01 Dec 1940 – 30 Nov 1946		(same)
		Miguel Alemán Valdés (1900–1983)		01 Dec 1946 – 30 Nov 1952		(same)
		Adolfo Ruiz Cortines (1889–1973)		01 Dec 1952 – 30 Nov 1958		(same)
		Adolfo López Mateos (1909–1969)		01 Dec 1958 – 30 Nov 1964		(same)
		Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1911–1979)		01 Dec 1964 – 30 Nov 1970		(same)
		Luis Echeverría (1922–2022)		01 Dec 1970 – 30 Nov 1976		(same)
		José López Portillo (1920–2004)		01 Dec 1976 – 30 Nov 1982		(same)
		Miguel de la Madrid (1934–2012)		01 Dec 1982 – 30 Nov 1988		(same)
		Carlos Salinas de Gortari      (born 1948)		01 Dec 1988 – 30 Nov 1994		(same)
		Ernesto Zedillo (born 1951)		01 Dec 1994 – 30 Nov 2000		(same)
		Francisco Labastida (born 1942)		01 Dec 2000 – 30 Nov 2006		Vicente Fox (born 1942)
		Roberto Madrazo (born 1952)		01 Dec 2006 – 30 Nov 2012		Felipe Calderón (born 1962)
		Enrique Peña Nieto (born 1966)		01 Dec 2012 – 30 Nov 2018		(same)
		José Antonio Meade (born 1969)		01 Dec 2018 – 30 Sep 2024		Andrés Manuel López Obrador (born 1953)
		Xóchitl Gálvez (born 1963)		01 Oct 2024 – 30 Sep 2030		Claudia Sheinbaum (born 1962)
—

Mexico City

List of mayors of Mexico City

• (1940–1946) – Javier Rojo Gómez
• (1946–1952) – Fernando Casas Germán
• (1952–1966) – Ernesto Uruchurtu
• (1966–1970) – Alfonso Corona del Rosal
• (1970–1971) – Alfonso Martínez Domínguez
• (1971–1976) – Octavio Gómez Senties
• (1976–1982) – Carlos Hank González
• (1982–1988) – Ramón Aguirre Velázquez
• (1988–1993) – Manuel Camacho Solís
• (1993–1994) – Manuel Aguilera Gómez
• (1994–1997) – Óscar Espinosa Villarreal
• (1997–1999) – Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
• (1999–2000) – Rosario Robles
• (2000–2005) – Andrés Manuel López Obrador
• (2005–2006) – Alejandro Encinas Rodríguez
• (2006–2012) – Marcelo Ebrard
• (2012–2018) – Miguel Ángel Mancera
• (2018–2018) – José Ramón Amieva
• (2018–2023) – Claudia Sheinbaum
• (2023–2024) – Martí Batres
• (2024–20––) – Clara Brugada

Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)

Japan
Leaders of the Liberal Democratic Party							Prime ministers of Japan
		Name (Birth–death)	Constituency / title	Took office	Left office			Name	Term start	Term end
		Ichirō Hatoyama (1883–1959)	Rep for Tokyo 1st	5 April 1956	14 December 1956			(same)	5 April 1956	23 December 1956
		Tanzan Ishibashi (1884–1973)	Rep for Shizuoka 2nd	14 December 1956	21 March 1957			(same)	23 December 1956	25 February 1957
		Nobusuke Kishi (1896–1987)	Rep for Yamaguchi 1st	21 March 1957	14 July 1960			(same)	25 February 1957	19 July 1960
		Hayato Ikeda (1899–1965)	Rep for Hiroshima 2nd	14 July 1960	1 December 1964			(same)	19 July 1960	9 November 1964
		Eisaku Satō (1901–1975)	Rep for Yamaguchi 2nd	1 December 1964	5 July 1972			(same)	9 November 1964	7 July 1972
		Kakuei Tanaka (1918–1993)	Rep for Niigata 3rd	5 July 1972	4 December 1974			(same)	7 July 1972	9 December 1974
		Takeo Miki (1907–1988)	Rep for Tokushima At-large	4 December 1974	23 December 1976			(same)	9 December 1974	24 December 1976
		Takeo Fukuda (1905–1995)	Rep for Gunma 3rd	23 December 1976	1 December 1978			(same)	24 December 1976	7 December 1978
		Masayoshi Ōhira (1910–1980) (Died in office)	Rep for Kagawa 2nd	1 December 1978	12 June 1980			(same)	7 December 1978	12 June 1980
		Eiichi Nishimura (1897–1987) Acting	Rep for Ōita 2nd	12 June 1980	15 July 1980			Masayoshi Ito (1913–1994) Acting	12 June 1980	17 July 1980
		Zenkō Suzuki (1911–2004)	Rep for Iwate 1st	15 July 1980	25 November 1982			(same)	17 July 1980	27 November 1982
		Yasuhiro Nakasone (1918–2019)	Rep for Gunma 3rd	25 November 1982	31 October 1987			(same)	27 November 1982	6 November 1987
		Noboru Takeshita (1924–2000)	Rep for Shimane At-large	31 October 1987	2 June 1989			(same)	6 November 1987	3 June 1989
		Sōsuke Uno (1922–1998)	Rep for Shiga At-large	2 June 1989	8 August 1989			(same)	3 June 1989	10 August 1989
		Toshiki Kaifu (1931–2022)	Rep for Aichi 3rd	8 August 1989	30 October 1991			(same)	10 August 1989	5 November 1991
		Kiichi Miyazawa (1919–2007)	Rep for Hiroshima 3rd	30 October 1991	29 July 1993			(same)	5 November 1991	9 August 1993
		Yōhei Kōno (b. 1937) —	Rep for Kanagawa 5th	29 July 1993	1 October 1995			Morihiro Hosokawa (b. 1938)	9 August 1993	28 April 1994
								Tsutomu Hata (1935–2017)	28 April 1994	30 June 1994
								Tomiichi Murayama (b. 1924)	30 June 1994	11 January 1996
		Ryutaro Hashimoto (1937–2006)	Rep for Okayama 4th	1 October 1995	24 July 1998			(same)	11 January 1996	30 July 1998
		Keizō Obuchi (1937–2000)	Rep for Gunma 5th	24 July 1998	5 April 2000			(same)	30 July 1998	5 April 2000
		Yoshirō Mori (b. 1937)	Rep for Ishikawa 2nd	5 April 2000	24 April 2001			(same)	5 April 2000	26 April 2001
		Junichiro Koizumi (b. 1942)	Rep for Kanagawa 11th	24 April 2001	20 September 2006			(same)	26 April 2001	26 September 2006
		Shinzo Abe (1954–2022)	Rep for Yamaguchi 4th	20 September 2006	26 September 2007			(same)	26 September 2006	26 September 2007
		Yasuo Fukuda (b. 1936)	Rep for Gunma 4th	26 September 2007	22 September 2008			(same)	26 September 2007	24 September 2008
		Tarō Asō (b. 1940)	Rep for Fukuoka 8th	22 September 2008	28 September 2009			(same)	24 September 2008	16 September 2009
		Sadakazu Tanigaki (b. 1945) —	Rep for Kyoto 5th	28 September 2009	26 September 2012			Yukio Hatoyama (b. 1947)	16 September 2009	8 June 2010
								Naoto Kan (b. 1946)	8 June 2010	2 September 2011
								Yoshihiko Noda (b. 1957)	2 September 2011	26 December 2012
		Shinzo Abe (1954–2022)	Rep for Yamaguchi 4th	26 September 2012	14 September 2020			(same)	26 December 2012	16 September 2020
		Yoshihide Suga (b. 1948)	Rep for Kanagawa 2nd	14 September 2020	29 September 2021			(same)	16 September 2020	4 October 2021
		Fumio Kishida (b. 1957)	Rep for Hiroshima 1st	29 September 2021	27 September 2024			(same)	4 October 2021	1 October 2024
		Shigeru Ishiba (b. 1957)	Rep for Tottori 1st	27 September 2024	Incumbent			(same)	1 October 2024	Incumbent
denotes Prime Minister of Japan

Note: In 1980, Masayoshi Ito was acting prime minister while Eiichi Nishimura was acting LDP leader.

Single-party states

Single-party states
Place	Capital	Party			Date
North Korea	Pyongyang		Workers' Party of Korea		9 Sep 1948
China	Beijing		Chinese Communist Party		1 Oct 1949
Cuba	Havana		Communist Party of Cuba		1 Jul 1961
Laos	Vientiane		Lao People's Revolutionary Party		2 Dec 1975
Vietnam	Hanoi		Communist Party of Vietnam		2 Jul 1976
·§·

Chinese Communist Party

China
	Date			Offices
	Start	End		CCP Gen. Sec.	CCP Chairman	PRC Chairman	PRC President		PRC Premier
	9 September 1976	7 October 1976		(Vacant)	(Vacant)	(Vacant)	(Vacant)		(Vacant)
	7 October 1976	5 March 1978		Hua Guofeng	Hua Guofeng	—	Soong Ching-ling		Hua Guofeng
	5 March 1978	10 September 1980		Hua Guofeng	Hua Guofeng	—	Ye Jianying		Hua Guofeng
	10 September 1980	28 June 1981		Hua Guofeng	Hua Guofeng	—	Ye Jianying		Zhao Ziyang
	28 June 1981	18 June 1983		Hu Yaobang	Deng Xiaoping	—	Ye Jianying		Zhao Ziyang
	18 June 1983	16 January 1987		Hu Yaobang	Deng Xiaoping	Deng Xiaoping	Li Xiannian		Zhao Ziyang
	16 January 1987	24 November 1987		Zhao Ziyang	Deng Xiaoping	Deng Xiaoping	Li Xiannian		Zhao Ziyang
	24 November 1987	8 April 1988		Zhao Ziyang	Deng Xiaoping	Deng Xiaoping	Li Xiannian		Li Peng
	8 April 1988	24 June 1989		Zhao Ziyang	Deng Xiaoping	Deng Xiaoping	Yang Shangkun		Li Peng
	24 June 1989	9 November 1989		Jiang Zemin	Deng Xiaoping	Deng Xiaoping	Yang Shangkun		Li Peng
	9 November 1989	19 March 1990		Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Deng Xiaoping	Yang Shangkun		Li Peng
	19 March 1990	27 March 1993		Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Yang Shangkun		Li Peng
	27 March 1993	17 March 1998		Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin		Li Peng
	17 March 1998	15 November 2002		Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin		Zhu Rongji
	15 November 2002	15 March 2003		Hu Jintao	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin		Zhu Rongji
	15 March 2003	16 March 2003		Hu Jintao	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Hu Jintao		Zhu Rongji
	16 March 2003	19 September 2004		Hu Jintao	Jiang Zemin	Jiang Zemin	Hu Jintao		Wen Jiabao
	19 September 2004	13 March 2005		Hu Jintao	Hu Jintao	Jiang Zemin	Hu Jintao		Wen Jiabao
	13 March 2005	15 November 2012		Hu Jintao	Hu Jintao	Hu Jintao	Hu Jintao		Wen Jiabao
	15 November 2012	14 March 2013		Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Hu Jintao	Hu Jintao		Wen Jiabao
	14 March 2013	15 March 2013		Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping		Wen Jiabao
	15 March 2013	11 March 2023		Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping		Li Keqiang
	11 March 2023	Incumbent		Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping	Xi Jinping		Li Qiang
—

Bold denotes the highest position in the CCP, being the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).

Picture	Name	Offices	Period
	Jiang Zemin 江泽民	General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee	24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002
		Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission	9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004
		Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission	19 March 1990 – 13 March 2005
		President of the PRC	27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003
	Hu Jintao 胡锦涛	General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee	15 November 2002 – 15 November 2012
		Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission	19 September 2004 – 15 November 2012
		Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission	13 March 2005 – 14 March 2013
		President of the PRC	15 March 2003 – 14 March 2013
	Xi Jinping 习近平	General Secretary of the CCP Central Committee	15 November 2012 – Incumbent
		Chairman of the CCP Central Military Commission	15 November 2012 – Incumbent
		Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission	14 March 2013 – Incumbent
		President of the PRC	14 March 2013 – Incumbent
—

China has had only three leaders since 27 March 1993, all shown above.

Mao dynasty

Male-line descent

• Mao Enpu (?–?) ∞ Liu (?–?)
• Mao Yichang (1870–1920) ∞ Wen Qimei (1867–1919)
• Mao Zedong (1893–1976) ∞ Yang Kaihui (1901–1930)
• Mao Anqing (1924–2007) ∞ Shao Hua (1938–2008)
• Mao Xinyu (born 1970) ∞ Liu Bin (born 1977)
• Mao Dongdong (born 2003) ∞

Sino–Soviet relations

China–Russia relations

• China Union / Sino Union
• Soviet Union → CIS

List of leaders of Russia

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
• List of leaders of the Soviet Union
• List of leaders of the Russian SFSR
• List of presidents of Russia
• List of heads of state of the Soviet Union
• List of heads of state of Russia
• List of heads of government of Russia
• Premier of the Soviet Union
• First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
• First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
• Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)
• List of Soviet foreign ministers
• List of Chairmen of the Federation Council (Russia)
• List of Deputy Chairmen of the Federation Council of Russia
• List of chairmen of the State Duma
• List of Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma
• United Russia

(Will fix Soviet listing at a later date)

Leader of the Soviet Union
	Date	Name
	Joseph Stalin	02 Sep 1945 – 16 Oct 1952
	Georgy Malenkov	16 Oct 1952 – 05 Mar 1953
	Nikolai Bulganin	05 Mar 1953 – 14 Sep 1953
	Nikita Khrushchev	14 Sep 1953 – 14 Oct 1964
	Leonid Brezhnev	14 Oct 1964 – 10 Nov 1982
	Yuri Andropov	10 Nov 1982 – 09 Feb 1984
	Konstantin Chernenko	09 Feb 1984 – 10 Mar 1985
	Andrei Gromyko	10 Mar 1985 – 01 Oct 1988
	Mikhail Gorbachev	01 Oct 1988 – 24 Aug 1991
	Vladimir Ivashko	24 Aug 1991 – 29 Aug 1991
	(Vacant)	29 Aug 1991 – 26 Dec 1991
	—	26 Dec 1991 – 31 Dec 1991
·
Leader of Russia
	Name	Date
	Boris Yeltsin	31 Dec 1991 – 25 Dec 1993 25 Dec 1993 – 03 Jul 1996 03 Jul 1996 – 31 Dec 1999
	Vladimir Putin	31 Dec 1999 – 26 Mar 2000 26 Mar 2000 – 14 Mar 2004 14 Mar 2004 – 02 Mar 2008
	Dmitry Medvedev	02 Mar 2008 – 04 Mar 2012
	Vladimir Putin	04 Mar 2012 – 18 Mar 2018 18 Mar 2018 – 17 Mar 2024
·

  CPSU       Independent       United Russia

Leadership of Russia
	Date		Security Council Chairperson			Security Council Deputy Chairperson			President			Premier			Federation Council Chairperson			State Duma Chairperson			Front Leader			Party Leader			Date
	19 May 2011 – 21 Sep 2011			Dmitry Medvedev			—			Dmitry Medvedev			Vladimir Putin			Aleksandr Torshin			Boris Gryzlov			Vladimir Putin			Vladimir Putin		19 May 2011 – 21 Sep 2011
	21 Sep 2011 – 21 Dec 2011			Dmitry Medvedev			—			Dmitry Medvedev			Vladimir Putin			Valentina Matviyenko			Boris Gryzlov			Vladimir Putin			Vladimir Putin		21 Sep 2011 – 21 Dec 2011
	21 Dec 2011 – 07 May 2012			Dmitry Medvedev			—			Dmitry Medvedev			Vladimir Putin			Valentina Matviyenko			Sergey Naryshkin			Vladimir Putin			Vladimir Putin		21 Dec 2011 – 07 May 2012
	07 May 2012 – 30 May 2012			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Sergey Naryshkin			Vladimir Putin			Vladimir Putin		07 May 2012 – 30 May 2012
	30 May 2012 – 01 Oct 2014			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Sergey Naryshkin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		30 May 2012 – 01 Oct 2014
	01 Oct 2014 – 05 Oct 2016			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Sergey Naryshkin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		01 Oct 2014 – 05 Oct 2016
	05 Oct 2016 – 07 May 2018			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Vyacheslav Volodin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		05 Oct 2016 – 07 May 2018
	07 May 2018 – 25 Sep 2019			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Vyacheslav Volodin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		07 May 2018 – 25 Sep 2019
	25 Sep 2019 – 16 Jan 2020			Vladimir Putin			—			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Valentina Matviyenko			Vyacheslav Volodin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		25 Sep 2019 – 16 Jan 2020
	16 Jan 2020 – ‹Incumbent›			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev			Vladimir Putin			Mikhail Mishustin			Valentina Matviyenko			Vyacheslav Volodin			Vladimir Putin			Dmitry Medvedev		16 Jan 2020 – ‹Incumbent›
			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko			– Valentina Matviyenko
—

Gazprom

(Founded by Viktor Chernomyrdin in 1989)

Leader

• 1989–1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev
• 1991–1999 – Boris Yeltsin
• 1999–2008 – Vladimir Putin
• 2008–2012 – Dmitry Medvedev
• 2012–present – Vladimir Putin

Chairperson

• 1989–1992 – Viktor Chernomyrdin

• 1992–2000 – Rem Viakhirev
• 2000–2001 – Dmitry Medvedev
• 2001–2002 – Rem Viakhirev
• 2002–2008 – Dmitry Medvedev
• 2008–present – Viktor Zubkov

CEO

• 1989–1992 – Viktor Chernomyrdin
• 1992–2001 – Rem Viakhirev
• 2001–present – Alexey Miller

See also

• United Russia – political party of Gazprom
• All-Russia People's Front – national affiliation of United Russia

Nord Stream

Nord Stream AG
Pipeline	From	To
Nord Stream 1	Vyborg	Lubmin
Nord Stream 2	Ust-Luga
2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage

Name vs. Nationality

• Alexey Miller – (German surname)
• David McAllister – (Scottish surname)

Synchronous grid of Continental Europe

• ENTSO-E ◆

German state-owned natural gas compnaies

• Uniper
• VNG
• SEFE

Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)

Volkseigener Betrieb →	Treuhandanstalt →	Bundesanstalt für vereinigungsbedingte Sonderaufgaben (BvS)
		TLG Immobilien GmbH (TLG) →	Aroundtown (en)
		BVVG Bodenverwertungs- und -verwaltungs GmbH (BVVG)

Coin circulation

Deutsche Mark				East German mark
Front	Back	Material	Mark	Front	Back	Material
		Copper-plated steel	1pf			Aluminium
		Bronze-plated steel	2pf	—	—	—
		Brass-plated steel	5pf			Aluminium
		Brass-plated steel	10pf			Aluminium
—	—	—	20pf			Brass
		Cupro-nickel	50pf			Aluminium
		Cupro-nickel	(D)M1			Aluminium
		Cupro-nickel	(D)M2			Aluminium
		Cupro-nickel	(D)M5			Nickel-bronze

Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918)

Austria

Austria-Hungary
Empire
	Cisleithania	Vienna
State		Capital
Kingdoms
	Bohemia (Land of the Bohemian Crown)	Prague
	Dalmatia	Zadar
	Galicia and Lodomeria	Lviv
Archduchies
	Upper Austria (above the Enns)	Linz
	Lower Austria (below the Enns)	Vienna
Grand Duchies
	Kraków (subdivision of Galicia and Lodomeria)	Kraków
Duchies
	Bukovina	Chernivtsi
	Carinthia	Klagenfurt
	Carniola	Ljubljana
	Salzburg	Salzburg
	Silesia (Land of the Bohemian Crown)	Opava
	Styria	Graz
Margraviates
	Istria (part of the Austrian Littoral)	Rovinj
	Moravia (Land of the Bohemian Crown)	Brno
Princely Counties
	Gorizia and Gradisca (part of the Austrian Littoral)	Gorizia
	Tyrol	Innsbruck
	Vorarlberg	Bregenz
Free Cities
	Trieste (part of the Austrian Littoral)	Trieste
Condominium
	Bosnia and Herzegovina (governed jointly by Cisleithania and Transleithania)	Sarajevo
—
—

Hungary

Austria-Hungary
Empire
	Transleithania	Budapest
State		Capital
Kingdoms
	Hungary	Budapest
	Croatia-Slavonia	Zagreb
Free Cities
	Fiume	Rijeka
Condominium
	Bosnia and Herzegovina (governed jointly by Cisleithania and Transleithania)	Sarajevo
—
—

Note: Charles I of Austria, last monarch of all of the above.

German Empire (1871–1918)

Germany

Imperial Germany
Empire
	Germany	Berlin	Wilhelm II
State		Capital	Last monarch
Kingdoms (Königreiche)
	Prussia (Preußen)	Berlin	Wilhelm II
	Bavaria (Bayern)	Munich	Ludwig III
	Saxony (Sachsen)	Dresden	Frederick Augustus III
	Württemberg	Stuttgart	William II
Grand Duchies (Großherzogtümer)
	Baden	Karlsruhe	Frederick II
	Hesse (Hessen)	Darmstadt	Ernest Louis
	Mecklenburg-Schwerin	Schwerin	Frederick Francis IV
	Mecklenburg-Strelitz	Neustrelitz	Frederick Francis IV
	Oldenburg	Oldenburg	Frederick Augustus II
	Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach)	Weimar	William Ernest
Duchies (Herzogtümer)
	Anhalt	Dessau	Joachim Ernst
	Brunswick (Braunschweig)	Braunschweig	Ernst Augustus
	Saxe-Altenburg (Sachsen-Altenburg)	Altenburg	Ernst II
	Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha)	Coburg	Charles Edward
	Saxe-Meiningen (Sachsen-Meiningen)	Meiningen	Bernhard III
Principalities (Fürstentümer)
	Lippe	Detmold	Leopold IV
	Reuss-Gera (Younger Line)	Gera	Heinrich XXVII
	Reuss-Greiz (Elder Line)	Greiz	Heinrich XXIV
	Schaumburg-Lippe	Bückeburg	Adolf II
	Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt	Rudolstadt	Günther Victor
	Schwarzburg-Sondershausen	Sondershausen	Günther Victor
	Waldeck and Pyrmont (Waldeck und Pyrmont)	Arolsen	Friedrich
Free and Hanseatic Cities (Freie und Hansestädte)
	Bremen	Bremen
	Hamburg	Hamburg
	Lübeck	Lübeck
Imperial Territories (Reichsländer)
	Alsace-Lorraine (Elsass-Lothringen)	Straßburg
—
—

East Germany

East Germany
—	—	Past			Present		—	—
	—	Pre–Bezirke		—	Post–Bezirke		—
	—	Capital / Hauptstadt	State / Länder		Capital / Hauptstadt	State / Länder	—
	—	East Berlin	East Berlin	→	Berlin	Berlin	—
	—	Potsdam	Brandenburg	→	Potsdam	Brandenburg	—
	—	Rostock	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	→	Schwerin	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	—
	—	Dresden	Saxony	→	Dresden	Saxony	—
	—	Halle (Saale)	Saxony-Anhalt	→	Magdeburg	Saxony-Anhalt	—
	—	Erfurt	Thuringia	→	Erfurt	Thuringia	—
	—						—
	—						—
—

New states of Germany

(East Germany)

	State capital
	Berlin
	Brandenburg
	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
	Saxony
	Saxony-Anhalt
	Thuringia

City	State (Bundesland) (1990–present)	Former Bezirke (Regional districts) (1952–1990)	Soviet zone (Subdivisions) (1945–1952)
Berlin	Berlin	East Berlin	East Berlin
Brandenburg an der Havel	Brandenburg	—	Brandenburg
Cottbus	Brandenburg	Cottbus	Brandenburg
Frankfurt (Oder)	Brandenburg	Frankfurt (Oder)	Brandenburg
Potsdam	Brandenburg	Potsdam	Brandenburg
Neubrandenburg	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Neubrandenburg	Mecklenburg
Neustrelitz	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	—	Mecklenburg
Rostock (1945–1952)	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Rostock	Mecklenburg
Schwerin	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	Schwerin	Mecklenburg
Chemnitz	Saxony	Karl-Marx-Stadt	Saxony
Dresden	Saxony	Dresden	Saxony
Leipzig	Saxony	Leipzig	Saxony
Zwickau	Saxony	—	Saxony
Dessau	Saxony-Anhalt	—	Saxony-Anhalt
Dessau-Roßlau	Saxony-Anhalt	—	Saxony-Anhalt
Halle (Saale) (1945–1952)	Saxony-Anhalt	Halle	Saxony-Anhalt
Magdeburg	Saxony-Anhalt	Magdeburg	Saxony-Anhalt
Merseburg	Saxony-Anhalt	—	Saxony-Anhalt
Altenburg	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Eisenach	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Erfurt	Thuringia	Erfurt	Thuringia
Gera	Thuringia	Gera	Thuringia
Gotha	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Greiz	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Jena	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Meiningen	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Rudolstadt	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Sondershausen	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
Suhl	Thuringia	Suhl	Thuringia
Weimar	Thuringia	—	Thuringia
City	State (Land) (1990–present)	Former Bezirke (Regional districts) (1952–1990)	Soviet zone (Subdivisions) (1945–1952)

Germany

ISO	State	Capital
BB	Brandenburg (Brandenburg)	Potsdam (Potsdam)
BE	Berlin (Berlin)	Berlin (Berlin)
BW	Baden-Württemberg (Baden-Württemberg)	Stuttgart (Stuttgart)
BY	Bavaria (Bayern)	Munich (München)
HB	Bremen (Bremen)	Bremen (Bremen)
HE	Hesse (Hessen)	Wiesbaden (Wiesbaden)
HH	Hamburg (Hamburg)	Hamburg (Hamburg)
MV	Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)	Schwerin (Schwerin)
NI	Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen)	Hanover (Hannover)
NW	North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen)	Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf)
RP	Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz)	Mainz (Mainz)
SH	Schleswig-Holstein (Schleswig-Holstein)	Kiel (Kiel)
SL	Saarland (Saarland)	Saarbrücken (Saarbrücken)
SN	Saxony (Sachsen)	Dresden (Dresden)
ST	Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt)	Magdeburg (Magdeburg)
TH	Thuringia (Thüringen)	Erfurt (Erfurt)

Austria

ISO	State	Capital
1	Burgenland (Burgenland)	Eisenstadt (Eisenstadt)
2	Carinthia (Kärnten)	Klagenfurt (Klagenfurt am Wörthersee)
3	Lower Austria (Niederösterreich)	Sankt Pölten (St. Pölten)
4	Upper Austria (Oberösterreich)	Linz (Linz)
5	Salzburg (Salzburg)	Salzburg (Salzburg)
6	Styria (Steiermark)	Graz (Graz)
7	Tyrol (Tirol)	Innsbruck (Innsbruck)
8	Vorarlberg (Vorarlberg)	Bregenz (Bregenz)
9	Vienna (Wien)	Vienna (Wien)

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany
President	Chancellor
Paul von Hindenburg (Reichspräsident) 30 January 1933 – 2 August 1934	Adolf Hitler (Reichskanzler) 30 January 1933 – 19 August 1934
Adolf Hitler (Reichspräsident) 2 August 1934 – 19 August 1934
Adolf Hitler (Führer und Reichskanzler) 19 August 1934 – 30 April 1945
Großadmiral Karl Dönitz (Reichspräsident) 30 April 1945 – 23 May 1945	Joseph Goebbels (Reichskanzler) 30 April 1945 – 1 May 1945
	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (Leading Minister at Flensburg) 1 May 1945 – 23 May 1945
(None) 23 May 1945 – 5 June 1945
·

Government of Nazi Germany

Hitler cabinet

Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office	Party
Chancellor of the German Reich	Adolf Hitler †	30 January 1933	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Vice-Chancellor of the German Reich	Franz von Papen	30 January 1933	7 August 1934		Independent
Reich Minister of Foreign Affairs	Konstantin von Neurath	30 January 1933	4 February 1938		Independent
	Joachim von Ribbentrop	4 February 1938	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of the Interior	Wilhelm Frick	30 January 1933	24 August 1943		NSDAP
	Heinrich Himmler	24 August 1943	29 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Finance	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk	30 January 1933	30 April 1945		Independent
Reich Minister of Justice	Franz Gürtner †	30 January 1933	29 January 1941		DNVP
	Franz Schlegelberger (Acting)	29 January 1941	24 August 1942		NSDAP
	Otto Georg Thierack	24 August 1942	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of the Reichswehr (from 21 May 1935, Reich Minister of War)	Werner von Blomberg	30 January 1933	4 February 1938		Independent
Reich Minister of Economics	Alfred Hugenberg	30 January 1933	29 June 1933		DNVP
	Kurt Schmitt	29 June 1933	3 August 1934		NSDAP
	Hjalmar Schacht	3 August 1934	26 November 1937		Independent
	Hermann Göring	26 November 1937	15 January 1938		NSDAP
	Walther Funk	5 February 1938	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister for Food and Agriculture	Alfred Hugenberg	30 January 1933	29 June 1933		DNVP
	Richard Walther Darré (On extended leave from 23 May 1942)	29 June 1933	6 April 1944		NSDAP
	Herbert Backe (Acting from 23 May 1942)	6 April 1944	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Labour	Franz Seldte	30 January 1933	30 April 1945		DNVP
Reich Postal Minister	Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach	30 January 1933	2 February 1937		Independent
	Wilhelm Ohnesorge	2 February 1937	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Transport	Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach	30 January 1933	2 February 1937		Independent
	Julius Dorpmüller	2 February 1937	30 April 1945		Independent
Reich Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda	Joseph Goebbels	13 March 1933	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Aviation	Hermann Göring	1 May 1933	23 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Science, Education and Culture	Bernhard Rust	1 May 1934	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister for Church Affairs	Hanns Kerrl †	16 July 1935	15 December 1941		NSDAP
	Hermann Muhs (Acting)	15 December 1941	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister for Armaments and Munitions (from 2 September 1943, for Armaments and War Production)	Fritz Todt †	17 March 1940	8 February 1942		NSDAP
	Albert Speer	8 February 1942	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories	Alfred Rosenberg	17 July 1941	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Ministers without Portfolio (Reichsministers ohne Geschäftsbereich) (before 1938)	Hermann Göring (Reichskommissar for Air Traffic)	30 January 1933	27 April 1933		NSDAP
	Ernst Röhm † (Stabschef of the SA)	1 December 1933	1 July 1934		NSDAP
	Rudolf Hess (Deputy Führer)	1 December 1933	10 May 1941		NSDAP
	Hanns Kerrl (First Deputy President of the Reichstag)	17 June 1934	16 July 1935		NSDAP
	Hans Frank (Governor-General of Occupied Poland from 1939)	19 December 1934	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Hjalmar Schacht (President of the Reichsbank to 1939)	26 November 1937	22 January 1943		NSDAP
	Hans Lammers (Chief of Reich Chancellery)	26 November 1937	24 April 1945		NSDAP
Reich Ministers (from 1938)	Konstantin von Neurath (Reich Protector of Bohemia-Moravia, 1939-43)	4 February 1938	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Arthur Seyss-Inquart (Reichskommissar of the Netherlands from 1940)	1 May 1939	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Wilhelm Frick (Reich Protector of Bohemia-Moravia, 1943-5)	24 August 1943	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Konstantin Hierl (Chief of the Reich Labour Service)	24 August 1943	30 April 1945		NSDAP
Members with Cabinet Rank and Authority but without formal title of Reichsminister	Werner von Fritsch (Commander-in-Chief of the Army)	20 April 1936	4 February 1938		Independent
	Erich Raeder (Commander-in-Chief of the Navy)	20 April 1936	30 January 1943		Independent
	Otto Meissner (Minister of State and Chief of the Presidential Chancellery)	1 December 1937	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Wilhelm Keitel (Chief of the OKW)	4 February 1938	30 April 1945		Independent
	Walther von Brauchitsch (Commander-in-Chief of the Army)	4 February 1938	19 December 1941		Independent
	Martin Bormann (Chief of the Nazi Party Chancellery)	29 May 1941	30 April 1945		NSDAP
	Karl Dönitz (Commander-in-Chief of the Navy)	30 January 1943	30 April 1945		Independent
	Karl Hermann Frank (Minister of State for the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia)	24 August 1943	30 April 1945		NSDAP

Goebbels cabinet

Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office	Party
Reichspräsident	Karl Dönitz	30 April 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Chancellor	Joseph Goebbels	30 April 1945	1 May 1945 †		NSDAP
Party Minister	Martin Bormann	30 April 1945	2 May 1945 †		NSDAP
Minister for Foreign Affairs	Arthur Seyss-Inquart	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of the Interior	Paul Giesler	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of War	Karl Dönitz	30 April 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Supreme Commander of the Army	Ferdinand Schörner	30 April 1945	8 May 1945		NSDAP
Supreme Commander of the Navy	Karl Dönitz	30 January 1943	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Supreme Commander of the Air Force	Robert Ritter von Greim	26 April 1945	8 May 1945		NSDAP
Head of the SS and German Police	Karl Hanke	30 April 1945	8 May 1945		NSDAP
Reich Minister of Economics	Walther Funk	5 February 1938	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister for Food and Agriculture	Herbert Backe	23 May 1942	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Justice	Otto Georg Thierack	24 August 1942	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Culture	Gustav Adolf Scheel	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Propaganda	Werner Naumann	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Finance	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk	1 June 1932	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Labour	Theo Hupfauer	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Armament	Karl Saur	30 April 1945	2 May 1945		NSDAP
Leader of the Deutscher Arbeitsfront	Robert Ley	10 May 1933	2 May 1945		NSDAP

Schwerin von Krosigk cabinet

Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office	Party
Reichspräsident	Karl Dönitz	30 April 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
"Leading Minister" and Minister for Foreign Affairs	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk	2 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Finance	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk	1 June 1932	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Transport	Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller	2 February 1937	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister for Food, Agriculture and Forests	Herbert Backe	23 May 1942	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Industry and Production	Albert Speer	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister for Labor and Social Affairs	Franz Seldte	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of the Interior	Wilhelm Stuckart	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Culture	Wilhelm Stuckart	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister of Justice	Herbert Klemm	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP
Minister for Communications and Posts	Julius Heinrich Dorpmüller	5 May 1945	23 May 1945		NSDAP

Wehrmacht (armed forces) 1935–1945

Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Armed Forces High Command)

• Hans-Georg von Friedeburg – Kriegsmarine (navy)
• Hans-Jürgen Stumpff – Luftwaffe (air force)
• Wilhelm Keitel – Heer (army)

German Instrument of Surrender

(Alfred Jodl was Keitel's successor soon thereafter.)

Nazi Germans

Members

Cabinet of Nazi Germany
1889–1945	Adolf Hitler
1879–1969	Franz von Papen
1873–1956	Konstantin von Neurath
1893–1946	Joachim von Ribbentrop
1877–1946	Wilhelm Frick
1900–1945	Heinrich Himmler
1887–1977	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
1881–1941	Franz Gürtner
1876–1970	Franz Schlegelberger
1889–1946	Otto Georg Thierack
1878–1946	Werner von Blomberg
1865–1951	Alfred Hugenberg
1886–1950	Kurt Schmitt
1877–1970	Hjalmar Schacht
1893–1946	Hermann Göring
1890–1960	Walther Funk
1895–1953	Richard Walther Darré
1896–1947	Herbert Backe
1882–1947	Franz Seldte
1875–1943	Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach
1872–1962	Wilhelm Ohnesorge
1869–1945	Julius Dorpmüller
1897–1945	Joseph Goebbels
1883–1945	Bernhard Rust
1887–1941	Hanns Kerrl
1894–1962	Hermann Muhs
1891–1942	Fritz Todt
1905–1981	Albert Speer
1893–1946	Alfred Rosenberg
1887–1934	Ernst Röhm
1894–1987	Rudolf Hess
1900–1946	Hans Frank
1879–1962	Hans Lammers
1892–1946	Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1875–1955	Konstantin Hierl
1880–1939	Werner von Fritsch
1876–1960	Erich Raeder
1880–1953	Otto Meissner
1882–1946	Wilhelm Keitel
1881–1948	Walther von Brauchitsch
1900–1945	Martin Bormann
1891–1980	Karl Dönitz
1898–1946	Karl Hermann Frank
1895–1945	Paul Giesler
1892–1973	Ferdinand Schörner
1892–1945	Robert Ritter von Greim
1903–1945	Karl Hanke
1907–1979	Gustav Adolf Scheel
1909–1982	Werner Naumann
1906–1993	Theo Hupfauer
1902–1966	Karl Saur
1890–1945	Robert Ley
1902–1953	Wilhelm Stuckart
1903–1961	Herbert Klemm

Deaths in chronological order

Members

Cabinet of Nazi Germany
1887–1934	Ernst Röhm
1880–1939	Werner von Fritsch
1881–1941	Franz Gürtner
1887–1941	Hanns Kerrl
1891–1942	Fritz Todt
1875–1943	Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach
1889–1945	Adolf Hitler
1897–1945	Joseph Goebbels
1900–1945	Martin Bormann
1895–1945	Paul Giesler
1883–1945	Bernhard Rust
1900–1945	Heinrich Himmler
1892–1945	Robert Ritter von Greim
1903–1945	Karl Hanke
1869–1945	Julius Dorpmüller
1890–1945	Robert Ley
1878–1946	Werner von Blomberg
1898–1946	Karl Hermann Frank
1893–1946	Hermann Göring
1893–1946	Joachim von Ribbentrop
1882–1946	Wilhelm Keitel
1893–1946	Alfred Rosenberg
1900–1946	Hans Frank
1877–1946	Wilhelm Frick
1892–1946	Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1889–1946	Otto Georg Thierack
1882–1947	Franz Seldte
1896–1947	Herbert Backe
1881–1948	Walther von Brauchitsch
1886–1950	Kurt Schmitt
1865–1951	Alfred Hugenberg
1880–1953	Otto Meissner
1895–1953	Richard Walther Darré
1902–1953	Wilhelm Stuckart
1875–1955	Konstantin Hierl
1873–1956	Konstantin von Neurath
1890–1960	Walther Funk
1876–1960	Erich Raeder
1903–1961	Herbert Klemm
1879–1962	Hans Lammers
1872–1962	Wilhelm Ohnesorge
1894–1962	Hermann Muhs
1902–1966	Karl Saur
1879–1969	Franz von Papen
1877–1970	Hjalmar Schacht
1876–1970	Franz Schlegelberger
1892–1973	Ferdinand Schörner
1887–1977	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
1907–1979	Gustav Adolf Scheel
1891–1980	Karl Dönitz
1905–1981	Albert Speer
1909–1982	Werner Naumann
1894–1987	Rudolf Hess
1906–1993	Theo Hupfauer

Nazi Germany

—	Name	Cabinet ministries			Life span	—
		1	2	3
	Adolf Hitler				1889–1945
	Franz von Papen				1879–1969
	Konstantin von Neurath				1873–1956
	Joachim von Ribbentrop				1893–1946
	Wilhelm Frick				1877–1946
	Heinrich Himmler				1900–1945
	Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk				1887–1977
	Franz Gürtner				1881–1941
	Franz Schlegelberger				1876–1970
	Otto Georg Thierack				1889–1946
	Werner von Blomberg				1878–1946
	Alfred Hugenberg				1865–1951
	Kurt Schmitt				1886–1950
	Hjalmar Schacht				1877–1970
	Hermann Göring				1893–1946
	Walther Funk				1890–1960
	Richard Walther Darré				1895–1953
	Herbert Backe				1896–1947
	Franz Seldte				1882–1947
	Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach				1875–1943
	Wilhelm Ohnesorge				1872–1962
	Julius Dorpmüller				1869–1945
	Joseph Goebbels				1897–1945
	Bernhard Rust				1883–1945
	Hanns Kerrl				1887–1941
	Hermann Muhs				1894–1962
	Fritz Todt				1891–1942
	Albert Speer				1905–1981
	Alfred Rosenberg				1893–1946
	Ernst Röhm				1887–1934
	Rudolf Hess				1894–1987
	Hans Frank				1900–1946
	Hans Lammers				1879–1962
	Arthur Seyss-Inquart				1892–1946
	Konstantin Hierl				1875–1955
	Werner von Fritsch				1880–1939
	Erich Raeder				1876–1960
	Otto Meissner				1880–1953
	Wilhelm Keitel				1882–1946
	Walther von Brauchitsch				1881–1948
	Martin Bormann				1900–1945
	Karl Dönitz				1891–1980
	Karl Hermann Frank				1898–1946
	Paul Giesler				1895–1945
	Ferdinand Schörner				1892–1973
	Robert Ritter von Greim				1892–1945
	Karl Hanke				1903–1945
	Gustav Adolf Scheel				1907–1979
	Werner Naumann				1909–1982
	Theo Hupfauer				1906–1993
	Karl Saur				1902–1966
	Robert Ley				1890–1945
	Wilhelm Stuckart				1902–1953
	Herbert Klemm				1903–1961
—

Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Herbert Backe, and Karl Dönitz are
the only people to serve in all three World War II German cabinets.

Clarification – For the record, I'm no Nazi, and I'm no Communist.

British dark humour

Getting the two mixed up

• Heimlich maneuver → Abdominal thrusts – (Stand behind victim, exerting pressure on diaphragm, which should exert pressure on object to expel it.)
• Heinrich maneuver → Cyanide poisoning – (Pop into one's mouth, forcibly keeping it shut, until they've expired.)

See also

List of last words // last words —

Oscar Wilde, on his deathbed, surrounded only by the bedroom door, walls, and the things on those walls: "Either that wallpaper goes, or I go!" Then he died.

Allied Control Council

(West) ←Berlin→ (East)     —     (West) ←Germany→ (East)

• Soviet occupation zone in Germany
• Allied-occupied Germany
• List of administrators of Allied-occupied Germany
• List of commandants of Berlin Sectors

Vienna, Austria

• Soviet occupation zone in Austria
• Allied-occupied Austria
• List of administrators of Allied-occupied Austria
• List of commandants of Vienna Sectors

~

• 
  The occupied sectors of Germany
• 
  The occupied sectors of Germany
• 
  The occupied sectors of Berlin
• 
  The occupied sectors of Berlin
• 
  The occupied sectors of Berlin
• 
  The occupied sectors of Vienna
• 
  The occupied sectors of Vienna
• 
  The occupied sectors of Austria
• 
  The occupied sectors of Austria

Cold War

Germany
NATO		Western Bloc		West Germany		Germany		East Germany		Eastern Bloc		Warsaw Pact
				West Berlin		Berlin		East Berlin
Berlin

• History of Germany (1945–1990)
• History of Germany (1990–present)

Cold War neutrality

Austria
Austria
Vienna
Vienna

Eastern Bloc

(former Eastern Bloc / present successor states)

—
—	GDR	East Germany	(East) Berlin	Germany	DEU	—
	PRL	Poland	Warsaw	Poland	POL
	URS	Soviet Union	Moscow	Russia	RUS
	TCH	Czechoslovakia	Prague	Czechia	CZE
	HUN	Hungary	Budapest	Hungary	HUN
	RSR	Romania	Bucharest	Romania	ROU
	ALB	Albania	Tirana	Albania	ALB
	YUG	Yugoslavia	Belgrade	Serbia	SRB
	PRB	Bulgaria	Sofia	Bulgaria	BGR
—

(In geographical order)

Eastern Europe

(See these nine flags) – In my opposition to Communism,
never support these, and never forget these either.
Support those that have moved on and changed,
and want to help make the world a better place.

—
—

Iron Curtain

Post–World War II – (circa) New Year's Day 1993

Eastern Bloc
Place	Capital	Party			Leader
Albania	Tirana		Party of Labour of Albania		(1945–85) – Enver Hoxha (1985–91) – Ramiz Alia
Bulgaria	Sofia		Bulgarian Communist Party		(1945–49) – Georgi Dimitrov (1949–54) – Valko Chervenkov (1954–89) – Todor Zhivkov (1989–90) – Petar Mladenov (1990–90) – Aleksandar Lilov
Czechoslovakia	Prague		Communist Party of Czechoslovakia		(1945–53) – Klement Gottwald (1953–68) – Antonín Novotný (1968–69) – Alexander Dubček (1969–87) – Gustáv Husák (1987–89) – Miloš Jakeš (1989–89) – Karel Urbánek
East Germany	East Berlin		Socialist Unity Party of Germany		(1945–71) – Walter Ulbricht (1971–89) – Erich Honecker (1989–89) – Egon Krenz (1989–90) – Hans Modrow
Hungary	Budapest		Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party		(1945–56) – Mátyás Rákosi (1956–56) – Ernő Gerő (1956–88) – János Kádár (1988–89) – Károly Grósz (1989–90) – Rezső Nyers
Poland	Warsaw		Polish United Workers' Party		(1945–48) – Władysław Gomułka (1948–56) – Bolesław Bierut (1956–56) – Edward Ochab (1956–70) – Władysław Gomułka (1970–80) – Edward Gierek (1980–81) – Stanisław Kania (1981–89) – Wojciech Jaruzelski (1989–90) – Mieczysław Rakowski
Romania	Bucharest		Romanian Communist Party		(1945–54) – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1954–55) – Gheorghe Apostol (1955–65) – Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1965–89) – Nicolae Ceaușescu
Soviet Union	Moscow		Communist Party of the Soviet Union		(1945–52) – Joseph Stalin (1952–53) – Georgy Malenkov (1953–64) – Nikita Khrushchev (1964–82) – Leonid Brezhnev (1982–84) – Yuri Andropov (1984–85) – Konstantin Chernenko (1985–91) – Mikhail Gorbachev (1991–91) – Vladimir Ivashko
Yugoslavia	Belgrade		League of Communists of Yugoslavia		(1945–78) – Josip Broz Tito (1978–79) – Branko Mikulić (1979–80) – Stevan Doronjski (1980–81) – Lazar Mojsov (1981–82) – Dušan Dragosavac (1982–83) – Mitja Ribičič (1983–84) – Dragoslav Marković (1984–85) – Ali Shukriu (1985–86) – Vidoje Žarković (1986–87) – Milanko Renovica (1987–88) – Boško Krunić (1988–89) – Stipe Šuvar (1989–90) – Milan Pančevski
·

• See also: Warsaw Pact

• Note:

I do not align myself with any of the above-listed parties.

For the two German parties listed below, I align with the

Christian Democratic Union party (Christian democracy).

• Political affiliation:

CDU
   ↓

CDU/CSU
   ↓

EPP
   ↓

EPP Group

Germany

List of chancellors of Germany

Key:
  SPD (centre-left) |   CDU (centre-right)

Name		Date
	Konrad Adenauer	1949–1963
	Ludwig Erhard	1963–1966
	Kurt Georg Kiesinger	1966–1969
	Willy Brandt	1969–1974
	Helmut Schmidt	1974–1982
	Helmut Kohl	1982–1998
	Gerhard Schröder	1998–2005
	Angela Merkel	2005–2021
	Olaf Scholz	2021–present

German federal elections

SPD			Year	CDU
	Kurt Schumacher		1949		Konrad Adenauer
	Erich Ollenhauer		1953		Konrad Adenauer
	Erich Ollenhauer		1957		Konrad Adenauer
	Willy Brandt		1961		Konrad Adenauer
	Willy Brandt		1965		Ludwig Erhard
	Willy Brandt		1969		Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	Willy Brandt		1972		Rainer Barzel
	Helmut Schmidt		1976		Helmut Kohl
	Helmut Schmidt		1980		Franz Josef Strauss – (CSU)
	Hans-Jochen Vogel		1983		Helmut Kohl
	Johannes Rau		1987		Helmut Kohl
	Oskar Lafontaine		1990		Helmut Kohl
	Rudolf Scharping		1994		Helmut Kohl
	Gerhard Schröder		1998		Helmut Kohl
	Gerhard Schröder		2002		Edmund Stoiber – (CSU)
	Gerhard Schröder		2005		Angela Merkel
	Frank-Walter Steinmeier		2009		Angela Merkel
	Peer Steinbrück		2013		Angela Merkel
	Martin Schulz		2017		Angela Merkel
	Olaf Scholz		2021		Armin Laschet
	Olaf Scholz		2025		Friedrich Merz

Chancellors & Chairpeople of the SPD

Chairpeople of the SPD		SPD	Chancellor
	Kurt Schumacher	1946–1952	—
	Erich Ollenhauer	1952–1963	—
	Willy Brandt	1964–1987	1969–1974
	Helmut Schmidt	—	1974–1982
	Hans-Jochen Vogel	1987–1991	—
	Björn Engholm	1991–1993	—
	Johannes Rau – (acting)	1993–1993	—
	Rudolf Scharping	1993–1995	—
	Oskar Lafontaine	1995–1999	—
	Gerhard Schröder	1999–2004	1998–2005
	Franz Müntefering	2004–2005	—
	Matthias Platzeck	2005–2006	—
	Kurt Beck	2006–2008	—
	Frank-Walter Steinmeier – (acting)	2008–2008	—
	Franz Müntefering	2008–2009	—
	Sigmar Gabriel	2009–2017	—
	Martin Schulz	2017–2018	—
	Olaf Scholz – (acting)	2018–2018	—
	Andrea Nahles	2018–2019	—
	Manuela Schwesig – (acting)	2019–2019	—
	Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel – (acting)	2019–2019	—
	Malu Dreyer – (acting)	2019–2019	—
		2019–present	—

General Secretary of the SPD

General Secretary		Start	End
	Franz Müntefering	1999	2002
	Olaf Scholz	2002	2004
	Klaus Uwe Benneter	2004	2005
	Hubertus Heil	2005	2009
	Andrea Nahles	2009	2014
	Yasmin Fahimi	2014	2015
	Katarina Barley	2015	2017
	Hubertus Heil – (acting)	2017	2017
	Lars Klingbeil	2017	2021
	Kevin Kühnert	2021	Present

Chancellors & Chairpeople of the CDU & CDU/CSU group

Chairpeople of the CDU & CDU/CSU group		CDU/CSU	CDU	Chancellor
	Konrad Adenauer	—	1950–1966	1949–1963
	Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1949–1955	—	—
	Ludwig Erhard	—	1966–1967	1963–1966
	Heinrich Krone	1955–1961	—	—
	Kurt Georg Kiesinger	—	1967–1971	1966–1969
	Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1961–1964	—	—
	Rainer Barzel	1964–1973	1971–1973	— —
	Karl Carstens	1973–1976	—	—
	Helmut Kohl	1976–1982	1973–1998	1982–1998
	Alfred Dregger	1982–1991	—	—
	Wolfgang Schäuble	1991–2000	1998–2000	— —
	Friedrich Merz	2000–2002	—	—
	Angela Merkel	2002–2005	2000–2018	2005–2021
	Volker Kauder	2005–2018	—	—
	Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer	—	2018–2021	— —
	Ralph Brinkhaus	2018–2022	—	—
	Armin Laschet	—	2021–2022	— —
	–	–	—	—
	Friedrich Merz	2022–present	2022–present	— —

Ministers-Presidents & Chairpeople of the CSU

Chairpeople of the CSU		CSU	Ministers-President
	Fritz Schäffer	—	1945–1945
	Wilhelm Hoegner – (SPD)	—	1945–1946
	Josef Müller	1945–1949	—
	Hans Ehard	1949–1955	1946–1954
	Wilhelm Hoegner – (SPD)	—	1954–1957
	Hanns Seidel	1955–1961	1957–1960
	Hans Ehard	—	1960–1962
	Alfons Goppel	—	1962–1978
	Franz Josef Strauss	1961–1988	1978–1988
	Max Streibl	—	1988–1993
	Theo Waigel	1988–1999	—
	Edmund Stoiber	1999–2007	1993–2007
	Erwin Huber	2007–2008	—
	Günther Beckstein	—	2007–2008
	Horst Seehofer	2008–2019	2008–2018
	Ilse Aigner	—	2018–2018 – (acting)
	Markus Söder	2019–present	2018–present

General Secretary of the CSU

General Secretary		Start	End
	Franz Josef Strauss	1949	1952
	Josef Brunner	1952	1954
	Heinz Lechmann	1954	1956
	Friedrich Zimmermann	1956	1963
	Anton Jaumann	1963	1967
	Max Streibl	1967	1970
	Gerold Tandler	1970	1978
	Edmund Stoiber	1978	1983
	Otto Wiesheu	1983	1983
	Gerold Tandler	1983	1988
	Erwin Huber	1988	1994
	Bernd Protzner	1994	1998
	Thomas Goppel	1998	2003
	Markus Söder	2003	2007
	Christine Haderthauer	2007	2008
	Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg	2008	2009
	Alexander Dobrindt	2009	2013
	Andreas Scheuer	2013	2018
	Markus Blume	2018	Present

General Secretary of the CDU

General Secretary		Start	End
	Bruno Heck	1967	1971
	Konrad Kraske	1971	1973
	Kurt Biedenkopf	1973	1977
	Heiner Geißler	1977	1989
	Volker Rühe	1989	1992
	Peter Hintze	1992	1998
	Angela Merkel	1998	2000
	Ruprecht Polenz	2000	2000
	Laurenz Meyer	2000	2004
	Volker Kauder	2004	2005
	Ronald Pofalla	2005	2009
	Hermann Gröhe	2009	2013
	Peter Tauber	2013	2018
	Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer	2018	2018
	Paul Ziemiak	2018	2022
	Mario Czaja	2022	Present

Christian Democratic Union of Germany

	West				East

CDU (West) ·	CDU (East) ·

		West		East
1945–1945		vacant		Andreas Hermes (acting)
1945–1945		vacant		Andreas Hermes
1945–1946		vacant		Jakob Kaiser (acting)
1946–1947		vacant		Jakob Kaiser
1947–1948		vacant		Otto Nuschke (acting)
1948–1950		vacant		Otto Nuschke
1950–1957		Konrad Adenauer		Otto Nuschke
1957–1958		Konrad Adenauer		August Bach (acting)
1958–1966		Konrad Adenauer		August Bach
1966–1966		Ludwig Erhard		Gerald Götting (acting)
1966–1967		Ludwig Erhard		Gerald Götting
1967–1971		Kurt Georg Kiesinger		Gerald Götting
1971–1973		Rainer Barzel		Gerald Götting
1973–1989		Helmut Kohl		Gerald Götting
1989–1989		Helmut Kohl		Wolfgang Heyl (acting)
1989–1990		Helmut Kohl		Lothar de Maizière
1990–1998		Helmut Kohl
1998–2000		Wolfgang Schäuble
2000–2000		Angela Merkel (acting)
2000–2018		Angela Merkel
2018–2021		Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
2021–2022		Armin Laschet
2022–present		Friedrich Merz

CDU
Start	End	Name
21 Oct 1950	23 Mar 1966	Konrad Adenauer
23 Mar 1966	23 May 1967	Ludwig Erhard
23 May 1967	05 Oct 1971	Kurt Georg Kiesinger
05 Oct 1971	12 Jun 1973	Rainer Barzel
12 Jun 1973	07 Nov 1998	Helmut Kohl
07 Nov 1998	16 Feb 2000	Wolfgang Schäuble
16 Feb 2000	10 Apr 2000	Angela Merkel (acting)
10 Apr 2000	07 Dec 2018	Angela Merkel
07 Dec 2018	16 Jan 2021	Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
16 Jan 2021	22 Jan 2022	Armin Laschet
22 Jan 2022	Present	Friedrich Merz

	Adenauer	Erhard	Kiesinger	Barzel
	Kohl	Schäuble	Merkel	Kramp
	Laschet	Merz	—	—
·

CDU
	Hermes	Kaiser	Nuschke	Bach
	Götting	Heyl	de Maizière	CDU
·

CDU
Start	End	Name
26 Jun 1945	19 Dec 1945	Andreas Hermes
19 Dec 1945	20 Dec 1947	Jakob Kaiser
20 Dec 1947	27 Dec 1957	Otto Nuschke
27 Dec 1957	23 Mar 1966	August Bach
23 Mar 1966	02 Nov 1989	Gerald Götting
02 Nov 1989	10 Nov 1989	Wolfgang Heyl (acting)
10 Nov 1989	02 Oct 1990	Lothar de Maizière
02 Oct 1990	03 Oct 1990	CDU (East) → CDU (West) (merge)

Elections

East Germany

East German general elections and referendums
1949	1950	1951	1954	1954	1958	1963	1967	1968	1971	1976	1981	1986	1990

West Germany

West German federal elections
1949	1953	1957	1961	1965	1969	1972	1976	1980	1983	1987

Germany

German federal elections
1990	1994	1998	2002	2005	2009	2013	2017	2021

Europe

European Parliament elections
1979	1984	1989	1994	1999	2004	2009	2014	2019	2024

Political parties

Politics of Germany
	Election		Party										Election
			LINKE	PDS	SPD	GRÜNE	FDP	CDU	CSU	REP	AfD
	1990 DE												1990 DE
	1994 EU												1994 EU
	1994 DE												1994 DE
	1998 DE												1998 DE
	1999 EU												1999 EU
	2002 DE												2002 DE
	2004 EU												2004 EU
	2005 DE												2005 DE
	2009 EU												2009 EU
	2009 DE												2009 DE
	2013 DE												2013 DE
	2014 EU												2014 EU
	2017 DE												2017 DE
	2019 EU												2019 EU
	2021 DE												2021 DE
	2024 EU												2024 EU
	Election		LINKE	PDS	SPD	GRÜNE	FDP	CDU	CSU	REP	AfD		Election
			Party
·

·
		#BE3075	The Left (DIE LINKE)
		#FF0000	Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS)
		#EB001F	Social Democratic Party (SPD)
		#64A12D	Alliance 90/The Greens (GRÜNE)
		#FFED00	Free Democratic Party (FDP)
		#000000	Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
		#008AC5	Christian Social Union (CSU)
		#0075BE	The Republicans (REP)
		#009EE0	Alternative for Germany (AfD)
·

DE & EU elections
	1990 DE			Oskar Lafontaine						Helmut Kohl			1990 DE
	1994 EU			—						—			1994 EU
	1994 DE			Rudolf Scharping						Helmut Kohl			1994 DE
	1998 DE			Gerhard Schröder						Helmut Kohl			1998 DE
	1999 EU			—						—			1999 EU
	2002 DE			Gerhard Schröder						Edmund Stoiber – (CSU)			2002 DE
	2004 EU			—						—			2004 EU
	2005 DE			Gerhard Schröder						Angela Merkel			2005 DE
	2009 EU			Martin Schulz						Hans-Gert Pöttering			2009 EU
	2009 DE			Frank-Walter Steinmeier						Angela Merkel			2009 DE
	2013 DE			Peer Steinbrück						Angela Merkel			2013 DE
	2014 EU			Martin Schulz						David McAllister			2014 EU
	2017 DE			Martin Schulz						Angela Merkel			2017 DE
	2019 EU			Katarina Barley						Manfred Weber			2019 EU
	2021 DE			Olaf Scholz						Armin Laschet			2021 DE
	2024 EU			Katarina Barley						Manfred Weber			2024 EU
	2025 DE			Olaf Scholz						Friedrich Merz			2025 DE
—

Political party coalitions

Coalitions
—	"Lights"		—	"Jamaica"		—	"Kenya"		—	"Germany"		—	"Grand"		—
		SPD			CDU			CDU			CDU			CDU
		FDP			FDP			SPD			SPD			SPD
		GRÜ			GRÜ			GRÜ			FDP		—	—
—

CDU · CDU/CSU · CSU

CDU CDU ·	CDU/CSU CDU/CSU ·	CSU CSU ·

	CDU/CSU
	CDU		CSU

CDU v AfD

–
—							—
		New states of Germany		(GDR)
				CDU	AfD
		Berlin (East)
		Brandenburg
		Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
		Saxony
		Saxony-Anhalt
		Thuringia
		–
–

Pan-Germanism

• Greater Germanic Reich

Germany & Austria

Germany

  SPD (1863–present)
  CDU (West Germany) (1945–1990)
  CDU (East Germany) (1945–1990)
  CDU (1990–present)

Austria

  SPÖ (1945–present)
  ÖVP (1945–2017)
  ÖVP (2017–present)

Austria

List of chancellors of Austria

Key:
  SPÖ (centre-left) |   ÖVP /   ÖVP (centre-right) |   Independent

Name		Date
	Karl Renner	1945–1945
	Leopold Figl	1945–1953
	Julius Raab	1953–1961
	Alfons Gorbach	1961–1964
	Josef Klaus	1964–1970
	Bruno Kreisky	1970–1983
	Fred Sinowatz	1983–1986
	Franz Vranitzky	1986–1997
	Viktor Klima	1997–2000
	Wolfgang Schüssel	2000–2007
	Alfred Gusenbauer	2007–2008
	Werner Faymann	2008–2016
	Reinhold Mitterlehner	2016–2016 – (Acting)
	Christian Kern	2016–2017
	Sebastian Kurz	2017–2019
	Hartwig Löger	2019–2019 – (Acting)
	Brigitte Bierlein	2019–2020
	Sebastian Kurz	2020–2021
	Alexander Schallenberg	2021–2021
	Karl Nehammer	2021–present

Austria federal elections

SPÖ			Year	ÖVP
	Karl Renner		—		Leopold Kunschak
	Adolf Schärf		1945		Leopold Figl
	Adolf Schärf		1949		Leopold Figl
	Adolf Schärf		1953		Julius Raab
	Adolf Schärf		1956		Julius Raab
	Bruno Pittermann		1959		Julius Raab
	Bruno Pittermann		1962		Alfons Gorbach
	Bruno Pittermann		1966		Josef Klaus
	Bruno Kreisky		1970		Josef Klaus
	Bruno Kreisky		1971		Hermann Withalm
	Bruno Kreisky		1975		Karl Schleinzer
	Bruno Kreisky		1979		Josef Taus
	Bruno Kreisky		1983		Alois Mock
	Fred Sinowatz		1986		Alois Mock
	Franz Vranitzky		1990		Josef Riegler
	Franz Vranitzky		1994		Erhard Busek
	Franz Vranitzky		1995		Wolfgang Schüssel
	Viktor Klima		1999		Wolfgang Schüssel
	Alfred Gusenbauer		2002		Wolfgang Schüssel
	Alfred Gusenbauer		2006		Wolfgang Schüssel
	Werner Faymann		2008		Wilhelm Molterer
	Werner Faymann		2013		Michael Spindelegger
	Christian Kern		2017		Sebastian Kurz
	Pamela Rendi-Wagner		2019		Sebastian Kurz
	Andreas Babler		2024		Karl Nehammer

Chancellors & Chairpeople of the SPÖ

Chairpeople of the SPÖ		SPÖ	Chancellor
	Karl Renner	—	1945–1945
	Adolf Schärf	1945–1957	—
	Bruno Pittermann	1957–1967	—
	Bruno Kreisky	1967–1983	1970–1983
	Fred Sinowatz	1983–1988	1983–1986
	Franz Vranitzky	1988–1997	1986–1997
	Viktor Klima	1997–2000	1997–2000
	Alfred Gusenbauer	2000–2008	2007–2008
	Werner Faymann	2008–2016	2008–2016
	Michael Häupl	2016–2016	—
	Christian Kern	2016–2018	2016–2017
	Pamela Rendi-Wagner	2018–2023	—
	Andreas Babler	2023–present	—

Chancellors & Chairpeople of the ÖVP

Chairpeople of the ÖVP		ÖVP	Chancellor
	Leopold Kunschak	1945–1945	—
	Leopold Figl	1945–1952	1945–1953
	Julius Raab	1952–1960	1953–1961
	Alfons Gorbach	1960–1963	1961–1964
	Josef Klaus	1963–1970	1964–1970
	Hermann Withalm	1970–1971	—
	Karl Schleinzer	1971–1975	—
	Josef Taus	1975–1979	—
	Alois Mock	1979–1989	—
	Josef Riegler	1989–1991	—
	Erhard Busek	1991–1995	—
	Wolfgang Schüssel	1995–2007	2000–2007
	Wilhelm Molterer	2007–2008	—
	Josef Pröll	2008–2011	—
	Michael Spindelegger	2011–2014	—
	Reinhold Mitterlehner	2014–2017	—
	Sebastian Kurz	2017–2021	2017–2019; 2020–2021
	Alexander Schallenberg	2021–2021	2021–2021
	Karl Nehammer	2021–present	2021–present

General Secretary of the ÖVP

General Secretary		Start	End
	Felix Hurdes	1945	1951
	Alfred Maleta	1951	1960
	Hermann Withalm	1960	1970
	Karl Schleinzer	1970	1971
	Herbert Kohlmaier	1971	1975
	Erhard Busek	1975	1976
	Sixtus Lanner	1976	1982
	Michael Graff	1982	1987
	Helmut Kukacka	1987	1990
	Raimund Solonar	1990	1991
	Ferdinand Maier	1991	1993
	Wilhelm Molterer	1993	1994
	Ingrid Korosec	1994	1995
	Othmar Karas	1995	1999
	Maria Rauch-Kallat	1999	2003
	Reinhold Lopatka	2003	2007
	Hannes Missethon	2007	2008
	Fritz Kaltenegger	2008	2011
	Johannes Rauch	2011	2013
	Gernot Blümel	2013	2015
	Peter McDonald	2015	2016
	Werner Amon	2016	2017
	Elisabeth Köstinger	2017	2017
	Stefan Steiner	2017	2018
	Karl Nehammer	2018	2020
	Axel Melchior	2020	2022
	Laura Sachslehner	2022	Present

Elections

Austria

Austrian Parliamentary elections
1990	1994	1995	1999	2002	2006	2008	2013	2017	2019	2024

Europe

European Parliamentary elections
1996	1999	2004	2009	2014	2019	2024

Referendums

Referendums
1994	2013

Incumbents

Germany
	Lars Klingbeil / Saskia Esken	SPD	11 Dec 2021
	Friedrich Merz	CDU	22 Jan 2022

Austria
	Andreas Babler	SPÖ	03 Jun 2023
	Karl Nehammer	ÖVP	03 Dec 2021

Regional organization

It's not difficult envisioning Austrian accession into the Visegrád Group → (V4 becoming V5).

Germany

East Germany, 1949–1990

SED (East) ·	(East) Berlin (East) ·	CDU (East) ·

West Germany, 1949–1990

SPD (West) ·	(West) Berlin (West) ·	CDU (West) ·

Germany, 1990–present

SPD SPD ·	Berlin Berlin ·	CDU CDU ·

The tint of red used in the Flag of Berlin is the same as that previously used by the SED.

SED

East Germany
(1949–1990)

SED
	(East)
·

SED
	Pieck	Grotewohl	Ulbricht
	Stoph	Honecker	Ebert Jr.
	Sindermann	Krenz	Modrow
·

SED
	Name	Born	Died
	Wilhelm Pieck	03 Jan 1876	07 Sep 1960
	Otto Grotewohl	11 Mar 1894	21 Sep 1964
	Walter Ulbricht	30 Jun 1893	01 Aug 1973
	Willi Stoph	09 Jul 1914	13 Apr 1999
	Erich Honecker	25 Aug 1912	29 May 1994
	Friedrich Ebert Jr.	12 Sep 1894	04 Dec 1979
	Horst Sindermann	05 Sep 1915	20 Apr 1990
	Egon Krenz	19 Mar 1937
	Hans Modrow	27 Jan 1928	10 Feb 2023

Leadership of East Germany

Key:
  SED      PDS      DBD      LDPD      CDU   

East Germany
	Date			Leadership
	Start	End			SED			Military			State			Government			Parliament			CDU
	23 May 1949	7 October 1949
	7 October 1949	11 October 1949				—			—			Johannes Dieckmann			—			Johannes Dieckmann			Otto Nuschke
	11 October 1949	12 October 1949				—			—			Wilhelm Pieck			—			Johannes Dieckmann			Otto Nuschke
	12 October 1949	25 July 1950				—			—			Wilhelm Pieck			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			Otto Nuschke
	25 July 1950	27 December 1957				Walter Ulbricht			—			Wilhelm Pieck			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			Otto Nuschke
	27 December 1957	10 February 1960				Walter Ulbricht			—			Wilhelm Pieck			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			August Bach
	10 February 1960	7 September 1960				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Wilhelm Pieck			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			August Bach
	7 September 1960	12 September 1960				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Johannes Dieckmann			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			August Bach
	12 September 1960	21 September 1964				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Otto Grotewohl			Johannes Dieckmann			August Bach
	21 September 1964	23 March 1966				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Willi Stoph			Johannes Dieckmann			August Bach
	23 March 1966	22 February 1969				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Willi Stoph			Johannes Dieckmann			Gerald Götting
	22 February 1969	12 May 1969				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Willi Stoph			—			Gerald Götting
	12 May 1969	3 May 1971				Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Walter Ulbricht			Willi Stoph			Gerald Götting			Gerald Götting
	3 May 1971	1 August 1973				Erich Honecker			Erich Honecker			Walter Ulbricht			Willi Stoph			Gerald Götting			Gerald Götting
	1 August 1973	3 October 1973				Erich Honecker			Erich Honecker			Friedrich Ebert Jr.			Willi Stoph			Gerald Götting			Gerald Götting
	3 October 1973	29 October 1976				Erich Honecker			Erich Honecker			Willi Stoph			Horst Sindermann			Gerald Götting			Gerald Götting
	29 October 1976	18 October 1989				Erich Honecker			Erich Honecker			Erich Honecker			Willi Stoph			Horst Sindermann			Gerald Götting
	18 October 1989	2 November 1989				Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Willi Stoph			Horst Sindermann			Gerald Götting
	2 November 1989	10 November 1989				Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Willi Stoph			Horst Sindermann			Wolfgang Heyl
	10 November 1989	13 November 1989				Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Willi Stoph			Horst Sindermann			Lothar de Maizière
	13 November 1989	3 December 1989				Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Hans Modrow			Günther Maleuda			Lothar de Maizière
	3 December 1989	6 December 1989				Hans Modrow			Egon Krenz			Egon Krenz			Hans Modrow			Günther Maleuda			Lothar de Maizière
	6 December 1989	16 December 1989				Hans Modrow			Hans Modrow			Manfred Gerlach			Hans Modrow			Günther Maleuda			Lothar de Maizière
	16 December 1989	5 April 1990				—			Hans Modrow			Manfred Gerlach			Hans Modrow			Günther Maleuda			Lothar de Maizière
	5 April 1990	12 April 1990				—			Hans Modrow			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Hans Modrow			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Lothar de Maizière
	12 April 1990	2 October 1990				—			Lothar de Maizière			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Lothar de Maizière			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Lothar de Maizière
	2 October 1990	3 October 1990				Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl			Sabine Bergmann-Pohl
—

Leadership of Germany

Key:
  SPD      FDP      IND      CDU      CSU   

Germany
	West Germany
	Date			Leadership
	Start	End			SPD			State			Parliament			Government			CDU
	23 May 1949	7 September 1949				Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
	7 September 1949	12 September 1949				Kurt Schumacher			Karl Arnold			Erich Köhler
	12 September 1949	15 September 1949				Kurt Schumacher			Theodor Heuss			Erich Köhler
	15 September 1949	18 October 1950				Kurt Schumacher			Theodor Heuss			Erich Köhler			Konrad Adenauer
	18 October 1950	21 October 1950				Kurt Schumacher			Theodor Heuss			Hermann Ehlers			Konrad Adenauer
	21 October 1950	20 August 1952				Kurt Schumacher			Theodor Heuss			Hermann Ehlers			Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	20 August 1952	27 September 1952							Theodor Heuss			Hermann Ehlers			Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	27 September 1952	29 October 1954				Erich Ollenhauer			Theodor Heuss			Hermann Ehlers			Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	29 October 1954	16 November 1954				Erich Ollenhauer			Theodor Heuss						Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	16 November 1954	12 September 1959				Erich Ollenhauer			Theodor Heuss			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	12 September 1959	16 October 1963				Erich Ollenhauer			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Konrad Adenauer			Konrad Adenauer
	16 October 1963	14 December 1963				Erich Ollenhauer			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Ludwig Erhard			Konrad Adenauer
	14 December 1963	16 February 1964							Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Ludwig Erhard			Konrad Adenauer
	16 February 1964	23 March 1966				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Ludwig Erhard			Konrad Adenauer
	23 March 1966	1 December 1966				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Ludwig Erhard			Ludwig Erhard
	1 December 1966	23 May 1967				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Kurt Georg Kiesinger			Ludwig Erhard
	23 May 1967	31 January 1969				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke			Eugen Gerstenmaier			Kurt Georg Kiesinger			Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	31 January 1969	5 February 1969				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke						Kurt Georg Kiesinger			Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	5 February 1969	30 June 1969				Willy Brandt			Heinrich Lübke			Kai-Uwe von Hassel			Kurt Georg Kiesinger			Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	30 June 1969	22 October 1969				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Kai-Uwe von Hassel			Kurt Georg Kiesinger			Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	22 October 1969	5 October 1971				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Kai-Uwe von Hassel			Willy Brandt			Kurt Georg Kiesinger
	5 October 1971	13 December 1972				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Kai-Uwe von Hassel			Willy Brandt			Rainer Barzel
	13 December 1972	12 June 1973				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Annemarie Renger			Willy Brandt			Rainer Barzel
	12 June 1973	7 May 1974				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Annemarie Renger			Willy Brandt			Helmut Kohl
	7 May 1974	16 May 1974				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Annemarie Renger			Walter Scheel			Helmut Kohl
	16 May 1974	1 July 1974				Willy Brandt			Gustav Heinemann			Annemarie Renger			Helmut Schmidt			Helmut Kohl
	1 July 1974	14 December 1976				Willy Brandt			Walter Scheel			Annemarie Renger			Helmut Schmidt			Helmut Kohl
	14 December 1976	31 May 1979				Willy Brandt			Walter Scheel			Karl Carstens			Helmut Schmidt			Helmut Kohl
	31 May 1979	1 July 1979				Willy Brandt			Walter Scheel			Richard Stücklen			Helmut Schmidt			Helmut Kohl
	1 July 1979	1 October 1982				Willy Brandt			Karl Carstens			Richard Stücklen			Helmut Schmidt			Helmut Kohl
	1 October 1982	29 March 1983				Willy Brandt			Karl Carstens			Richard Stücklen			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	29 March 1983	1 July 1984				Willy Brandt			Karl Carstens			Rainer Barzel			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	1 July 1984	25 October 1984				Willy Brandt			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rainer Barzel			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	25 October 1984	5 November 1984				Willy Brandt			Richard von Weizsäcker						Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	5 November 1984	14 June 1987				Willy Brandt			Richard von Weizsäcker			Philipp Jenninger			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	14 June 1987	11 November 1988				Hans-Jochen Vogel			Richard von Weizsäcker			Philipp Jenninger			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	11 November 1988	25 November 1988				Hans-Jochen Vogel			Richard von Weizsäcker						Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	25 November 1988	2 October 1990				Hans-Jochen Vogel			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	2 October 1990	3 October 1990				Hans-Jochen Vogel			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	Germany
	3 October 1990	29 May 1991				Hans-Jochen Vogel			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	29 May 1991	5 May 1993				Björn Engholm			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	5 May 1993	25 June 1993				Johannes Rau			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	25 June 1993	1 July 1994				Rudolf Scharping			Richard von Weizsäcker			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	1 July 1994	16 November 1995				Rudolf Scharping			Roman Herzog			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	16 November 1995	26 October 1998				Oskar Lafontaine			Roman Herzog			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	26 October 1998	27 October 1998				Oskar Lafontaine			Roman Herzog			Rita Süssmuth			Helmut Kohl			Helmut Kohl
	27 October 1998	7 November 1998				Oskar Lafontaine			Roman Herzog			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Helmut Kohl
	7 November 1998	12 March 1999				Oskar Lafontaine			Roman Herzog			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Wolfgang Schäuble
	12 March 1999	1 July 1999				Gerhard Schröder			Roman Herzog			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Wolfgang Schäuble
	1 July 1999	16 February 2000				Gerhard Schröder			Johannes Rau			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Wolfgang Schäuble
	16 February 2000	10 April 2000				Gerhard Schröder			Johannes Rau			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	10 April 2000	21 March 2004				Gerhard Schröder			Johannes Rau			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	21 March 2004	1 July 2004				Franz Müntefering			Johannes Rau			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	1 July 2004	15 March 2005				Franz Müntefering			Horst Köhler			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	15 March 2005	18 October 2005				Matthias Platzeck			Horst Köhler			Wolfgang Thierse			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	18 October 2005	22 November 2005				Matthias Platzeck			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Gerhard Schröder			Angela Merkel
	22 November 2005	10 April 2006				Matthias Platzeck			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
	10 April 2006	7 September 2008				Kurt Beck			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
	7 September 2008	18 October 2008				Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
	18 October 2008	13 November 2009				Franz Müntefering			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
13 November 2009	31 May 2010				Sigmar Gabriel			Horst Köhler			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
31 May 2010	30 June 2010				Sigmar Gabriel			Jens Böhrnsen			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
30 June 2010	17 February 2012				Sigmar Gabriel			Christian Wulff			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
17 February 2012	18 March 2012				Sigmar Gabriel			Horst Seehofer			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
18 March 2012	18 March 2017				Sigmar Gabriel			Joachim Gauck			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
18 March 2017	19 March 2017				Sigmar Gabriel			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
19 March 2017	24 October 2017				Martin Schulz			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Norbert Lammert			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
24 October 2017	13 February 2018				Martin Schulz			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
13 February 2018	22 April 2018				Olaf Scholz			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
22 April 2018	7 December 2018				Andrea Nahles			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Angela Merkel
7 December 2018	3 June 2019				Andrea Nahles			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
3 June 2019	10 September 2019				Manuela Schwesig			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
10 September 2019	1 October 2019				Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
1 October 2019	6 December 2019				Malu Dreyer			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
6 December 2019	16 January 2021				Walter-Borjan / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
16 January 2021	26 October 2021				Walter-Borjan / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Wolfgang Schäuble			Angela Merkel			Armin Laschet
26 October 2021	8 December 2021				Walter-Borjan / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Bärbel Bas			Angela Merkel			Armin Laschet
8 December 2021	11 December 2021				Walter-Borjan / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Bärbel Bas			Olaf Scholz			Armin Laschet
11 December 2021	22 January 2022				Lars Klingbeil / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Bärbel Bas			Olaf Scholz			Armin Laschet
22 January 2022					Lars Klingbeil / Saskia Esken			Frank-Walter Steinmeier			Bärbel Bas			Olaf Scholz			Friedrich Merz
—

Former leadership

Still living

West Germany / East Germany
—	West Germans living			—
		Rita Süssmuth	17 Feb 1937
	East Germans living
		Egon Krenz	19 Mar 1937
		Lothar de Maizière	02 Mar 1940
		Sabine Bergmann-Pohl	20 Apr 1946
—

(Leading) political party playing cards (representation)

  CDU = ♠ Spades ♠
  SPD = ♥ Hearts ♥
  SPD = ♦ Diamonds ♦
  CDU = ♣ Clubs ♣

Standard 52-card deck

Suit (from highest-to-lowest)	Ace	King	Queen	Jack	10	9	8	7	6	5	4	3	2
♠ Spades ♠
♥ Hearts ♥
♦ Diamonds ♦
♣ Clubs ♣

European Parliament

Members of the European Parliament 1979–1984 · (list · election · parliament) 1984–1989 · (list · election · parliament) 1989–1994 · (list · election · parliament) 1994–1999 · (list · election · parliament) 1999–2004 · (list · election · parliament) 2004–2009 · (list · election · parliament) 2009–2014 · (list · election · parliament) 2014–2019 · (list · election · parliament) 2019–2024 · (list · election · parliament) 2024–2029 · (list · election · parliament)

Far-right politics

EP Group
	ECR	21
	ESN	8
	PfE	16

EP Party:
  ECR
  ESN
  PfE

• Bold denotes both Group and Party member.

EP Party
EU state	National party		Group
Belgium		New Flemish Alliance		ECR
Bulgaria		There is Such a People		ECR
Croatia		Homeland Movement		ECR
Cyprus		ELAM		ECR
Czech Republic		Civic Democratic Party		ECR
Denmark		Denmark Democrats		ECR
Estonia		EKRE		ECR
Finland		Finns Party		ECR
France		Identity–Freedoms		ECR
Greece		Greek Solution		ECR
Italy		Brothers of Italy		ECR
Latvia		National Alliance		ECR
Latvia		United List		ECR
Lithuania		Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania – Christian Families Alliance		ECR
Lithuania		Lithuanian Farmers and Greens Union		ECR
Luxembourg		Alternative Democratic Reform Party		ECR
Netherlands		Reformed Political Party		ECR
Poland		Law and Justice		ECR
Romania		Alliance for the Union of Romanians		ECR
Romania		Romanian National Conservative Party		ECR
Sweden		Sweden Democrats		ECR
EU state	National party		Group
Bulgaria		Revival		ESN
Czech Republic		Freedom and Direct Democracy		ESN
France		Reconquête		ESN
Germany		Alternative for Germany		ESN
Hungary		Our Homeland Movement		ESN
Lithuania		People and Justice Union		ESN
Poland		New Hope		ESN
Slovakia		Republic Movement		ESN
EU state	National party		Group
Austria		Freedom Party of Austria		PfE
Belgium		Vlaams Belang		PfE
Czechia		ANO 2011		PfE
Czechia		Motorists for Themselves		PfE
Czechia		Přísaha		PfE
Denmark		Danish People's Party		PfE
France		National Rally		PfE
Greece		Voice of Reason		PfE
Hungary		Christian Democratic People's Party		PfE
Hungary		Fidesz		PfE
Italy		Lega		PfE
Latvia		Latvia First		PfE
Netherlands		Party for Freedom		PfE
Poland		National Movement		PfE
Portugal		Chega		PfE
Spain		Vox		PfE

Module:Political party

• Module:Political party/1
• Module:Political party/A
• Module:Political party/B
• Module:Political party/C
• Module:Political party/D
• Module:Political party/E
• Module:Political party/F
• Module:Political party/G
• Module:Political party/H
• Module:Political party/I
• Module:Political party/J
• Module:Political party/K
• Module:Political party/L
• Module:Political party/M
• Module:Political party/N
• Module:Political party/O
• Module:Political party/P
• Module:Political party/Q
• Module:Political party/R
• Module:Political party/S
• Module:Political party/T
• Module:Political party/U
• Module:Political party/V
• Module:Political party/W
• Module:Political party/X
• Module:Political party/Y
• Module:Political party/Z

Brackets

	Brackets

Sample

1	1	1	1	1
2
3	3
4
5	5	5
6
7	7
8
9	9	9	9
10
11	11
12
13	13	13
14
15	15
16

1	1	1	1	1
				2
			3	3
				4
		5	5	5
				6
			7	7
				8
	9	9	9	9
				10
			11	11
				12
		13	13	13
				14
			15	15
				16

(Different sports use different methodologies.)

See [here].

World Cruiserweight Championship Boxing

Classic era

Cruiserweight – Classic era
				Lineal			WBC			WBC			WBA			WBA			IBF
		Date		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Location
		July 28, 1979					Mate Parlov	Joe Maye														Munich, Bavaria, West Germany
		September 26, 1979					Mate Parlov	Tony Mundine														Gorizia, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
		December 8, 1979					Mate Parlov	Marvin Camel														Split, Yugoslavia — (Draw)
		March 31, 1980					Marvin Camel	Mate Parlov														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		November 25, 1980					Carlos De León	Marvin Camel														New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
		April 24, 1981								Marvin Camel	Ron Draper											Billings, Montana, U.S.
		May 5, 1981								Marvin Camel	Rahim Muhammad											Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
		August 11, 1981								Marvin Camel	Willie Shannon											Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
		October 2, 1981								Marvin Camel	Bashiru Ali											San Francisco, California, U.S.
		December 12, 1981					Carlos De León	Greg Payne														Houston, Texas, U.S.
		February 13, 1982											Ossie Ocasio	Robbie Williams								Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		February 24, 1982					Carlos De León	Marvin Camel	←	Carlos De León	Marvin Camel											Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		June 27, 1982					S. T. Gordon	Carlos De León														Highland Heights, Ohio, U.S.
		July 2, 1982														Marvin Camel	Leonardo Rodgers					Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
		December 15, 1982											Ossie Ocasio	Eddie Taylor								Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
		February 11, 1983														John Odhiambho	Marvin Camel					Copenhagen, Denmark
		February 16, 1983					S. T. Gordon	Jesse Burnett														East Rutherford, New Jersey, U.S.
		April 8, 1983														John Odhiambho	George Butzbach					Copenhagen, Denmark
		May 20, 1983											Ossie Ocasio	Randy Stephens								Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		May 21, 1983																	Marvin Camel	Rocky Sekorski		Billings, Montana, U.S.
		May 28, 1983					S. T. Gordon	Trevor Berbick														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		July 17, 1983					Carlos De León	S. T. Gordon														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		September 21, 1983					Carlos De León	Yaqui López														San Jose, California, U.S.
		October 6, 1983														John Odhiambho	Eddie Gonzales					Copenhagen, Denmark
		December 1, 1983														John Odhiambho	Joe Golphin					Copenhagen, Denmark
		December 13, 1983																	Marvin Camel	Roddy MacDonald		Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
		March 9, 1984					Carlos De León	Anthony Davis														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		May 5, 1984											Ossie Ocasio	John Odhiambho	←	Ossie Ocasio	John Odhiambho					Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
		June 2, 1984					Carlos De León	Bashiru Ali														Oakland, California, U.S.
		October 6, 1984																	Lee Roy Murphy	Marvin Camel		Billings, Montana, U.S.
		December 1, 1984											Piet Crous	Ossie Ocasio								Sun City, North West, South Africa
		December 20, 1984																	Lee Roy Murphy	Eddie Taylor		Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
		January 12, 1985					Carlos De León	Dorcey Gaymon														Oranjestad, Aruba
		March 30, 1985											Piet Crous	Randy Stephens								Sun City, North West, South Africa
		June 6, 1985					Alfonso Ratliff	Carlos De León														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		July 27, 1985											Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Piet Crous								Sun City, North West, South Africa
		September 21, 1985					Bernard Benton	Alfonso Ratliff														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		October 19, 1985																	Lee Roy Murphy	Chisanda Mutti		Monte Carlo, Monaco
		January 8, 1986											Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Rick Enis								Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		March 22, 1986											Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Leon Spinks								Reno, Nevada, U.S.
		March 22, 1986					Carlos De León	Bernard Benton														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		April 19, 1986																	Lee Roy Murphy	Dorcey Gaymon		Sanremo, Liguria, Italy
		July 12, 1986											Evander Holyfield	Dwight Muhammad Qawi								Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
		August 10, 1986					Carlos De León	Michael Greer														Giardini Naxos, Sicily, Italy
		October 25, 1986																	Rickey Parkey	Lee Roy Murphy		Marsala, Sicily, Italy
		December 8, 1986											Evander Holyfield	Mike Brothers								Paris, France
		February 14, 1987											Evander Holyfield	Henry Tillman								Reno, Nevada, U.S.
		February 21, 1987					Carlos De León	Angelo Rottoli														Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy
		March 28, 1987																	Rickey Parkey	Chisanda Mutti		Camaiore, Tuscany, Italy
		May 15, 1987											Evander Holyfield	Rickey Parkey	←			←	Evander Holyfield	Rickey Parkey		Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		August 1, 1987					Carlos De León	Larry Phelps														Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		August 15, 1987											Evander Holyfield	Ossie Ocasio	←			←	Evander Holyfield	Ossie Ocasio		Saint-Tropez, France
		December 5, 1987											Evander Holyfield	Dwight Muhammad Qawi	←			←	Evander Holyfield	Dwight Muhammad Qawi		Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		January 22, 1988					Carlos De León	José María Flores Burlón														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		April 9, 1988		Evander Holyfield	Carlos De León	←	Evander Holyfield	Carlos De León	←			←	Evander Holyfield	Carlos De León	←			←	Evander Holyfield	Carlos De León		Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		July 16, 1988		Evander Holyfield	James Tillis																	Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
		December 9, 1988		Evander Holyfield	Pinklon Thomas																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		March 11, 1989		Evander Holyfield	Michael Dokes																	Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
		July 15, 1989		Evander Holyfield	Adílson Rodrigues																	Stateline, Nevada, U.S.
	November 4, 1989		Evander Holyfield	Alex Stewart																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	June 1, 1990		Evander Holyfield	Seamus McDonagh																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	October 25, 1990		Evander Holyfield	Buster Douglas																	Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
–	September 30, 2000	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles	–
–	–	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–	–
–
–

World Light-Heavyweight Championship Boxing

Classic era

Light heavyweight – Classic era
				Lineal			WBC			WBC			WBA			WBA			IBF
		Date		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Winner	Loser		Location
		August 21, 1973		Bob Foster	Pierre Fourie																	Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
		December 1, 1973		Bob Foster	Pierre Fourie																	Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		June 17, 1974		Bob Foster	Jorge Ahumada	=	Jorge Ahumada	Bob Foster														Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. — (Draw)
		July 29, 1974					Jorge Ahumada	Angel Oquendo														New York City, New York, U.S.
		September 14, 1974											Víctor Galíndez	Angel Oquendo								Buenos Aires, Argentina
		October 1, 1974					John Conteh	Jorge Ahumada														London, England, United Kingdom
		October 5, 1974											Víctor Galíndez	Domingo Silveira								Paraná, Entre Ríos, Argentina
		December 7, 1974											Víctor Galíndez	Len Hutchins								Buenos Aires, Argentina
		February 15, 1975											Víctor Galíndez	Johnny Griffin								Balcarce, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
		March 11, 1975					John Conteh	Lonnie Bennett														London, England, United Kingdom
		April 7, 1975											Víctor Galíndez	Pierre Fourie								Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		May 16, 1975											Víctor Galíndez	Ray Elson								Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
		June 28, 1975		Bob Foster	Bill Hardney																	Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.
		June 30, 1975											Víctor Galíndez	Jorge Ahumada								New York City, New York, U.S.
		August 16, 1975					John Conteh	Willie Taylor														Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
		September 13, 1975											Víctor Galíndez	Pierre Fourie								Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		March 28, 1976											Víctor Galíndez	Harald Skog								Oslo, Norway
		April 8, 1976											Víctor Galíndez	Jesse Burnett								Copenhagen, Denmark
		May 8, 1976		Bob Foster	Al Bolden																	Missoula, Montana, U.S.
		May 22, 1976											Víctor Galíndez	Richie Kates								Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		August 21, 1976											Víctor Galíndez	Billy Douglas								Buenos Aires, Argentina
		August 28, 1976		Bob Foster	Harold Carter																	Missoula, Montana, U.S.
		September 25, 1976		Bob Foster	Al Bolden																	Spokane, Washington, U.S.
		October 5, 1976											Víctor Galíndez	Kosie Smith								Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
		October 9, 1976					John Conteh	Yaqui López														Copenhagen, Denmark
		April 6, 1977											Víctor Galíndez	Guillermo Aguirrezabala								Mendoza, Argentina
		May 5, 1977					John Conteh	Len Hutchins														Liverpool, England, United Kingdom
		May 21, 1977								Miguel Ángel Cuello	Jesse Burnett											Monte Carlo, Monaco
		June 18, 1977											Víctor Galíndez	Richie Kates								Rome, Italy
		September 2, 1977		Bob Foster	Bob Hazelton																	Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles
		September 17, 1977											Víctor Galíndez	Yaqui López								Rome, Italy
		November 20, 1977											Víctor Galíndez	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad								Torino, Italy
		January 7, 1978								Mate Parlov	Miguel Ángel Cuello											Milan, Lombardy, Italy
		February 7, 1978					John Conteh	Joe Cokes														London, England, United Kingdom
		February 9, 1978		Mustafa Wassaja	Bob Foster																	Copenhagen, Denmark
		March 2, 1978		Mustafa Wassaja	Ernie Barr																	Vejle, Denmark
		March 16, 1978		Mustafa Wassaja	Robert Amory																	Copenhagen, Denmark
		April 8, 1978											Víctor Galíndez	Ramon Reinaldo Cerrezuela								Buenos Aires, Argentina
		April 27, 1978		Mustafa Wassaja	Victor Attivor																	Randers, Denmark
		April 28, 1978								Mate Parlov	Tony Greene											Sarajevo, Yugoslavia
		May 6, 1978											Víctor Galíndez	Yaqui López								Viareggio, Italy
		May 25, 1978		Mustafa Wassaja	Jesse Burnett																	Brøndby, Denmark
		June 16, 1978											Víctor Galíndez	Juan Antonio Musladino								Mendoza, Argentina
		June 17, 1978					Mate Parlov	John Conteh	←	Mate Parlov	John Conteh											Belgrade, Yugoslavia
		July 8, 1978											Víctor Galíndez	Waldemar de Oliveira								Buenos Aires, Argentina
		August 19, 1978											Víctor Galíndez	Marcos Antonio Tosto								General Pico, Argentina
		September 15, 1978											Mike Rossman	Víctor Galíndez								New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
		December 2, 1978					Marvin Johnson	Mate Parlov														Marsala, Sicily, Italy
		December 5, 1978											Mike Rossman	Aldo Traversaro								Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
		February 15, 1979		Mustafa Wassaja	Bunny Johnson																	Randers, Denmark
		March 15, 1979		Mustafa Wassaja	Jerry Celestine																	Brøndby, Denmark
		April 14, 1979											Víctor Galíndez	Mike Rossman								New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
		April 22, 1979					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Marvin Johnson														Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
		August 18, 1979					Matthew Saad Muhammad	John Conteh														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		November 30, 1979											Marvin Johnson	Víctor Galíndez								New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
		February 29, 1980		Mustafa Wassaja	Avenamar Peralta																	Odense, Denmark
		March 29, 1980					Matthew Saad Muhammad	John Conteh														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
		March 31, 1980											Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Marvin Johnson								Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
		April 17, 1980		Mustafa Wassaja	Dennis Andries																	Brøndby, Denmark
	May 11, 1980					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Louis Pergaud														Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
	July 13, 1980					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Yaqui López														McAfee, New Jersey, U.S.
	July 20, 1980											Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Jerry Martin								McAfee, New Jersey, U.S.
	October 17, 1980		Mustafa Wassaja	Karl Canwell																	Brøndby, Denmark
	November 28, 1980					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Lottie Mwale														San Diego, California, U.S.
	November 28, 1980											Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Rudy Koopmans								Los Angeles, California, U.S.
	December 4, 1980		Mustafa Wassaja	Tom Collins																	Randers, Denmark
	February 28, 1981					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Vonzell Johnson														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	March 5, 1981		Mustafa Wassaja	David Conteh																	Brøndby, Denmark
	April 25, 1981					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Murray Sutherland														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	May 17, 1981											Renaldo Snipes	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad								Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	May 21, 1981		Mustafa Wassaja	Alex Tompkins																	Copenhagen, Denmark
	July 18, 1981														Michael Spinks	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad					Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
	August 9, 1981											Renaldo Snipes	Gerrie Coetzee								Tarrytown, New York, U.S.
	September 26, 1981					Matthew Saad Muhammad	Jerry Martin														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	October 9, 1981		Mustafa Wassaja	Emilio Garcia																	Copenhagen, Denmark
	November 6, 1981											Larry Holmes	Renaldo Snipes								Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
	November 7, 1981														Michael Spinks	Vonzell Johnson					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	November 13, 1981		Mustafa Wassaja	Fred Brown																	Randers, Denmark
	December 10, 1981		Mustafa Wassaja	Ivy Brown																	Copenhagen, Denmark
	December 19, 1981					Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Matthew Saad Muhammad														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	February 13, 1982		Michael Spinks	Mustafa Wassaja	←			←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Mustafa Wassaja					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	March 21, 1982					Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Jerry Martin														Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
	April 11, 1982		Michael Spinks	Murray Sutherland	←			←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Murray Sutherland					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	June 11, 1982											Larry Holmes	Gerry Cooney								Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
	June 12, 1982		Michael Spinks	Jerry Celestine	←			←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Jerry Celestine					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	August 7, 1982					Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Matthew Saad Muhammad														Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
	September 18, 1982		Michael Spinks	Johnny Davis	←			←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Johnny Davis					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	November 20, 1982					Dwight Muhammad Qawi	Eddie Davis														Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	November 26, 1982											Larry Holmes	Randall "Tex" Cobb								Houston, Texas, U.S.
	March 18, 1983		Michael Spinks	Dwight Muhammad Qawi	←	Michael Spinks	Dwight Muhammad Qawi	←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Dwight Muhammad Qawi					Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	March 27, 1983											Larry Holmes	Lucien Rodriguez								Scranton, Pennsylvania, U.S.
	May 20, 1983											Larry Holmes	Tim Witherspoon								Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
	September 10, 1983											Larry Holmes	Scott Frank								Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	November 25, 1983		Michael Spinks	Oscar Rivadeneyra	←	Michael Spinks	Oscar Rivadeneyra	←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Oscar Rivadeneyra	←	Michael Spinks	Oscar Rivadeneyra		Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
	November 25, 1983											Larry Holmes	Marvis Frazier								Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
	February 25, 1984		Michael Spinks	Eddie Davis	←	Michael Spinks	Eddie Davis	←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Eddie Davis	←	Michael Spinks	Eddie Davis		Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	November 9, 1984											Larry Holmes	James Smith								Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	February 23, 1985		Michael Spinks	David Sears	←	Michael Spinks	David Sears	←			←			←	Michael Spinks	David Sears	←	Michael Spinks	David Sears		Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	March 15, 1985											Larry Holmes	David Bey								Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	May 20, 1985											Larry Holmes	Carl Williams								Reno, Nevada, U.S.
	June 6, 1985		Michael Spinks	Jim MacDonald	←	Michael Spinks	Jim MacDonald	←			←			←	Michael Spinks	Jim MacDonald	←	Michael Spinks	Jim MacDonald		Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	September 21, 1985		Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes	←	Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes	←			←	Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes	←	Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes	←	Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes		Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	April 19, 1986		Michael Spinks	Larry Holmes																	Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	September 6, 1986		Michael Spinks	Steffen Tangstad																	Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	June 15, 1987		Michael Spinks	Gerry Cooney																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	June 27, 1988		Mike Tyson	Michael Spinks																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	February 25, 1989		Mike Tyson	Frank Bruno																	Winchester, Nevada, U.S.
	July 21, 1989		Mike Tyson	Carl Williams																	Atlantic City, New Jersey, U.S.
	February 11, 1990		Buster Douglas	Mike Tyson																	Tokyo, Japan
	October 25, 1990		Evander Holyfield	Buster Douglas																	Paradise, Nevada, U.S.
–	September 30, 2000	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	Eddie Mustafa Muhammad	–	Willemstad, Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles	–
–	–	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–	–
–
–

Metric prefix

Metric prefix
	—		prefix		—
	10−24		yocto		10−24
	10−21		zepto		10−21
	10−18		atto		10−18
	10−15		femto		10−15
	10−12		pico		10−12
	10−9		nano		10−9
	10−6		micro		10−6
	10−3		milli		10−3
	100		—		100
	103		kilo		103
	106		mega		106
	109		giga		109
	1012		tera		1012
	1015		peta		1015
	1018		exa		1018
	1021		zetta		1021
	1024		yotta		1024
	—		prefix		—
—

Star of Bethlehem

`

Pole star

• Northern pole star (North Star) – Alpha Ursae Minoris (Polaris)
• Southern pole star (South Star) – Sigma Octantis (Polaris Australis)

Symbols

~
	North
	Northeast
	East
	Southeast
	South
	Southwest
	West
	Northwest

—
—			—
—

—
—			—
—

—
—			—
—

—
—			—
—

—
—			—
—

—
—			—
—

Boxes

—
—	—					—
	—	—	—	—	—
			A
			—
	—
—

OR

—
—	—					—
	—	—			—
		—	A	—
		—
	—
—

Geographic location

• 
  A 32-point compass rose
• 
  A 32-point compass rose

#	Compass point	Abbreviation
1	North	N
2	North by east	NbE
3	North-northeast	NNE
4	Northeast by north	NEbN
5	Northeast	NE
6	Northeast by east	NEbE
7	East-northeast	ENE
8	East by north	EbN
9	East	E
10	East by south	EbS
11	East-southeast	ESE
12	Southeast by east	SEbE
13	Southeast	SE
14	Southeast by south	SEbS
15	South-southeast	SSE
16	South by east	SbE
17	South	S
18	South by west	SbW
19	South-southwest	SSW
20	Southwest by south	SWbS
21	Southwest	SW
22	Southwest by west	SWbW
23	West-southwest	WSW
24	West by south	WbS
25	West	W
26	West by north	WbN
27	West-northwest	WNW
28	Northwest by west	NWbW
29	Northwest	NW
30	Northwest by north	NWbN
31	North-northwest	NNW
32	North by west	NbW